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Beta particle
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Main page A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an
Contents atomic nucleus during the process of beta decay. There are two forms of beta decay, β− decay and β+ decay, which produce electrons and positrons
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respectively.[1]
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Random article Beta particles with an energy of 0.5 MeV have a range of about one metre in air; the distance is dependent on the particle energy.
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Beta particles are a type of ionizing radiation and for radiation protection purposes are regarded as being less ionising than alpha particles, but more
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ionising than gamma rays. The higher the ionising effect, the greater the damage to living tissue.
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About Wikipedia 1 Beta decay modes
Community portal 1.1 β− decay (electron emission)
Recent changes 1.2 β+ decay (positron emission)
Contact page 1.3 Beta decay schemes

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2 Interaction with other matter
2.1 Detection and measurement
What links here
Related changes 3 Applications
Upload file 4 History
Special pages 5 Health
Permanent link 6 See also
Page information
7 References Alpha radiation consists of helium nuclei and is
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8 Further reading readily stopped by a sheet of paper. Beta radiation,
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consisting of electrons or positrons, is stopped by thin
aluminum plate, but gamma radiation requires
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shielding by dense material such as lead, steel, or
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Beta decay modes [ edit ]
concrete.
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Printable version β− decay (electron emission) [ edit ]
Main article: β− decay
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An unstable atomic nucleus with an excess of neutrons may undergo β− decay, where a neutron is converted into a proton, an electron, and an electron antineutrino (the
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻳﺔ‬
antiparticle of the neutrino):
Deutsch
Español −
n → p + e + νe
Français
ह द This process is mediated by the weak interaction. The neutron turns into a proton through the emission of a virtual W− boson. At the quark level, W− emission turns a
Bahasa Indonesia down quark into an up quark, turning a neutron (one up quark and two down quarks) into a proton (two up quarks and one down quark). The virtual W− boson then
Italiano decays into an electron and an antineutrino.
Русский
中文 β− decay commonly occurs among the neutron-rich fission byproducts produced in nuclear reactors. Free neutrons also decay via this process. Both of these processes Beta decay. A beta particle (in this
contribute to the copious quantities of beta rays and electron antineutrinos produced by fission-reactor fuel rods. case a negative electron) is shown
58 more
being emitted by a nucleus. An
Edit links antineutrino (not shown) is always
β+ decay (positron emission) [ edit ]
emitted along with an electron. Insert:
Main article: Positron emission in the decay of a free neutron, a
proton, an electron (negative beta ray),
Unstable atomic nuclei with an excess of protons may undergo β+ decay, also called positron decay, where a proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and an and an electron antineutrino are
electron neutrino: produced.
+
p → n + e + νe

Beta-plus decay can only happen inside nuclei when the absolute value of the binding energy of the daughter nucleus is greater than that of the parent nucleus, i.e., the daughter nucleus is a lower-energy
state.

Beta decay schemes [ edit ]

The accompanying decay scheme diagram shows the beta decay of Cs-137. Cs-137 is noted for a characteristic gamma peak at 661 KeV, but this is actually emitted by
the daughter radionuclide Ba-137m. The diagram shows the type and energy of the emitted radiation, its relative abundance, and the daughter nuclides after decay.

Phosphorus-32 is a beta emitter widely used in medicine and has a short half-life of 14.29 days[2] and decays into sulfur-32 by beta decay as shown in this nuclear
equation:

32 1+ −
15P
→ 32
16S
+ e + νe
Cs-137 Decay Scheme showing it
[2]
1.709 MeV of energy is released during the decay. The kinetic energy of the electron varies with an average of approximately 0.5 MeV and the remainder of the initially undergoes beta decay. The 661
energy is carried by the nearly undetectable electron antineutrino. In comparison to other beta radiation-emitting nuclides the electron is moderately energetic. It is KeV gamma peak associated with Cs-
137 is actually emitted by the daughter
blocked by around 1 m of air or 5 mm of acrylic glass.
radionuclide.

Interaction with other matter [ edit ]

Of the three common types of radiation given off by radioactive materials, alpha, beta and gamma, beta has the medium penetrating power and the medium ionising
power. Although the beta particles given off by different radioactive materials vary in energy, most beta particles can be stopped by a few millimeters of aluminium.
However, this does not mean that beta-emitting isotopes can be completely shielded by such thin shields: as they decelerate in matter, beta electrons emit
secondary gamma rays, which are more penetrating than betas per se. Shielding composed of materials with lower atomic weight generates gammas with lower
energy, making such shields somewhat more effective per unit mass than ones made of high-Z materials such as lead.

Being composed of charged particles, beta radiation is more strongly ionizing than gamma radiation. When passing through matter, a beta particle is decelerated by
electromagnetic interactions and may give off bremsstrahlung x-rays.

In water, beta radiation from many nuclear fission products typically exceeds the speed of light in that material (which is 75% that of light in vacuum),[3] and thus
generates blue Cherenkov radiation when it passes through water. The intense beta radiation from the fuel rods of pool-type reactors can thus be visualized through Blue Cherenkov radiation light being
the transparent water that covers and shields the reactor (see illustration at right). emitted from a TRIGA reactor pool is due to
high-speed beta particles traveling faster
than the speed of light (phase velocity) in
Detection and measurement [ edit ] water (which is 75% of the speed of light in
vacuum).
The ionizing or excitation effects of beta particles on matter are the fundamental processes by which radiometric detection instruments detect and measure beta
radiation. The ionization of gas is used in ion chambers and Geiger-Müller counters, and the excitation of scintillators is used in scintillation counters. The
following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units:

Radiation related quantities view ‧ talk ‧ edit

Quantity Unit Symbol Derivation Year SI equivalence

curie Ci 3.7 × 1010 s−1 1953 3.7 × 1010 Bq

Activity (A) becquerel Bq s−1 1974 s−1

rutherford Rd 106 s−1 1946 1,000,000 Bq

Exposure (X) röntgen R esu / 0.001293 g of air 1928 2.58 × 10−4 C/kg Beta radiation detected in an isopropanol cloud
chamber (after insertion of an artificial source
Fluence (Φ) (reciprocal area) m−2 1962 m−2 strontium-90)
erg erg⋅g−1 1950 1.0 × 10−4 Gy

Absorbed dose (D) rad rad 100 erg⋅g−1 1953 0.010 Gy

gray Gy J⋅kg−1 1974 J⋅kg−1

röntgen equivalent man rem 100 erg⋅g−1 1971 0.010 Sv

Dose equivalent (H)
sievert Sv J⋅kg−1 × WR 1977 SI

The gray (Gy), is the SI unit of absorbed dose, which is the amount of radiation energy deposited in the irradiated material. For beta radiation this is numerically equal to the equivalent dose measured by
the sievert, which indicates the stochastic biological effect of low levels of radiation on human tissue. The radiation weighting conversion factor from absorbed dose to equivalent dose is 1 for beta, whereas
alpha particles have a factor of 20, reflecting their greater ionising effect on tissue.
The rad is the deprecated CGS unit for absorbed dose and the rem is the deprecated CGS unit of equivalent dose, used mainly in the USA.

Applications [ edit ]

Beta particles can be used to treat health conditions such as eye and bone cancer and are also used as tracers. Strontium-90 is the material most commonly used to produce beta particles.

Beta particles are also used in quality control to test the thickness of an item, such as paper, coming through a system of rollers. Some of the beta radiation is absorbed while passing through the product. If the
product is made too thick or thin, a correspondingly different amount of radiation will be absorbed. A computer program monitoring the quality of the manufactured paper will then move the rollers to change the
thickness of the final product.

An illumination device called a betalight contains tritium and a phosphor. As tritium decays, it emits beta particles; these strike the phosphor, causing the phosphor to give off photons, much like the cathode ray
tube in a television. The illumination requires no external power, and will continue as long as the tritium exists (and the phosphors do not themselves chemically change); the amount of light produced will drop
to half its original value in 12.32 years, the half-life of tritium.

Beta-plus (or positron) decay of a radioactive tracer isotope is the source of the positrons used in positron emission tomography (PET scan).

History [ edit ]

Henri Becquerel, while experimenting with fluorescence, accidentally found out that uranium exposed a photographic plate, wrapped with black paper, with some unknown radiation that could not be turned off
like X-rays.

Ernest Rutherford continued these experiments and discovered two different kinds of radiation:

alpha particles that did not show up on the Becquerel plates because they were easily absorbed by the black wrapping paper
beta particles which are 100 times more penetrating than alpha particles.

He published his results in 1899.[4]

In 1900, Becquerel measured the mass-to-charge ratio (m/e) for beta particles by the method of J. J. Thomson used to study cathode rays and identify the electron. He found that e/m for a beta particle is the
same as for Thomson's electron, and therefore suggested that the beta particle is in fact an electron.

Health [ edit ]

Beta particles are moderately penetrating in living tissue, and can cause spontaneous mutation in DNA.

Beta sources can be used in radiation therapy to kill cancer cells.

See also [ edit ]

Electron irradiation
Particle physics
n (neutron) rays
δ (delta) rays
ε (epsilon) rays

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (9 August 2000). "Beta Decay" . Nuclear Wall Chart. United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
2. ^ a b http://www.site.uottawa.ca:4321/astronomy/index.html#phosphorus32 Archived 2006-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^ The macroscopic speed of light in water is 75% of the speed of light in a vacuum (called "c"). The beta particle is moving faster than 0.75 c, but not faster than c.
4. ^ E. Rutherford (8 May 2009) [Paper published by Rutherford in 1899]. "Uranium radiation and the electrical conduction produced by it" . Philosophical Magazine. 47 (284): 109–163. doi:10.1080/14786449908621245 .

Further reading [ edit ]

Radioactivity and alpha, beta, gamma and Xrays

Rays and Particles University of Virginia Lecture Notes
History of Radiation at Idaho State University
Betavoltic Battery: Scientists Invent 30 Year Continuous Power Laptop Battery at NextEnergyNews.com
Radioactive laptops? Perhaps not... at the Wayback Machine (archived October 5, 2007)
Basic Nuclear Science Information at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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Main articles Nuclear reactors · Nuclear weapons · Particle accelerators · Radioactive materials · X-ray
Earth's energy budget · Electromagnetic radiation · Synchrotron radiation · Thermal radiation · Black-body radiation · Particle radiation · Gravitational Radiation · Cosmic background radiation · Cherenkov radiation
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Radiation Heat-transfer
Related articles Half-life · Nuclear physics · Radioactive source · Radiation hardening · List of civilian radiation accidents · 1996 Costa Rica accident · 1987 Goiânia accident · 1984 Moroccan accident · 1990 Zaragoza accident

See also: the categories Radiation effects, Radioactivity, Radiobiology, and Radiation protection.

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Categories: Ionizing radiation Radioactivity

This page was last edited on 31 March 2019, at 16:14 (UTC).

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