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Prepared by:
Engr. Kenny B. Cantila
Piles maybe used when the surface soil layers are too soft to support the load
from the structure. Pile loads are either transmitted to a stiff bearing layer
below the ground surface or maybe transmitted to the soil by friction along
the length of the pile.
9. Under a concentric load, all piles in the same group are assumed to carry
equal axial loads.
10. The soil under the pile cap is assumed not to offer any support.
𝐏𝐮
d = 300 mm (min)
75 mm (min)
150 mm (min)
Concrete column,
𝐏𝐮 𝐏𝐮
Masonry wall
wall or pedestal Critical Sections
for Moment t
t/4
Critical section
Critical section for moment
for moment
3R u 3R u 3R u 3R u
x1 x1
x2 x2
Pu Pu
Ru = Mu = 3R u x2 + 3R u x1 Ru = Mu = 3R u x2 + 3R u x1
N N
𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑊𝑎𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
d d/2 d/2
3R u 3R u 3R u 3R u
c+d
c+d
1 ′ 1 ′
Vu = 6R u Vu = ∅ f c bw d Vu = 6R u Vu = ∅ f c bo d
6 3
When the critical section for shear is within the pile diameter
critical section
critical section
critical section
c1 c1
Dp /2 Dp /2 Dp /2 Dp /2 Dp /2 Dp /2
Dp Dp Dp
R c1 R R c1
′
R = 1+ R′ = R′ = 1−
2 Dp 2 2 Dp
Footing: Size: B x B B = 3 m
Effective depth d = 600 mm
3Q u 3Q u 3Q u
1m 0.4 m
3m
0.4 m d
1m
0.5 m 1m 1m 0.5 m
x
1.7 m 1.3 m
Total factored load on column: Wide beam shear:
Pu = 1.2PDL + 1.6PLL Vu = 3Q u
Pu = 1.2(700) + 1.6(1,100) Vu = 3(288.89)
𝐏𝐮 = 𝟐, 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐍 𝐕𝐮 = 𝟖𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍
Pu Vu
Qu = Vc =
n ∅
2,600 866.67
Qu = Vc =
9 0.75
𝐐𝐮 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 𝐤𝐍 𝐕𝐜 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟔 𝐤𝐍
Shear stress at critical section Shear provided by concrete:
for wide beam shear:
Vc = Vu /∅
Vc 2,311.12
fc = Vc =
bw d 0.75
1,155.56 𝐕𝐜 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝟗 𝐤𝐍
fc =
3(.6)
fc = 642 kPa
𝐟𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟐 𝐌𝐏𝐚 Shearing stress at critical
section for punching shear:
Vc
fc =
Punching Shear: bo d
3,081.49
Vu = 8Q u fc =
[4(0.4 + 0.6)](.6)
Vu = 8 288.89 fc = 1,283.96 kPa
𝐕𝐮 = 𝟐, 𝟑𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 𝐤𝐍 𝐟𝐜 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Moment at critical section:
Mu = 3Q u x
Mu = 3 288.89 (1.3 − 0.5)
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟔𝟗𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦
Example 2: A reinforced concrete footing on pile cap, f’c = 20.7 MPa, fy =
276 MPa as shown in the figure is supported by piles which are 10 m long.
Pu = 1.2PDL + 1.6PLL Pu
Qu =
Pu = 1.2(650) + 1.6(1,200) N
𝐏𝐮 = 𝟐, 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐍 2,700
Qu =
9
𝐐𝐮 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐍
Required depth of footing as controlled by punching beam shear:
Vu = 8Q u Vu = ∅Vc
Vu = 8(300) 1 ′
Vu = ∅ f c bo d
Vu = 2,400 kN 3
𝐕𝐮 = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍
3Vu
Vu = Pu − Q u d=
∅ f ′ c bo
Vu = 2,700 − (300) 3(2,400,000)
Vu = 2,400 kN d=
𝐕𝐮 = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍 (𝐄𝐪. 𝟏) 0.75 20.7[4 400 + d ]
𝐝 = 𝟓𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦
Shear strength provided by concrete:
𝟏 ′
𝐕𝐜 = 𝐟 𝐜 𝐛𝐨 𝐝 (𝐄𝐪. 𝟐)
𝟑
Required depth of footing as controlled by wide-beam shear:
Vu = 3Q u Vu = ∅Vc
Vu = 3(300) 1 ′
Vu = ∅ f c bw d
Vu = 900 kN 6
𝐕𝐮 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍
6Vu
Vu = Pu − 6Q u d=
∅ f ′ c bw
Vu = 2,700 − 6(300) 6(900,000)
Vu = 900 kN d=
𝐕𝐮 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍 (𝐄𝐪. 𝟏) 0.75 20.7(2,700)
𝐝 = 𝟓𝟖𝟔. 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦
Shear strength provided by concrete:
𝟏 ′
𝐕𝐜 = 𝐟 𝐜 𝐛𝐰 𝐝 (𝐄𝐪. 𝟐)
𝟔 Final effective depth:
𝐝 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦
Design for Reinforcements:
Coefficient of resistance:
B − 2e − a Mu
x= Ru =
2 ∅bd2
2.70 − 2(0.45) − (0.40) 630,000,000
= Ru =
2 0.90 2,700 600 2
x = 0.70 m R u = 0.72 MPa
Required reinforcement ratio: Required steel area:
0.85f ′ c 2R u As = ρbd
ρ= 1− 1− As = 0.00507(2,700)(600)
fy 0.85f ′ c
𝐀𝐬 = 𝟖, 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐
0.85(20.7) 2(0.72)
ρ= 1− 1− Area of steel bar: db = 20 mm
276 0.85(20.7) π 2
Ao = db
𝛒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟒 4
π
Ao = (20)2
4
𝐀𝐨 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒. 𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝟐
Steel ratio limits:
1.4 f′c
ρm𝑖𝑛 = , Number of bars required:
fy 4fy As
𝑚𝑎𝑥
N = int +1
1.4 20.7 Ao
ρm𝑖𝑛 = , 8,217.4
276 4(276) 𝑚𝑎𝑥 N = int +1
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟕 314.2
𝐍 = 𝟐𝟕 𝐩𝐜𝐬.
Example 3: The footing shown is supported by 12 piles each of which has a
capacity of 100 kN. The footing supports a 450 mm x 450 mm carrying an
axial factored load of 900 kN and is subjected to a factored moment of 160
kN-m. The pile has an average diameter of 300 mm. f'c = 21 MPa and fy =
340 MPa. Reinforcements along long direction is 12 – 25 mm bars while on
the short direction is 8 – 28 mm bars. Total thickness of the footing is 660
mm with steel covering of 75 mm and 100 mm allowable embedment of piles
in the concrete footing. Neglect the weight of footing.
Pu Mu c
P= ± A = Na I = a∑d2
A I
Pu Mu c
P= ± mutiply both sides by a
Na a∑d2
Pu Mu c
Pa = f = ± 2
N ∑d
∑d2 = 12.14 m2
Pu Mu c
f= ± 2
N ∑d
Vu = 3fR4
Vu = 3(92.79)
Vu = 378.37 kN
𝐕𝐮 = 𝟑𝟕𝟖, 𝟑𝟕𝟎 𝐍
Vu = ∅Vc
1
Vu = 0.75 f′ b d
6 c w
1
378,370 = 0.75 21(2,700)d
6
1
378,370 = 0.75 21(2,700)d
6
𝐝 = 𝟐𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟒 𝐦𝐦
< 𝐝 = 𝟒𝟖𝟓 𝐦𝐦 (safe)
Required Depth of Footing as controlled by Punching Shear:
Vu = ∅Vc
1
Vu = 0.75 f′ b d
3 c o
1
378,370 = 0.75 21 4 450 + d d
3
1
378,370 = 0.75 21(1800 + 4d)d
3
𝐝 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟓 𝐦𝐦
Required depth of footing as controlled by Moment Action:
Coefficient of resistance:
Mu
Ru =
∅bd2
367,790,000
Ru =
0.90 (2,700)(485)2
𝐑 𝐮 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Required reinforcement ratio: Required steel area:
0.85f ′ c 2R u As = ρbd
ρ= 1− 1− As = 0.00507(2,700)(600)
fy 0.85f ′ c
𝐀𝐬 = 𝟖, 𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝟐
0.85(21) 2(0.64)
ρ= 1− 1−
340 0.85(21)
Area of steel provided:
𝛒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑
db = 20 mm
Steel ratio limits: As = 𝑛Ao
1.4 f′c π 2
ρm𝑖𝑛 = , As = 12 db
fy 4fy 4
𝑚𝑎𝑥 π
𝑠 = 12 25 2
1.4 20.7 4
ρm𝑖𝑛 = , 𝐀𝐨 = 𝟓, 𝟖𝟗𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐
276 4(276) 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟕
Example 4: A 600 mm x 600 mm column section which carries a service
dead load of 800 kN and service live load of 1,540 kN is to be supported by a
group of piles arranged as shown in the figure. Under a concentric load, all
piles in the same group are assumed to take equal axial loads. The soil under
the pile cap is assumed not to offer any support. Assume the service loads
include the column loads plus the weight of the pile cap and soil above the
cap. Use f'c = 28 MPa and fy = 276 MPa.. Diameter of pile is 300 mm.
600 𝑥 600 𝑚𝑚
0.45
0.90
0.90
0.45
0.45
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.45