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FOREWORD
We thank God for the presence of Allah SWT for His abundance of grace and
grace, so that I can complete the writing of the paper "Coronary Heart Disease" to
complete the task of learning the surgical medical nursing courses I stikes
muhammadiyah palembang. We have made every effort to write this paper in the
hope that it will benefit the reader. Building criticism and suggestions are needed
to improve this paper. Finally, we would like to thank and hope that God will give
reward in kind to those who have provided assistance, and make this a worship.
Author,
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreward ........................................................................................................ ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background ......................................................................................... 1
C. Purpose ................................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 30
B. Suggestions .......................................................................................... 30
BIBLIOGRAFY ...............................................................................................32
iii
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
A. Background
Coronary heart disease is the main case of the cause of death and
countries and can also occur in developing countries. The duina health
organization (WHO) has stated the fact that coronary heart disease
is estimated that if the incidence of CHD reaches zero it can increase life
The description of the case above shows the importance of this disease
that has not received attention about the magnitude of a person's risk,
disability, loss of work, and at the time of admission. In the decades since
the last clinical conference by the New York Heart Association or the
1
has produced important new information about this disease, prevention
changes in CHD and the number of factors that may be relevant, the large
B. Problem Formulation
3. Pathophysiology (CHD)
7. Supporting diagnosis
8. Medical management
C. Purpose
2
4. To find out the signs and symptoms of coronary heart disease
(pjk)
3
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
a general term for accumulating plaque in the heart arteries that can cause
plaque builds up. This causes the coronary arteries to narrow or become
blocked. Coronary arteries are arteries that supply the blood of the heart
muscle by carrying a lot of oxygen. There are several factors that trigger
this disease, namely lifestyle, genetic factors, age, and illness and others.
vessels can stop blood flow to the heart muscle which is often
blood can be lost.(7) This can damage the heart rhythm control system
4
The narrowing and blockage of the coronary arteries is caused by
cholesterol and triglyceride fats which are getting more and more and
arteries. This can cause blood flow to the heart muscle to decrease or
stop, thus disrupting the work of the heart as a blood pumper. The
dominant effect of the coronary heart is the luster of oxygen and nutrients
to the heart because blood flow to the heart decreases. The formation of
fat plaques in the arteries affects the formation of clots of blood flow
2).(8)
5
C. Anatomy of Physiology of Coronary Heart Disease
Unlike the other muscles in the body that rest more, the heart muscle
never stops beating. The coronary arteries distribute blood to meet oxygen
and nutrition needs of the heart muscle. So, the coronary arteries are very
vita to keep the heart can continue to work normally. There are 2 main
coronary arteries that come out of the aorta, namely the left coronary
The main left coronary artery, better known as left main (LM),
exits the left aortic sinus and then immediately divides into the
anterior descending (LAD) and left cirumflex (LCX) lerft arteries. The
6
LM artery runs between the right ventricle outflow tract which is
located in front of it, and the left atrium is located behind it and then
heart apex. This artery supplies the front of the septum through the
beam. Diagonal branches come out of the LAD artery and run
LCX arteries run in the left atrioventricular trench between the left
and left ventricles and supply the left ventricular sidewall through
more than one marginal obtuse branches (M1, M2, etc.). LCX arteries
The right coronary artery exits from the right aortic sinus and
travels in the right atrioventricular trench between the right atrium and
right ventricle to the lower part of the septum. The first branch of
RCA is the small conus branch that supplies the outflow of the right
ventricle.
5. Coronary vein
7
Most venous blood is channeled through veins that run side by
side with coronary arteries. The cardiac vein empties into the coronary
sinus which is a large vein that ends in the right atrium. a small
portion of blood from the coronary circulation comes directly from the
heart muscle through small veins and is channeled directly into four
heart chambers.
6. Coronary sinus
wall of the right atrium, between the base of the inferior vena cava
venous blood.
layer of fat on the surface of blood vessels. If the lesion widens it will
increases, the coronary flow will decrease and cause stable angina. Some
plaques will ulcerate and cause platelet collections at the site. The platelet
from the bloodstream and cause accelerated angina, the intermediate form
8
of stable angina to unstable angina. If the loose embolism is large enough
coronary disease with impaired coronary blood flow, the main treatment is
9
PATHWAY
women, this pain may be brief or sharp and feels on the abdomen,
back, or arms.
2. Shortness of breath.
10
If the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet your body's
without effort.
3. Heart attack.
typical signs of a heart attack than men, including nausea and back or
jaw pain. Sometimes a heart attack occurs without any clear signs or
symptoms.
11
involved. Left ventricular dysfunction or left heart failure, causing
chamber. with the reduced ability of the left ventricle to empty itself,
large volumes of volume of the vent volume are reduced so that the
2. Cardiogenic shock
coma
can weaken the heart muscle so that the heart is unable to pump blood
12
and can eventually reduce consciousness and even tightness.
3. Arrhythmia
nodes and AV nodes and HIS files and purkinye systems. To find out
getting worse.
4. Heart attack
vessels, a heart attack can occur. Lack of blood flow to the heart
the coronary arteries will affect all the arteries in the body.
that supply blood to the legs, arms, or vital organs, or they can cause
13
6. Pericarditis
7. Investigation (diagnosis)
(CT) which has long played an important role in detecting diseases for
examinations.
function is impaired. BNP is used both for initial diagnosis and for
14
infarction is very important in preventing further myocardial damage
G. Management of therapy
a. Nitrate group
15
infarction, or heart failure has an advantage in prognosis. Based on
these data beta blockers are the first-line drug therapy for angina in
c. Calcium antagonists
2006). The dose for the calcium antagonist is nifedipine dose 3x5-
16
d. Antiplatelet drugs
because the benefits are greater than the risk. Low-dose aspirin (75-
17
myocardial infarction. In angina patients without accompanying the
benefits and risks (Anonim, 2009). Dosage for the use of ACE-I
drugs for captopril 6.25-12.5 mg three times a day. For ramipril the
et al, 2008).
g. Anti cholesterol
18
considered in patients with stable coronary heart disease and stable
cholesterol and LDL levels do not reach the target, then the dose can
and lactation. Reversible side effects of miosis are rare but rare side
H. Nursing Care
Nursing Study
b. Circulation
19
Have a history of IMA, coronary heart disease, CHF, high
Skin color may be pale both on the lips and on the nails.
c. Elimination
d. Nutrition
e. Individual hygiene
f. Neoru sensory
g. Comfort
20
The onset of sudden chest pain that does not disappear with
h. Respiration
i. Social interaction
j. Knowledge
1. Diagnose nursing
21
decreases b.d Changes in myocardial contractility or inotropic changes,
2. Interventions
diagnoses
22
- Blood pressure: kidneys. pain
mm Hg 2. ECG infarction
monitoring decreases
4. Give O2 ventricular
patient dysrhythmias
can increase as a
environment mechanism to
actions. 2. knowing of
23
8. give therapy changes in ECG
complications.
3. an increase in
TD HR, RR,
indicating pain
by the patient.
4. O2 therapy
can increase O2
supply to the
heart
5. helps
maximize lung
compliance.
6. reduce
consumption of
O2.
7. decreases
external stimuli.
process of the
24
patient.
Anxiety b.d hours the patient the risk factors and families can
explanation of
home: patient
25
-The influence of knowledge
-Types of anticipate a
aerobics
-stop smoking
-manajement
stress
- when the
push
5. review anxiety
levels
26
myocardial decrease in frequency, heart the decrease in
disorientation, filling.
anxiety and
27
7. Give a semi the function of
therapy, oxygen,
heart 5. With a
medications, decrease in CO
kidneys which
release of
aldosterone
hormones that
function in the
process of
urinary
discharge.
6. Shows
inadequate
cerebral
28
perfusion
secondary to
decreased
cardiac output.
7. Improves
insufficiency of
heart
contractions and
decreases
oxygen demand
and decreases
venous return.
8. Helps in
chemical
processes in the
body
29
CHAPTER III
COVER
A. Conclusion
Coronary heart disease is the main case of the cause of death and pain
plaque builds up. This causes the coronary arteries to narrow or become
blocked. Coronary arteries are arteries that supply the blood of the heart
muscle by carrying a lot of oxygen. There are several factors that trigger
this disease, namely lifestyle, genetic factors, age, and illness and others.
B. Suggestions
regularly.
30
3. Stop smoking, because smoking causes the elasticity of the blood
31
BIBLIOGRAPHY
hermawatirisa,2014: hal 2
Lacy et al,2008
Jakarta
32