Tom Smolinka

OVERVIEW ON WATER ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN
PRODUCTION AND STORAGE
Results of the NOW study » Stand und Entwicklungspotenzial der Wasserelektrolyse

zur Herstellung von H2 aus regenerativen Energien“
Tom Smolinka1, Jürgen Garche2 , Christopher

Hebling1, Oliver Ehret3
1Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE

2FCBAT - Fuel Cell and Battery Consulting
3NOW GmbH
SYMPOSIUM - Water electrolysis and hydrogen as

part of the future Renewable Energy System
Copenhagen/Denmark, May 10, 2012
© Fraunhofer ISE FCBAT

Agenda
 Introduction to water electrolysis

 Technology (stack and system)
 Alkaline electrolysis - AEL
 PEM electrolysis - PEMEL
 High temperature electrolysis - HTEL
 Large water electrolysis plants of the last century
 Today’s commercial systems
 Manufactures of electrolysers
 Technology outlook and R&D demand
2
Electrolytical Water Splitting – for more than 200 years!
 Invention of voltaic pile (1799) enabled

investigations of electrolytic approaches
 Main principle demonstrated around 1800 by J. W.
Ritter, William Nicholson and Anthony Carlise
 Today 3 technologies demonstrated:
 Alkaline electrolysis (AEL)
 Electrolysis in acid environment
(PEM electrolysis - PEMEL)
Test set-up of Ritter
(SPE water electrolysis)
 Steam electrolysis
(High temperature electrolysis -
HTEL or SOEL)
2 H2O  2 H2 + O2 Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776-1810)

Alkaline electrolyser around 1900 Picture credits: all www.wikipedia.org
3
1890s: Hydrogen Production by Wind Power!
 Danish inventor, wind

mill pioneer and teacher Poul la Cour (1846 - 1908)
at Askov folk high school
 First wind mill in 1891
for rural electrification
 Hydrogen storage system
 Alkaline tubular
electrolysis cells
 H2 / O2 tanks
 Gas lamps for
school building
(1895-1902)
 (autogenous gas
welding)
4 Source and picture credits:

© Fraunhofer ISE
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_la_Cou
http://www.poullacour.dk/engelsk/menu.htm FCBAT
The Self-sufficient Solar House in Freiburg …
 … begin of R&D activities in PEM

electrolysis at Fraunhofer ISE
 First developments in the Eighties
 Field test: 1992-1995
 Complete hydrogen storage
system consisting of:
 PEM electrolyser
 (30 bar / 2 kWel)
 H2 and O2 pressure tanks
 PEM fuel cell
5
The Self-sufficient Solar House in Freiburg …
PV Electrolyser Battery Fuel DC Load

Regenerative fuel cell:
panel Cell
 PEM electrolysis unit
Electrical usage
(30 bar / 2 kWel) Inverte AC load
r
 H2/O2 storage tanks
 PEM fuel cell
 No mech. compressor!
Warm
water
Electricity
Gas Storage
Thermal usage
tanks
Heat Cooking
Heating
6
Electrolytical Water Splitting: Partial Reactions
Techno- Tempera- Cathodic Reaction Charge Anodic Reaction (OER)

logy ture range (HER) Carrier
AEL 40 - 90 °C 2H2O  2e   H2  2OH  OH- 2OH   1

2 O2  H2O  2e 
PEMEL 20 - 100 °C 2H   2e   H2 H+ H2O  12 O2  2H   2e 
HTEL 700 -
H2O  2e   H2  O 2 O2- O 2  1
2 O2  2e 
(SOEL) 1000 °C
~10 m
Zahid, WHEC 2010

Fraunhofer ISE
~180 m
Ni/PSU compound Raynel Nickel

Vermeiren et al. 2009 Martinez et al. 2010 ~10 m
7
Stack Design Alkaline Water Electrolyser
 Today bipolar filter press

design (several 100 cells)
 Atmospheric - 30 bar
 Active cell area < 4.0 m²
IHT Hydrogenics
 0.2 - 0.45 A/cm² @ < 2.4 V
NEL Hydrogen Hydrotechnik Accagen
Diaphragm
Wire gauze electrode
Bipolar goffered plate
Schematic of a Lurgi electrolysis cell

8
System Design Alkaline Water Electrolyser
 Lye loop (KOH)

 Gas-lye seperator and scrubber
 Power electronics
Picture credits: NEL Hydrogen/Norsk Hydro
 Compression und fine purification
9
Stack Design PEM Water Electrolyser
 Only filter press design

 Pressure tightness:
up to 207 bar
 Active cell area:
10 - 750 cm² Giner Kurchatov Siemens
Proton
 Current density:
up to 2.5 A/cm² @ 2.2 V
 Cells/stack: < 120
CETH2
 H2 production rate/stack:
2 Nl/h - 10 Nm³/h Helion Hydrogenics
ITM Power Fraunhofer ISE h-tec Hamilton
10
System Design PEM Water Electrolyser
 Comparable to AEL
 Simpler system design
 Pressure-tight construction
11
Stack Design High Temperature Electrolyser
 No commercial Kyushu University (25 cells) Idaho NL (720 Cell / 5.7 Nm3/hr / 17.5k W)
products
 Bipolar construction
 No pressurised stacks
 Cell area: ~ 100 cm²
 Current density:
0.3 - 3.0 A/cm²
Picture credits: O‘Brien, RelHy-Workshop 2009 Picture credits : Zahid, WHEC 2010
12
General System Layout for HTEL
 Only Concept
 Coupling with
HT source
(nuclear reactor)
 Electricity
generation with
steam turbine
Picture credits: Zahid, WHEC 2010
13
Realised (Alkaline) Water Electrolysis Plants
Location Capacity Power Type Mo- Construction

[Nm³/h] [MWel] dules time
Zimbabwe / 21.000 ~ 95 Lurgi 28 1971 - 73

Kwe-Kwe
Norway / 27.100 ~ 142 Norsk Hydro ca. 150 - 1949
Glomfjord (decommissioned 1980)
Norway / 27.900 ~ 142 Norsk Hydro ca. 150 - 1929

Rjukan (decommissioned 1980)
Egypt / 32.400 160 BBC/DEMAG 132 1965 - 70

Aswan
Peru / Cuzco 5.200 22 Lurgi 7 1965
Canada / Trail 21.000 ? Trail ? ?
India / Nangal 30.000 ~ 142 De Nora ? - 1961
14
Realised (Alkaline) Water Electrolysis Plants
Picture credits:
Picture credits: Barisic - ELT, 2008, NOW-Workshop Fell - StatoilHydro, 2008, NOW-Workshop
15
Commercial Available Electrolysis Systems
 AEL
 1 - 760 Nm³/h
 5 kWel - 3.4 MWel
 PEMEL
 0.01 - 30 Nm³/h
 0.5 - 160 kWel Wasserelekrolyse Hydrognics SAGIM NEL Hydrogen
Hydrotechnik
 PEMEL grows!
 In 3 - 5 years:
 Up to 250 Nm³/h (?)
 Up to 1.0 MWel (?)
Schmidlin ITM Power h-tec Proton ES Treadwell
16
Main Players in Water Electrolysis
© Fraunhofer ISE (2011-11)

R&D
Advanced
Mature
Alkaline Electrolysis PEM Electrolysis

No claim to be complete!
17
Typical Today‘s Applications
Typical size
Apllication
electrolyser
H2 Generator for jewellery, laboratory and medical engineering 5 - 500 Nl/h
Generator cooling in power plants 5 - 10 Nm³/h
Hydrogen filling station 5 - 60 Nm³/h
Feed Water Inertisation (BWR water chemistry) 50 Nm³/h
Float glas production (protective atmosphere) 50 - 150 Nm³/h
Electronics industry 100 - 400 Nm³/h
Metallurgy 200 - 750 Nm³/h
Food industry (fat hardening) 100 - 900 Nm³/h
Military und aerospace < 15 Nm³/h
18
Specific Energy Consumption – Efficiency of Electrolysers
10,0
 Manufacturer's data
el / Nm³ H2]
AEL(atmospheric)
(atmosphärisch) AEL (pressurised)
(Druck)
H2]
9,0
 No standardised PEMEL Stack PEMEL System
[kWh/Nm³
data 8,0
 Differernt pressure
Demand[kWh
7,0
and H2 purity
Energieverbrauch
6,0
 Specifications for
steady state 5,0
operation
Energy
4,0
Spez.
Thermodynamik @ STP
3,0
Spec.
© Fraunhofer ISE
2,0
0,010 0,100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1000,000
Hydrogen Production Rate [Nm³/h]
Wasserstoffproduktionsrate [Nm³/h]
19
Specific Energy Consumption – Efficiency of Electrolysers
10,0
 Energy consumption
el / Nm³ H2]
AEL(atmospheric)
(atmosphärisch) AEL (pressurised)
(Druck)
H2]
will not be reduced 9,0 PEMEL Stack PEMEL System
[kWh/Nm³
significantly in the
8,0
future
Demand[kWh
 Higher operating 7,0
Energieverbrauch
pressure 6,0
PEMEL AEL
 High power
5,0
densities due to
Energy
cost pressure 4,0
 Dynamic operation
Spez.
Thermodynamik
Thermodynamics@@
STPNTP
3,0
(start/stop, stand-
Spec.
© Fraunhofer ISE
by) 2,0
0,010 0,100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1000,000
Hydrogen Production Rate [Nm³/h]
Wasserstoffproduktionsrate [Nm³/h]
20
Where Do We Have R&D Demand in the Next Years?
 AEL  PEMEL  HTEL

 Increasing current  Increasing life time  Development of
density of materials/ stack adapted electrodes/
 (Increasing pressure  Scale up concepts for electrolyte for SOEL
tightness) stack and system  Cell and stack design
 Faster dynamics of  Decreasing costs by  Proof of life time
the complete system substitution or  Pressure tightness
(BOP) reduction of
expensive materials  Cycling stability
 Higher part load
range  (Decreasing
 Decreasing production costs
production costs through economies
through economies of scale)
of scale
21
Back to the Future!
75 MW AEL module, concept EdF (30 bar, 160 °C) HT electrolysis plant, draft Brookhaven NL
(LeRoy 1983, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy) (Source: Zahid 2010, WHEC)
AEL plant - concept

578 MW, 248 module
Draft Norsk Hydro
(Source: Fell/SHT 2011
58 MW PEMEL plant, concept GE NOW-Workshop)
(Nuttall 1977, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy)
22
Thanks a lot for your kind attention!
Dr. Tom Smolinka

Fraunhofer ISE
Heidenhofstr. 2 / 79110 Freiburg / Germany
Tel: +49 761 4588 5212
tom.smolinka@ise.fraunhofer.de
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
Questions?
Executive summary (only in German):

http://www.now-gmbh.de/fileadmin/user_upload/RE-Mediathek/RE_Publikationen_NOW/
NOW-Studie-Wasserelektrolyse-2011.pdf
23

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OVERVIEW ON WATER ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN

PRODUCTION AND STORAGE

Results of the NOW study » Stand und Entwicklungspotenzial der Wasserelektrolyse

Tom Smolinka1, Jürgen Garche2 , Christopher

1Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE

SYMPOSIUM - Water electrolysis and hydrogen as

© Fraunhofer ISE FCBAT

 Introduction to water electrolysis

 Invention of voltaic pile (1799) enabled

2 H2O  2 H2 + O2 Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776-1810)

 Danish inventor, wind

4 Source and picture credits:

 … begin of R&D activities in PEM

PV Electrolyser Battery Fuel DC Load

Techno- Tempera- Cathodic Reaction Charge Anodic Reaction (OER)

AEL 40 - 90 °C 2H2O  2e   H2  2OH  OH- 2OH   1

PEMEL 20 - 100 °C 2H   2e   H2 H+ H2O  12 O2  2H   2e 

Zahid, WHEC 2010

Ni/PSU compound Raynel Nickel

 Today bipolar filter press

Schematic of a Lurgi electrolysis cell

 Lye loop (KOH)

 Only filter press design

ITM Power Fraunhofer ISE h-tec Hamilton

Picture credits: Zahid, WHEC 2010

Location Capacity Power Type Mo- Construction

Zimbabwe / 21.000 ~ 95 Lurgi 28 1971 - 73

Norway / 27.900 ~ 142 Norsk Hydro ca. 150 - 1929

Egypt / 32.400 160 BBC/DEMAG 132 1965 - 70

Schmidlin ITM Power h-tec Proton ES Treadwell

© Fraunhofer ISE (2011-11)

Alkaline Electrolysis PEM Electrolysis

cost pressure 4,0

 AEL  PEMEL  HTEL

AEL plant - concept

Dr. Tom Smolinka

Executive summary (only in German):

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