name symbol quantity

Radian rad angle

steradian Sr Solid angle
hertz Hz Frequency
Newton N Force,Weight
Pascal Pa Pressure,Stress
Joule j Energy,work, heat
Watt w Power,radiant flux
tesla T magnetic flux density
katal kat catalytic activity
sievert Sv equivalent dose (of ionizing
radiation)
gray Gy absorbed dose (of ionizing
radiation)
becquerel Bq radioactivity (decays per unit time)
lux lx illuminance
lumen lm luminous flux
degree Celsius °C temperature relative to 273.15 K

1.Abel's theorem - Niels Henrik Abel

Abel's theorem allows us to evaluate many series in closed form. For example, when , we obtain for , by integrating
the uniformly convergent geometric power series term by term on ; thus the series converges to by Abel's theorem
2. Ampère's circuital law - André-Marie Ampère
Ampère's circuital law relates the integrated magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric
current passing through the loop.

3. Archimedes's principle - Archimedes

Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid,
whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in
the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid

4. Bernoulli's principle - Daniel Bernoulli

Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease
in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

5. Biot–Savart law - Jean Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart

Biot–Savart law is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by a stationary electric current. It
relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length, and proximity of the electric current.

6. Cayley–Hamilton theorem - Augustin Louis Cauchy

Cayley–Hamilton theorem states that every square matrix over a commutative ring (such as
the real or complex field) satisfies its own characteristic equation.

7. Coulomb's law - Charles Augustin de Coulomb

Coulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics for quantifying the amount of force
with which stationary electrically charged particles repel or attract each other
8. Fermat's principle - Pierre de Fermat
Fermat's principle or the principle of least time, named after French mathematician Pierre de Fermat, is
the principle that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in
the least time. This principle is sometimes taken as the definition of a ray of light.

9. Gauss's law - Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss

Gauss's law, also known as Gauss's flux theorem, is a law relating the distribution of electric charge to the
resulting electric field. The surface under consideration may be a closed one enclosing a volume such as a
spherical surface

10. Graham's law - Thomas Graham

Graham's law of effusion (also called Graham's law of diffusion) was formulated by Scottish physical
chemist Thomas Graham in 1848. Graham found experimentally that the rate of effusion of a gas is
inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles

11. Hilbert's basis theorem - David Hilbert

Hilbert's basis theorem says that a polynomial ring over a Noetherian ring is Noetherian.

12. Lagrange's theorem - Lagrange's theorem, in the mathematics of group theory, states that for any
finite group G, the order (number of elements) of every subgroup H of G divides the order of G.

13. Le Chatelier's principle - Henri Louis le Chatelier

Le Chatelier′s Principle is the principle when a stress is applied to a chemical system at equilibrium, the
equilibrium will shift to relieve the stress. In other words, it can be used to predict the direction of a
chemical reaction in response to a change in conditions of temperature, concentration, volume,
or pressure.

14. Maxwell's equations - James Clerk Maxwell

Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law,
form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits.

15. Newton's law of universal gravitation - the law states that every point mass attracts every other point
mass by a force acting along the line intersecting both points. The force is proportional to the product of
the two masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

16. Newton's laws of motion - First law: In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest
or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force.
Second law: In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the
mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object: F = ma.
Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a
force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body

17. Ohm's law - Georg Ohm

Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the
voltage across the two points.
18. Pascal's law - Blaise Pascal
Pascal's law or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure is a principle in fluid mechanics that states
that a pressure change occurring anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout
the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere

19. Pythagorean theorem – Pythagoras

In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem, also known as Pythagoras' theorem, is a fundamental relation
in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle. It states that the square of the
hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides

20. Rolle's theorem - Michel Rolle

Rolle's theorem states that for any continuous, differentiable function that has two equal values at two
distinct points, the function must have a point on the function where the first derivative is zero.

21. Stokes's law - George Gabriel Stokes

Stokes's law, for the frictional force – also called drag force – exerted on spherical objects with very small
Reynolds numbers in a viscous fluid. Stokes's law is derived by solving the Stokes flow limit for small
Reynolds numbers of the Navier–Stokes equations.

Scientific Insruments Uses Inventors

Altimeter An instrument used in French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet
aircrafts for measuring
altitudes
Ammeter Measures electric Friedrich Drexler
current
Anemometer Used to measure the Leon Battista Alberti
speed, direction and
pressure of the wind.
Audiometer Measures intensity of Georg von Békésy (1899-1972; winner of the
sound Nobel Prize), a Hungarian-American physicist.
Barograph Continuous recording of Frenchman Lucien Vidi
atmospheric pressure
Barometer Measures atmospheric Evangelista Torricelli
pressure and conditions.
Binoculars An optical instrument J. P. Lemiere
used for magnified view
of distant objects.
Bolometer Measures infra-red Samuel Pierpont Langley
(Heat) radiation.
Callipers Measures diameters of Pierre Vernier
thin cylinder/wire.
Calorimeter Measures quantity of Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon
heat
Carburettor Used for charging air The first carburetor was invented by Samuel
with petrol vapours in an Morey in 1826. Later, Enrico
internal combustion Bernardi developed another carburetor at
engine. the University of Padua in 1882
Cardiogram(ECG) Traces movements of the Willem Einthoven
heart , recorded on a
Cardiograph
Cathetometer Determines heights and French physicists P. Dulong and A. Petit(1816)
levels
Chronometer Determines longitude of John Harrison
a vessel at sea.
Cinematograph Used for projecting Auguste Lumière
pictures on the screen.
Colorimeter Compares intensity of John T. Stock
colours
Commutator Used in generators to British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832
reverse the direction of
electric current.
Crescograph Used for measuring Jagadish Chandra Bose
growth in plants.
Cryometer Measurement of low
temperature.
Cyclotron Used for accelerating Ernest Lawrence
charged particles in
microwave oscillator
Dilatometer Measures change in Abbe and Fizeau in the second half of 19th
volume of substances century
Dynamo Coverts mechanical Michael Faraday
energy into electrical
energy
Electrometer Measures very small but William Snow Harris
potential difference in
electric currents
Electrometer Used for measuring
electrical potential
difference.
Electroscope Detects presence of an William Gilbert
electric Charge
Electron microscope Used to obtain a Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska
magnifying view of very
small objects (20,000
times).
Endoscope To examine internal parts Bozzini
of the body
Fathometer Measures depth of the Herbert Grove Dorsey (April 24, 1876 – 1961)
ocean
Fluxmeter Measures magnetic flux Muller Martin
Galvanometer Measures electric Johann Schweigger
current
Gramophone Used to reproducing French inventor Édouard-Léon Scott de
recorded sound. Martinville
Hydrometer Measures the relative William Nicholson
density of liquids
Hydrophone Measure sound under Reginald Fessenden
water
Hygrometer Used to measure the Horace Bénédict de Saussure
moisture content or the
humidity of air or any
gas.
Hygroscope Shows the changes in Robert Hooke
atmospheric humidity
Hypsometer Determines boiling point Wayne R Norman
of liquids.
Lactometer Measures the relative Mr. Dicas
density of milk.
Machmeter Determines the speed of Angst Walter
an aircraft relative to the
speed of sound
Manometer Compares magnetic Otton von Guerick
movement and fields
Manometer Used to measure
atmospheric pressure
Micrometer Coverts sound waves into William Gascoigne
electrical vibration
Microphone Converts sound waves Emile Berliner
into electrical signals.
Microscope Used to obtain a Zacharias Janssen
magnified view of small
objects
Nephetometer Measures the scattering Theodore William Richards
of light by particles
suspended in a liquid
Odometer An instrument attached Benjamin Franklin
to the wheel of a vehicle,
to measure the distance
travelled.
Ohmmeter Measures electrical Osvold Robert Harold
resistance of objects
Ondometer Measures the frequency
of electromagnetic
waves(radio waves)
Optometer Used for testing the Dr Jules Badal
refractive power of the
eye.
Otoscope Used for visual E. Seigle
examination of the
eardrum.
Periscope Used to view objects Hippolyte Marié-Davy
above sea level (Used in
submarines).
Phonograph Used for reproducing Thomas Edison
sound.
Photometer Compares the luminous Dmitry Lachinov
intensity of the two
sources of light
Polygraph It simultaneously records William Moulton Marston
changed in physiological
processes such as
heartbeat, blood
pressure & the
respiration (used as lie
detector)
Pyrheliometer Used for measuring Solar C. G. ABBOTT
radiation.
Pyrometer Measures very high Josiah Wedgwood
temperature.
Quadrant Measures altitudes and John Hadley
angles in navigation and
astronomy
Radar Radio, Detection and Heinrich Hertz
Ranging.
Rain Gauge Measures Rainfall. King Sejong the Great
Refractometer Measures salinity of Ernst Abbe
solutions
Refractometer Measures a Refractive Carl Zeiss
Index of a substance.
Sextant Used by navigators to John Campbell
find the latitude of place
by measuring the
elevation above the
horizon of the sun or
another star; also used to
measure the height of
very distant objects
Sextant Used for measuring
angular distance
between two objects.
Siesmograph Used for recording the John Milne
intensity and origin of
earthquakes shocks.
Spectroscope Used for Spectrum Robert Wilhelm Bunsen
analysis.
Speedometer An instrument used for Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888
measuring speed of the
vehicle.
Spherometer Measures curvature of Robert-Aglaé Cauchoix
spherical objects.
Sphygmomanometer Measures blood Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von Basch in
pressure. 1881
Stethoscope Used for hearing and René Laennec
analysing the sound of
Heart.
Tachometer To determine speed, James W. Allen
especially the rotational
speed of a shaft(rpm)
Tangent galvanometer Measure the amount of André-Marie Ampère
direct current(DC)
Telemeter Records physical C. Michalke
happenings at a distant
place(space)
Telescope Used for magnified view Hans Lippershey
of distant objects.
Thermometer Measures Temperature Galileo Galilei
Thermostat Automatically regulates Warren S. Johnson
temperatures at a
constant point.
Tonometer Measures the pitch of a John Austin
sound
Transformer An apparatus used for Ottó Bláthy
converting high voltage
to low and vice-versa
without change in its
frequency.
Transponder To receive a signal and Charles M Redman
transmit a reply
immediately in satellites.
Venturimeter Measures the rate of Clemens Herschel
flow of liquids
Vernier Measures Small sub- Pierre Vernier
division of scale.
Viscometer Measures Viscosity of Edward H Zeitfuchs
liquid.
Voltmeter Used to measure electric Andrew Kay
potential difference
between two points
Wattmeter To measure electric Ottó Bláthy
power
Wavemeter To measure the Paul D Zottu
wavelength of a
radiowave(high
frequency waves)

Acceleration The rate of change of velocity of an object with

respect to time
Angular Momentum A measure of the momentum of a body in
rotational motion about its centre of mass
Alloy The mixture of metal with other metal or other
elements.
Ammeter An instrument that is used to measure current.
Amorphous solid Its a type solid which do not have definite
geometrical shape. Or its non-crystalline solid.
Ampere A unit that describes the rate of flow of electricity
(current).
Amplifier It is an electronic device that can increase
the power of a signal (a time-
varying voltage or current).
Amplitude Height of a wave measured from its center
(normal) position.
Alpha particle Consist of two protons and two neutrons bound
together into a particle identical to a helium
nucleus, which is classically produced in the
process of alpha decay, but may be produced also
in other ways and given the same name.
Astronomical unit It is a unit of length, roughly the distance from
Earth to the Sun.
Astrophysics The branch of astronomy that deals with the
physics of the universe
Atom A basic unit of matter that consists of a dense
central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of
negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus
contains a mix of positively charged protons and
electrically neutral neutrons
Atomic mass unit one-twelfth the mass of an atom of the isotope
12⁄6C
Avogadro's Number The number of molecules in exactly 12g of
carbon-12, equaling 6.022 x 1023.
Battery Battery is combination of two or more cells
(electric), which produces electricity.
Beam A structural element that is capable of
withstanding load primarily by resisting bending
Beta particle High-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons
emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei.
Biophysics An interdisciplinary science using methods of, and
theories from, physics to study biological systems
Black hole A region of space-time where gravity prevents
anything, including light, from escaping.
Coulomb The SI derived unit of electric charge. It is defined
as the charge transported by a steady current of
one ampere in one second.
Collision A collision in physics occurs when any two objects
bump into each other.
Classical mechanics A sub-field of mechanics that is concerned with
the set of physical laws describing the motion of
bodies under the action of a system of forces.
Celsius scale A scale and unit of measurement for temperature,
also known as Centigrade.
Center of gravity The point in a body around which the resultant
torque due to gravity forces vanish. Near the
surface of the earth, where the gravity acts
downward as a parallel force field, the center of
gravity and the center of mass are the same.
Center of mass A distribution of mass in space is the unique point
where the weighted relative position of the
distributed mass sums to zero.
Convection The transfer of heat by the actual transfer of
matter
Cyclotron A type of particle accelerator in which charged
particles accelerate outwards from the center
along a spiral path
Density The mass density or density of a material is its
mass per unit volume. Mathematically, density is
defined as mass divided by volume.
Distance A numerical description of how far apart objects
are.
Displacement In physics, displacement refers to an object's
overall change in position. It is a vector quantity.
Elasticity A physical property of materials which return to
their original shape after they are deformed.
Electric charge A physical property of matter that causes it to
experience a force when near other electrically
charged matter. There exist two types of electric
charges, called positive and negative.
Electric circuit An electrical network consisting of a closed loop,
giving a return path for the current.
Electric current A flow of electric charge through a conductive
medium.
Electric field The region of space surrounding electrically
charged particles and time-varying magnetic
fields.
Electric power The rate at which electric energy is transferred by
an electric circuit.
Electronics A field that deals with electrical circuits that
involve active electrical components such as
vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated
circuits, and associated passive interconnection
technologies.
Energy Energy is the ability to do work. The standard unit
of measure for energy is the joule.
Entropy a quantity which describes the randomness of a
substance or system
First law of motion The first law of motion states that any object in
motion will continue to move in the same
direction and speed unless external forces act on
it.
Force Force is the measurement of a push or pull on an
object. Force is a vector measured in newtons.
Friction Friction is the resistance of motion when one
object rubs against another. It is a force and is
measured in newtons.
Fusion A nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic
nuclei join together, or "fuse", to form a single
heavier nucleus.
Gravity Gravity is a force caused when the mass of
physical bodies attract each other. On Earth
gravity pulls at objects with an acceleration of 9.8
m/s2.
Gamma ray Electromagnetic radiation of high frequency and
therefore high energy.
Impulse An impulse is a change in momentum.
Heat (or heat transfer/heat flow) Energy transferred
from one body to another by thermal interaction.
Ion An atom or molecule in which the total number of
electrons is not equal to the total number of
protons, giving the atom a net positive or negative
electrical charge.
Ionic bond A type of chemical bond formed through an
electrostatic attraction between two oppositely
charged ions.
Ionization The process of converting an atom or molecule
into an ion by adding or removing charged
particles such as electrons or ions.
Isotope Variants of a particular chemical element. While
all isotopes of a given element share the same
 number of protons, each isotope differs from the
others in its number of neutrons.
Joule The joule is the standard unit of measure for
energy and work.
Kelvin A unit of measurement for temperature. The
Kelvin scale is an absolute, thermodynamic
temperature scale using as its null point absolute
zero.
Kinetic energy Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to
its motion. It is a scalar quantity calculated using
the formula KE = ½ * m * v2, where m = mass and
v = velocity.
Light Visible light (commonly referred to simply as light)
is electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the
human eye, and is responsible for the sense of
sight.
Magnetic field A mathematical description of the magnetic
influence of electric currents and magnetic
materials. The magnetic field at any given point is
specified by both a direction and a magnitude (or
strength); as such it is a vector field.
Magnetism A property of materials that respond to an applied
magnetic field.
Mass balance An application of conservation of mass to the
analysis of physical systems, also called 'material
balance'.
Mass density A materials mass per unit volume, also just called
density.
Molar mass A physical property of matter. It is defined as the
mass of a given substance divided by its amount
of substance. The unit for molar mass is g/mol.
Molecule An electrically neutral group of two or more
atoms held together by covalent chemical bonds.
Momentum Momentum is a measurement of mass in motion.
Momentum is equal to the mass times the
velocity of an object. It is a vector measured in
newton-seconds.
NanoTechnology The manipulation of matter on an atomic and
molecular scale.
Neutrino An electrically neutral subatomic particle.
Nuclear physics The field of physics that studies the constituents
and interactions of atomic nuclei.
Newton The newton is the standard unit of measure for
force.
Optics The branch of physics which involves the
behaviour and properties of light, including its
 interactions with matter and the construction of
instruments that use or detect it.
Ohm The SI derived unit of electrical resistance.
Pascal The pascal is the standard unit of measure for
pressure.
Photon An elementary particle, the quantum of light and
all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, and
the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.
Potential energy Potential energy is the energy stored by an object
due to its state or position. It is measured in
joules.
Physics it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in
order to understand how the universe behaves.
Power Power is a measurement of the rate at which
energy is used. Power is calculated by dividing
work over time. The standard unit for power is the
watt.
Power (electric) The rate at which electric energy is transferred by
an electric circuit.
Pressure The ratio of force to the area over which that
force is distributed.
Probability A measure of the expectation that an event will
occur or a statement is true.
Pressure Pressure is the force over a given area. Pressure is
measured in pascals.
Quark An elementary particle and a fundamental
constituent of matter
Quantum mechanics A branch of physics dealing with physical
phenomena at microscopic scales, where the
action is on the order of the Planck constant.
Refraction Refraction is the change in direction of wave
propagation due to a change in its transmission
medium.
Rotational energy (or angular kinetic energy) The kinetic energy due
to the rotation of an object and forms part of its
total kinetic energy.
Scalar A scalar is a measurement that only measures the
magnitude. Unlike a vector, a scalar does not have
direction.
Speed Speed is the measurement of how fast on object
moves relative to a reference point. It is a scalar
quantity measured by distance over time.
Science A systematic enterprise that builds and organises
knowledge in the form of testable explanations
and predictions about the universe.
Sound A mechanical wave that is an oscillation of
pressure transmitted through a solid, liquid, or
 gas, composed of frequencies within the range of
hearing.
Superconductor A phenomenon of exactly zero electrical
resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields
occurring in certain materials when cooled below
a characteristic critical temperature.
Temperature A physical property of matter that quantitatively
expresses the common notions of hot and cold
Vector A vector is a quantity that has both a magnitude
and a direction.
Velocity Velocity is the rate of change in an object's
position. Velocity is a vector quantity. The
magnitude of velocity is the object's speed.
Wave A disturbance or oscillation that travels through
spacetime, accompanied by a transfer of energy.
Wavelength The wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial
period of the wave
Wind The flow of gases on a large scale.
X Ray A high energy photon (between 100 electron
volts (eV) and 100 keV),
Young’s modulus a measure of the stiffness of a solid material
which defines the relationship
between stress and strain.
Zeeman effect The effect of splitting a spectral line into several
components in the presence of a static magnetic
field by the lifting of degeneracy in electronic
states.

Total capacity
Power station Operator State Type
(MW)
Tarapur NPCIL Maharashtra BWR 1400
PHWR
Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 1180
Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1000 2000
Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 880
Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 440
Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PHWR 440
Narora NPCIL Uttar Pradesh PHWR 440
Total 6780

Typical magnetic fields Tesla Range

Inside Atomic Nuclei 10 11 T
 Superconducting Solenoids 20 T
Superconducting Coil Cyclotron 5T
Small Ceramic Magnet 0.1 T
Earth's field at the equator 4(10 −5 ) T
Interstellar Space 2(10 −10 ) T

Types Of Magnets Examples Explanation

Temporary Iron alloy It can be easily magnetized by
even a weak magnetic field.
Permanent A Horseshoe magnet, a Once they are magnetized,
refrigerator magnet, a freezer these objects do not easily lose
seal their magnetism
Electromagnets hard disk drives, speakers, These are used when a very
motors, and generators strong magnet is necessary.The
Core act as a strong magnetic
field

Magnetism - it is a property of certain substances which pull closer or repel other objects

Magnetic fields - Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents, which can be macroscopic currents in
wires, or microscopic currents associated with electrons in atomic orbits

Electromagnetism - An interaction between electricity and magnetism, as when an electric current or a

changing electric field generates a magnetic field, or when a changing magnetic field generates an electric
field.

Magnetic Energy - The potential energy of a magnet of magnetic moment, m, in a magnetic field, B, is
defined as the mechanical work of magnetic force on re-alignment of the vector of the Magnetic dipole
moment, and is equal

ElectroMagnet - An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an

electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets usually
consist of wire wound into a coil

Magnetic Flux - magnetic flux in an area taken perpendicular to the magnetic flux's direction.

Magnetic flux density - Magnetic flux density is defined as the amount of magnetic flux in an area taken
perpendicular to the magnetic flux's direction