Consolidation Test (E5)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY GEOTECHNIC LABORATORY

(MAKMAL TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN GEOTEKNIK)
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE AND NAMA
BNP 20903 / SOIL MECHANIC AND FOUNDATION
KOD DAN NAMA KURSUS
EXPERIMENT NO.
EXP 6
NO. UJIKAJI
EXPERIMENT TITLE CONSOLIDATION TEST (ONE-DIMENSIONAL
TAJUK UJIKAJI CONSOLIDATION TEST)
DATE OF EXPERIMENT
27 FEB 2019
TARIKH UJIKAJI
NAME MATRIX NO.
NAMA NO. MATRIK
1. HUAN KOK WEI AN170287
2. ABDUL MUHHEY BIN MOHD MUSA AN170153

GROUP NO.
NO. KUMPULAN
3. FARAH NADHIRAH BT ABDUL HAMID AN170285
4. NOR YAZNI SUHANA BT MAT YAZIZ AN170024

5. SITI SHAIDATUL ZARIFAH BT
CN170050
CHE’OM
LECTURER / INSTRUCTOR
Dr. Tuan Noor Hasanah Binti Tuan Ismail
PENSYARAH / INSTRUKTOR
RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP
TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)
JUMLAH MARKAH (DARI RUBRIK
PENILAIAN)
STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not accept or
provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.
1) Group Leader __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : HUAN KOK WEI
Matrix No. : AN170287
2) Group Member 1 ___________________________________ (Signature)

Name : ABDUL MUHHEY BIN MOHD MUSA
3) Group Member 2 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : FARAH NADHIRAH BINTI ABDUL HALIM

Name : NOR YAZNI SUHANA BINTI MAT YAZIZ

Name : SITI SHAIDATUL ZARIFAH BINTI CHE’OM
Matrix No. : CN170050
FACULTY: EXPERIMENT
05
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY CODE:
LABORATORY:
DATE : 27/02/2019
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT:
SUBMISSION
CONSOLIDATION TEST 10/03/2019
DATE :
1.0 OBJECTIVES
- To determine the consolidation characteristics of soils of low permeability.
- To determine the compressibility or settlement of soils.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this experiment, we are able to:
- Conduct one dimensional consolidation test.

- Identify the factors causes soil consolidation.
- Determine the consolidation parameters.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
Consolidation is used to determine the rate and magnitude of settlement in soils. It also
known as the process of time-dependent settlement of saturated clayey soil when subjected to
an increasing loading. Traditionally, consolidation behaviour of soil based on laboratory
consolidation test is conveniently divided into three stages, namely elastic or immediate
settlement, primary consolidation and secondary consolidation. When a fully saturated soil is
subjected to a compressive stress, its volume tends to decrease. The decreasing of its volume
is due to compression of the solid grains and escape of water from the voids. In a free drainage
soil such as saturated sand the escape of water can take place rapidly. But in clay, due to low
permeability, the movement of water occurs very much slowly and therefore, considerable time
may be required for excess water to be squeezed out to permeable boundaries.
Settlement is the direct result of the decrease in soil volume and consolidation is the rate of
volume decrease with time. The consolidation test is use to estimate the amount of settlement
and time of consolidation. From this test some consolidation parameters such as coefficient of
consolidation (cv), coefficient of volume compressibility (mv), compression index (Cc),
preconsolidation pressure (Pc) can bedetermined.
There are two methods for determining the coefficient of consolidation:
(i) Casagrande or log (time) or 50% consolidation.
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(ii) Taylor or √ time or 90% consolidation.

The coefficient of consolidation can be determined by this equation,
𝑇𝑣 𝐻 2
𝑐𝑣 =
𝑡
Where, Cv = Coefficient of consolidation (m2/year)
Tv = Time factor
H = Maximum length of drainage path (m), consider both single and double
drainage
t = Time to achieve 50% or 90% consolidation (year or minute)
Graphs to be plotted:
• Dial gauge reading versus Logarithm of time.

- To determine the coefficient of consolidation. 𝐶𝑣
𝑑2
𝐶𝑣 = 0.197
𝑡50
Figure 1: Graph of dial gauge reading versus Logarithm of time

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• Dial gauge reading versus square root of time.

- To determine the coefficient of consolidation. 𝐶 v
𝑑2
𝐶𝑣 = 0.848
𝑡90
Figure 2: Graph of dial gauge reading versus square root of time

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4.0 EQUIPMENT
1. Consolidation apparatus
• Consolidation ring
• Corrosion-resistant porous plate or porous stone
• Consolidation cell
• Dial Gauge
• Loading device
Figure 3: Consolidation ring, Corrosion-resistant porous plate or porous stone and Consolidation cell
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2. Balance readable to 0.1g
Figure 4: Dial gauge
3. Vernier calliper
4. Stop-clock readable to 1s
5. Moisture can
Figure 5: Moisture can

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5.0 PROCEDURE
1. The internal diameter (D) and the height/thickness of the ring were measured using
internal Vernier callipers.
2. The mass of ring was determined to the nearest 0.01g (m).
3. Soil specimen was prepared for the test. The soil specimen was placed in the ring and
the top and bottom of the ring were trimmed.
Figure 6: Preparation of soil specimen
Figure 7: Trimming of the soil specimen
4. The initial moisture content from trimming soil was determined.

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Figure 8: Soil specimen placed in the oven
5. The mass of the ring + specimen (m) were determined.

6. The lower porous stone was saturated on the base of the consolidometer.
7. The specimen in the ring (cutting edge uppermost) was placed centrally on the porous
stone.
8. The ring retainer and cell body were fitted and the upper porous disc was placed
centrally on top of the specimen.
9. The consolidation cell was placed centrally in position on the platform of the machine
base.
Figure 9: Calibrating of the consolidation cell

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10. The end of the beam was lifted to allow the loading yoke to be raised to the vertical
position and the loading stem was adjusted by screwing it downwards until the end
engages closely in the recess on top of the loading cap.
11. The compression dial gauge was attached to the arm on the support post.
12. Water was added at room temperature to the cell to submerge the soil and keep it
saturated
13. Load were carefully applied to the load hanger.
14. The beam support were wind down at the same time the clock started.
15. The compression dial gauge readings and the clock were observed and the readings on
the consolidation test form at the selected time intervals were recorded.
Figure 10: Recording of time
16. The next day, the reading for 24 hours was recorded.
17. At the end of the test, the soil specimen was removed and its moisture content were
determined.
18. The readings of the compression against time were plotted to a logarithmic scale and
against square-root time.
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6.0 RESULTS
Date started:27 February 2019 Sample No.: S1

Soil Type: Silty Clay Cell No.: 1
Before Test
S.G. (Assumed): 2.7
Weight of ring: 110.28 g Diameter of ring: 75 mm
Weight of sample + ring: 298.48 g Area of ring: 4417.865 mm2
Weight of sample: 188.20 g Thickness of ring: 20 mm
Weight of dry sample: 137.63 g Volume of ring: 88357.293 mm3
Weight of initial moisture: 50.57 g Density, ρ: 2.13 Mg/m3
Average moisture content: 26.87 % Dry density, ρd: 1.56 Mg/m3
𝐺
Initial void ratio, ρ 𝑠 – 1 = 0.733
𝑑
Table 1: Experiment data
Sample Weight(g) Moisture content

(%)
Empty Wet container + sample Dry sample
container
1 10.21 18.49 16.25 27.05
2 27.29 36.71 34.17 26.96
3 27.10 40.60 37.05 26.30
4 27.48 34.97 32.95 26.97
5 10.10 17.44 15.45 27.11
6 10.92 19.08 16.89 26.84
Table 2: Moisture content
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SETTEMENT READINGS
Elapse time Time (min) √𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Clock time Gauge Cumulative

reading compression,
ΔH (mm)
Hr Min Sec
0 0 0 11.17 am 0 0
10 0.17 0.41 8 0.016
20 0.33 0.57 14 0.028
30 0.50 0.71 18 0.036
40 0.67 0.82 21 0.042
50 0.83 0.91 24 0.048
1 1 1.00 11.18 am 26 0.052
2 2 1.41 11.19 am 42 0.084
4 4 2.00 11.21 am 62 0.124
8 8 2.83 11.25 am 84 0.168
15 15 3.87 11.32 am 104 0.208
30 30 5.48 11.47 am 119 0.238
1 60 7.75 12.17 pm 133 0.266
2 120 10.95 1.17 pm 136 0.272
24 1440 37.95 11.17 am 143 0.286
Table 3: Settlement readings
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7.0 DATA ANALYSIS
Casagrande Method
Settlement vs log Time

LOG TIME (MINUTE)
d00.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
0
20
40
60
SETTLEMENT (MM)
d50
80
100
120
d100
140
160
t50
Graph 1: Settlement (mm) vs log Time (minute)

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From the graph, the t50 value was determined as 5 minutes. The drainage path, H was identified
as 10mm. Using the time factor of 0.197 for 50% consolidation to determine the coefficient of
consolidation.
Coefficient of consolidation, Cv
𝑇𝑣 𝐻 2
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑡50
(0.197)0.012
𝐶𝑣 =
5
𝐶𝑣 = 3.94𝑥10−6 m2/year
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Taylor Method
Settlement vs square root time

SQUARE ROOT TIME (MINUTE)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
√t50
20
40
60
80
SETTLEMENT (MM)
100
120
140
160
A B
Graph 2: Settlement (mm) vs Square Root Time (minute)

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From the graph, the t90 value was determined as √4.8 minutes. The drainage path, H was
identified as 10mm. Using the time factor of 0.848 for 90% consolidation to determine the
coefficient of consolidation.
Coefficient of consolidation, Cv
𝑇𝑣 𝐻 2
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑡90
(0.848)0.012
𝐶𝑣 =
√4.8
𝐶𝑣 = 3.681𝑥10−6 m2/year
Hence, using Casagrande method the coefficient of consolidation of the sample is

3.94𝑥10−6m2/year. By using Taylor method the coefficient of consolidation of the sample is
3.681𝑥10−6 m2/year. There were a slightly different in the value of coefficient of consolidation
obtained from both method above.
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8.0 DISCUSSION
Discuss the results obtained from this testing and contains a comprehensive discussion of error
or confounding variables and what can be done to improve the accuracy of the lab
From the result, the value of the coefficient of consolidation, Cv using Casagrande Method is
3.94𝑥10−6m2/year which is make less than 1.15 times to the value Cv using Taylor Method is
3.681𝑥10−6 m2/year. The graph is plotted dial gauge reading versus logarithm of time by
using Tv 0.197 are was standard time factor to find t50, and the result graph for Casagrande
Method are slope curve straight up. The graph for Taylor Method with settlement versus
square root time are sharply increase, however after 10 minutes the graph steadily increase.
The time factor, Tv for this method is 0.848 with t90 is √4.8.
To determine its compressible characteristics, a laboratory consolidation test was performed

on an undisturbed sample of a cohesive soil. We can assume the soil sample was a soil layer in
the ground. A standard consolidation test is conducted over a number of load increase. The
increasing number of load should cover the stress range from the initial stress state the soil to
the final stress state the soil layer is expected to experience due to the proposed construction.
Generally, the standard consolidation test increasing in 24 hours and the load is doubled in the
successive increasing.
When talk about compressible the soil always deformation when load applies on it. The load
act first in the pore pressure have in the soil causing pore water pressure are in excess of the
hydrostatic pressure if saturated soil are loaded. The excess pore water can dissipate the
pressure of load from the soil and stress was applied, the stress transferred to the soil mineral
resulting in higher effective soil stress. The higher flow of water from the soil also causes
reductions in the soil volume and settlement at the ground surface. The ground with fine-
grained soil have low permeability which need time before the excess pore water pressures
fully dissipate.
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To improve the accuracy of the lab, the soil sample must be put into the consolidation ring with
carefully without lifting it from bottom porous stone. The soil sample must be tapping to the
ground to get full compact to get rid air form in the soil sample. The inside surface
consolidation ring must be cleared from any block balanced soil to reduce the error. Remove
unwanted soil sample when consolidation cell is ready to place into consolidation ring. The
water must be added into the consolidation cell to ensure full saturation condition of the soil
sample. The consolidation equipment must be located in an isolated position to avoid any
disturbance because dial gauge is very sensitive.
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9.0 ADVANCED QUESTIONS
Question 1
Clay samples collected from 5 metres deep in Batu Pahat has a unit weight () of 18 kN/𝑚3 .
The following data were recorded during an oedometer test.
Effective Stress (kN/𝑚2 ) 25 50 100 200 400 800 200 50

Void Ratio (e) 0.85 0.82 0.71 0.57 0.43 0.3 0.4 0.5
i. Plot the graph of void ratio against effective stress on semi-log graph and determine
the compression index (𝐶𝐶 ), Preconsolidation pressure (𝑃𝐶 ) and coefficient of volume
compressibility (𝑚𝑉 ).
The graph of Void Ratio vs Effective Stress
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
void ratio, e
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
effective stress,kN/m³
Figure 11: The graph of void ratio vs. effective stress

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The graph of Void Ratio vs Effective Stress (log)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
void ratio, e
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 10 100 1000
effective stress,kN/m³
Figure 12: The graph of void ratio vs. effective stress (log)
Coefficient of volume compressibility (𝒎𝒗 )
∆𝑒
𝑚𝑣 =
(1 + 𝑒0 )∆𝜎′𝑣
(0.71 − 0.57)
𝑚𝑣 = = 0.008187 × 10−1 𝑚2 /𝑘𝑁
(1 + 0.71)(200 − 100)
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The compression index (𝑪𝒄 )
𝑒1 − 𝑒0
𝐶𝑐 = −
𝜎′
log(𝜎 ′ 𝑣1 )
𝑣0
0.71 − 0.57
𝐶𝑐 = − = − 2.31
2.3
log ( 2 )
Therefore, the negative sign is used because the void ratio decreases when the effective stress
is increased and shows the nature of the field consolidation curve of an over consolidated
clay.
Pre consolidation pressure (𝑷𝒄 )
𝜎′𝑐 = 1.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Therefore, the pre consolidation pressure shown in figure (The graph of void ratio vs Log
Effective stress) above. The slope of the e - log( 𝜎’𝑣 ) curve is fairly flat until a vertical effective
stress equal to the pre consolidation pressure (𝜎’𝑐 ) is reached. Beyond this point, the slope of
the e – log ( 𝜎’𝑣 ) curve becomes steeper, the soil becomes more compressible. The
preconsolidation pressure is like a yield stress for soil.
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ii. Define whether the soil is normally consolidated or over consolidated.
𝜎′𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑂𝐶𝑅 =
𝜎′𝑣
2.9
𝑂𝐶𝑅 = = 1.71
1.7
Therefore, a soil that has experienced a vertical effective stress that was greater than its present
vertical effective stress is called an over consolidated (OC) soil. The OCR for an OC soil is
greater than 1. OC soils have fairly high shear strength.
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Question 2
Clay samples collected from 10 metres deep in Parit Raja has a unit weight () of 20 kN/m3.
The following data were recorded during an oedometer test.
Effective Stress (kN/𝑚2 ) 50 100 200 400 800 1600 400 100
Void Ratio (e) 0.95 0.92 0.81 0.67 0.53 0.4 0.5 0.6
i. Plot the graph of void ratio against effective stress on semi-log graph and determine the
compression index (𝐶𝑐 ), Pre consolidation pressure (𝑃𝑐 ) and coefficient of volume
compressibility (𝑚𝑣 ).
The graph of Void Ratio vs Effective Stress (log)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
void ratio, e
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 10 100 1000 10000
effective stress(kN/m³)
Figure 13: Graph of void ratio vs. effective stress (log)

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Coefficient of volume compressibility ( )
The compression index ( )
Therefore, the negative sign is used because the void ratio decreases when the effective stress
is increased and shows the nature of the field consolidation curve of an over consolidated clay.
Pre consolidation pressure ( )

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Therefore, the pre consolidation pressure shown in figure (The graph of void ratio vs Log
Effective stress) above. The slope of the e - log( ) curve is fairly flat until a vertical effective
stress equal to the pre consolidation pressure ( ) is reached. Beyond this point, the slope of
the e – log ( ) curve becomes steeper, the soil becomes more compressible. The pre
consolidation pressure is like a yield stress for soil.
ii. Define whether the soil is normally consolidated or over consolidated.
Therefore, an soil that has experienced a vertical effective stress that was greater than its
present vertical effective stress is called an over consolidated (OC) soil. The OCR for an OC
soil is greater than 1. OC soils have fairly high shear strength.
Question 3
What is the use of value and when it is used?
The coefficient of consolidation, and the appropriate boundary conditions is required to

predict the time rate of settlement of soil in the field. There are two commonly used methods
for the determination of the coefficient of consolidation from oedometer data. These are known
as the logarithm of time fitting method and the square root of time fitting method. With these
methods the experimental deflection - time plots are fitted to the theoretical degree of
consolidation - time factor curves.
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CONCLUSION
The evolution of the low compressible mineral material such as fresh cement paste or soil
structure under loading is mainly governed by the consolidation characteristics as the most
important structuration indicator of these materials is Cv. From the experiment, we can make
some conclusion. The viscous contribution to deformation occurs simultaneously with that
caused by effective stress increase during primary consolidation. Its effect is less initially and
increases with the progress of consolidation. The magnitude of yield stress depends not only
on the secondary compressions during previous loading but also on the drainage distance of
the clay element. The void ratio effective stress paths of the clay element depend upon their
drainage distance. They do not follow e-log curve obtained from 24 hours reading in surcharge
load increase the rate of consolidation and it will gain in shear strength and reduction in
moisture content is significant especially when specimen consolidated under higher vacuum
pressure. The pore pressure variation with time is in good relation with settlement profile but
having slower rate. Therefore, there are some precautions can be used in order to prevent the
error such as we need to reduce our movement when conducting the experiment. When taking
the reading, make sure our eye level is perpendicular to the dial gauge reading. Lastly, we need
to stroke the clay to make sure that it is fully compress.

Consolidation Test (E5)

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY GEOTECHNIC LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

2. ABDUL MUHHEY BIN MOHD MUSA AN170153

4. NOR YAZNI SUHANA BT MAT YAZIZ AN170024

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

1) Group Leader __________________________________ (Signature)

2) Group Member 1 ___________________________________ (Signature)

3) Group Member 2 __________________________________ (Signature)

4) Group Member 3 __________________________________ (Signature)

5) Group Member 3 __________________________________ (Signature)

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this experiment, we are able to:

- Conduct one dimensional consolidation test.

(ii) Taylor or √ time or 90% consolidation.

• Dial gauge reading versus Logarithm of time.

Figure 1: Graph of dial gauge reading versus Logarithm of time

• Dial gauge reading versus square root of time.

Figure 2: Graph of dial gauge reading versus square root of time

2. Balance readable to 0.1g

Figure 4: Dial gauge

Figure 5: Moisture can

Figure 6: Preparation of soil specimen

Figure 7: Trimming of the soil specimen

4. The initial moisture content from trimming soil was determined.

Figure 8: Soil specimen placed in the oven

5. The mass of the ring + specimen (m) were determined.

Figure 9: Calibrating of the consolidation cell

Figure 10: Recording of time

Date started:27 February 2019 Sample No.: S1

Table 1: Experiment data

Sample Weight(g) Moisture content

Elapse time Time (min) √𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Clock time Gauge Cumulative

7.0 DATA ANALYSIS

Settlement vs log Time

Graph 1: Settlement (mm) vs log Time (minute)

Settlement vs square root time

Graph 2: Settlement (mm) vs Square Root Time (minute)

Hence, using Casagrande method the coefficient of consolidation of the sample is

To determine its compressible characteristics, a laboratory consolidation test was performed

9.0 ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Effective Stress (kN/𝑚2 ) 25 50 100 200 400 800 200 50

The graph of Void Ratio vs Effective Stress

Figure 11: The graph of void ratio vs. effective stress

The graph of Void Ratio vs Effective Stress (log)

Coefficient of volume compressibility (𝒎𝒗 )

The compression index (𝑪𝒄 )

Pre consolidation pressure (𝑷𝒄 )

𝜎′𝑐 = 1.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎

ii. Define whether the soil is normally consolidated or over consolidated.

The graph of Void Ratio vs Effective Stress (log)

Figure 13: Graph of void ratio vs. effective stress (log)

Coefficient of volume compressibility ( )

The compression index ( )

Pre consolidation pressure ( )

ii. Define whether the soil is normally consolidated or over consolidated.

What is the use of value and when it is used?

The coefficient of consolidation, and the appropriate boundary conditions is required to