Analysis and Design of Abutment Reference Calculations

Chapter 6 Analysis and Design of Abutment
Reference Calculations
Chapter 6
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ABUTMENT
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Output
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Reference Calculations Output
6 GENERAL
6 .1 INTRODUCTION
This design part contains the design calculations for substructure element,
Abutment.
Since the abutment has higher stiffness about X - axis (Globle), design for
horizontal loads and loads effects ( X - direction , along the road) will be
critical. Therefore, Load case 4 will only be considered for analysis and
design.
Following figure illustrate loads considered on structures.
Dead (Corbel)
Dead
Primary live loads
Superimposed dead
(From approach salb)
Dead Dead
Superimposed dead Superimposed dead
Primary live loads Live loads
(From superstructure) (Vertical loads) Secondary
live loads Moments
Secondary (Horizontal
live loads Dead
(Back wall) Loads)
Fig. A Vertical Horizontal Loads

Loads & Moments
Fig. B Fig. C
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6.2 LOAD CASES
6.2.1 LOADING CASES

LOAD COMBINATIOIN 4
LOAD CASE 4-1 (dead + soil pressure + HA primary + HA secondary)
a. Dead and Superimposed dead loads

From super structure (bridge beams, deck slab, diaphragms,
guard rail, wearing surface)
From sub structure (self weight of abutment, wing walls, back
wall, corbel)
b. soil pressure and HA surcharge pressure
c. HA primary live load
d. HA secondary live load
LOAD CASE 4-2 (dead + soil pressure + HA primary + HB primary + HB

secondary)
a. Dead and Superimposed dead loads

From super structure (bridge beams, deck slab, diaphragms,
guard rail, wearing surface)
From sub structure (self weight of abutment, wing walls, back
wall, corbel)
b. soil pressure and HB surcharge pressure
c. HA primary live load
d. HB primary live load
e. HB secondary live load
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6.3 LAYOUTS
The design of substructure is according to the following layout.
Simplified structure used for SAP 2000 analysis.
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6.4 ANALYSIS
6.4.1 LOAD EVALUATION

The following loading arrangement will be considered for the analysis and design. Since it gives
the maximum effect on the abutment.
Dead - Full
HA Live - Full
HB - Full
30.50
A1 Span (18m) A2 V
Type III Beam
6.4.1.1 VERTICAL LOADS FROM SUPER-STRUCTURE
Vertical loads from super-structure are applied on the shells of the abutment of model used for the
SAP 2000 analysis. For the calculation of shell forces, forces (point loads) are devided by x-
sectional area (thickness = 1.2 x width = 0.500) of each shell.
Dead and superimposed dead loads

Dead loads
From Deck Slab
For Beam No : 1 & 4 = 1.9x30.5x0.2x24/2 = 139.08 KN
For Beam No : 2 - 3 = 2.1x30.5x0.2x24/2 = 153.72 KN
From Diaphragm
For Beam No : 1 & 4 = 1x1.397x0.3x24 = 10.06KN/m
For Beam No : 2 & 3 =1x1.397x0.3x24 = 10.06 KN/m
For Beam No : 1 & 4 =(0.749+0.949)x10.06 =17.08 KN

For Beam No : 2 & 3 =(0.949+0.949)x10.06 =19.1 KN
Beam Weight =0.646x30.5x24/2 = 236.44KN
Beam No:
1 2 3 4
Load (KN)
Deck slab 139.08 153.72 153.72 139.08
Diaphrgms 17.08 19.10 19.10 17.08
Beam weight 236.44 236.44 236.44 236.44
Total (KN) 392.60 409.26 409.26 392.60

Load for SAP 2000
654.33 682.10 682.10 654.33
input (KN/m2)
Superimposed dead loads

From Parapet and Guard rail
For Beam No : 1 & 4 = 0.2X0.25x30.5x24/2+0.5x30.5/2 = 25.93 KN
For Beam No : 2 & 3 =0 = 0 KN
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From Wearing Surface

For Beam No : 1 & 4 =1.9x30.5x0.05x22.6/2 = 32.74 KN
For Beam No : 2 & 3 =2.1x30.5x0.05x22.6/2 = 36.19 KN
Beam No:
1 2 3 4
Load (KN)
Guard rails 25.93 0 0 25.93
Wearing surface 32.74 36.19 36.19 32.74
Total (KN) 58.67 36.19 36.19 58.67

Load for SAP 2000
97.78 60.32 60.32 97.78
input (KN/m2)
Live loads
HA Loads
HA Udl load = 30x30.5 /(3.8x2) = 120.39 KN/m

KEL load = 120 / 3.8 = 31.58KN/m
Total load = 120.39+31.58 = 151.97 KN/m
HA live loads on notional lanes 1&2.
For Beam No : 1 & 4 = 151.97x(0.85 + 1.050) = 288.74 KN
For Beam No : 2 & 3 = 151.97x2.1 = 319.14 KN
Beam No:
1 2 3 4
Load (KN)
HA Loads 288.74 319.14 319.14 288.74
Load for Prokon
481.233 531.9 531.9 481.233
input (KN/m2)
HA + HB Loads
HB load per wheel set = 220 KN
HA Udl load = 30x30.5 /(3.8x2) = 120.39 KN/m

KEL load = 120 / 3.8 = 31.58 KN/m
Total load = 120.39 + 31.58 = 151.97 KN/m
HB load straddle two lanes shall be applied and HA Udl and KEL for one notional lane and 1/3
HA Udl and KEL for other notional lanes shall be applied.
Page 91 DES.KJSM
For Beam No : 1 = 220 x 0.6 /2.1 = 62.9 KN
For Beam No : 2 = 220 (1.5+1.7+0.7)/2.1 = 408.6 KN
For Beam No : 3 = 220 (0.4+1.4+1.8)/2.1 = 377.1 KN
For Beam No : 4 = 220x0.3/2.1+112.1x0.75 = 115.5 KN
1 2 3 4
HA Loads 62.9 408.6 377.1 115.5

Load for Prokon
104.833 681 628.5 192.5
input (KN/m2)
6.4.1.2 HORIZONTAL LOADS FROM SUPPER-STRUCTURE
Horizontal loads from super-structure are applied on the node of the abutment model used for the
SAP 2000 analysis.
Assume that traction force on outer trafic lane center

Traction force on abutment (x-direction) = 444 KN
It is reasonable to take that traction force is transferred through bridge beams

Therefore,
Traction force from beam no. 4 = 444 = 444 KN

(Node no: 430)
6.4.1.3 VERTICAL LOADS FROM SUB-STRUCTURE
Dead & Superimposed dead loads
Vertical dead & superimposed loads from sub-structure are applied on the shells of the abutment
model used for the SAP 2000 analysis. For the calculation of shell forces at back wall, forces (Udl)
are divided by thickness (=0.4) of each shell.
Dead loads
self weight of sub-structure elements
Abutment stem = SAP 2000 provides the self weight
Back wall = SAP 2000 provides the self weight
Corbel =SAP 2000 provides the self weight
Approach slab = Calculated as below

Weight of Approach slab = (0.35x5x1.0x24)/2
= 21 KN/m
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Load on a shell for SAP 2000 input = 21/0.4 KN/m2

= 52.5 KN/m2

Soil layer above approach slab = (5x0.25x1.0x19)/2
= 11.9 KN/m
Load on a shell for prokon input = 11.9/0.4 KN/m2

= 29.75 KN/m2
Wearing surface above approach slab = (5x0.05x1.0x22.6)/2

= 2.8 KN/m
Load on a shell for SAP 2000 input = 2.8/0.4 KN/m2

= 7 KN/m2
Total superimposed dead load = 36.8 KN/m2
Moments due to dead and superimposed dead loads
Moment due to vertical dead & superimposed dead loads are applied as point moments at the
nodes of the abutment model used for the SAP 2000 analysis.For the calculation of nodal
moments, moments (Udl) are multiplied by the effective width 0.500 of each node.
Dead loads
Back wall = (1.900x0.4x1.0x24)x0.65 KNm/m
= 11.86 KNm/m
Corbel = (0.0937x1.0x24)x0.975 KNm/m

= 2.2 KNm/m
Approach slab = (0.35x5x1.0x24)x0.5x0.975 KNm/m

= 20.5 KNm/m

Soil layer above approach slab = 11.9x0.975 = 11.6 KNm/m
Wearing surface above approach slab = 2.8x0.975 = 2.7 KNm/m
Moment from approach slab give relieving effects for the abutment stem. Therefore they can be
ignored for the analysis.
Total moment (Udl) = 14.3 Knm/m
Moment on node no 116 & 449 = 14.3*0.250 = 3.6 KNm/m

for prokon input
Moment on node no 413 - 448 = 14.3*0.500 = 7.2 KNm/m

for prokon input
Live loads
HA live loads on approach slab
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HA live loads on notional lanes 1,2 will only be considered.
Vertical HA live loads are applied as point loads at the noads of the abutment of model used for
the SAP 2000 analysis. For the calculation of the nodal loads, uniformly distributed loads are
multified by the effective width (0.500) of each node.
HA vertical loads
BS 5400: Loaded length = 3.675 m
P2:6.2.1 HA primary live load = 30 KN/m per notional lane
Table 13 Width of notional lane = 3.8 m
For full HA = (30x3.675)/ (2x3.8) KN/m

= 15.3 KN/m
Load on node no 82 = 15.3 x 0.250

= 3.83 KN
Load on nodes no 339 - 353 = 15.3 x 0.500

= 7.65 KN
Load on nodes no 354 - 374 = 5.1 x 0.500

= 2.55 KN
Load on nodes no 375 = 5.1 x 0.250

= 1.28 KN
Moment due to HA live loads on approach slab

Above moments from approach slab given relieving effects for the abutment stem. Therefore they
can be ignored for the analysis.
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Output
sis and design. Since it gives
utment of model used for the

nt loads) are devided by x-
= 139.08 KN
= 153.72 KN
= 10.06KN/m
= 10.06 KN/m
=17.08 KN
=19.1 KN
= 236.44KN
= 25.93 KN
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Output
= 32.74 KN
= 36.19 KN
= 120.39 KN/m
= 31.58KN/m
= 151.97 KN/m
= 288.74 KN
= 319.14 KN
= 220 KN
= 120.39 KN/m
= 31.58 KN/m
= 151.97 KN/m
or one notional lane and 1/3
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Output
= 62.9 KN
= 408.6 KN
= 377.1 KN
= 115.5 KN
abutment model used for the
= 444 KN
= 444 KN
on the shells of the abutment

ces at back wall, forces (Udl)
vides the self weight

vides the self weight
ides the self weight
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Output
ed as point moments at the

or the calculation of nodal
of each node.
x24)x0.65 KNm/m
)x0.975 KNm/m
)x0.5x0.975 KNm/m
= 11.6 KNm/m
= 2.7 KNm/m
stem. Therefore they can be
= 3.6 KNm/m
= 7.2 KNm/m
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Output
abutment of model used for

ormly distributed loads are
utment stem. Therefore they
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Output
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SAP
139.08
87.1
153.72 95.3
10.0584 8.9
17.9
17.08188
19.1
236.436 79.8
671.1111
25.925
65.1
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32.74175
17.6
36.18825 22.4
260
120.39474 78.75
33.33
151.97 112.08
288.743 185.0
319.137 235.4
179.4
78.5
61.7
78.75
33.33
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62.9
408.6
377.1
115.5
235.4
134.5
78.47
61.655
21
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52.5
11.875
2.825
36.8
11.856
2.19258
20.475
11.6025
3.6
7.2
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15.3125
5.1
3.83
1.28
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6.4.1.4 HORIZONTAL LOADS FROM SOIL PRESSURE
Horizontal force from soil pressure are applied on the shells of the
abutment of model used for the prokon analysis. Soil pressure is
calculated at center of each shell.
Calculation of soil and surcharge pressure

BS 5400: Density of soil, g = 19 KN/m3
P2:5.8.2.1 HA live load surcharge = 10 KN/m2
HB live load surcharge = 12.5 KN/m2
friction angle, f = 350
Soil pressure, for at rest condition K0 = (I - sin f)

K0 = 0.426
Soil Pressure Surcharge pressure ( KN/m2)

Distance, Z (m)
(KN/m2) HA HB
0.250 2.02 4.26 5.33
0.750 6.07 4.26 5.33
1.250 10.12 4.26 5.33
1.750 14.16 4.26 5.33
2.250 18.21 4.26 5.33
2.750 22.26 4.26 5.33
3.250 26.31 4.26 5.33
3.750 30.35 4.26 5.33
4.250 34.40 4.26 5.33
4.750 38.45 4.26 5.33
5.250 42.49 4.26 5.33
5.750 46.54 4.26 5.33
6.250 50.59 4.26 5.33
6.750 54.63 4.26 5.33
7.250 58.68 4.26 5.33
7.750 62.73 4.26 5.33
8.250 66.78 4.26 5.33
8.750 70.82 4.26 5.33
9.250 74.87 4.26 5.33
9.750 78.92 4.26 5.33
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6.4.1.5 LOADS DUE TO THE FUTURE PAREPET WALLS ON THE WING WALL
Moment and lateral loads
Impact load to the parapet wall, P = 25 / 0.9 KN/m

= 27.78 KN/m
Moment on the wing wall = 27.78 * 1.250 KNm/m

= 34.72 Knm/m
Horizontal load on the wing wall = 27.78 KN/m
Moments due to impact load on parapet wall are applied as point loads at the
nodes of the wing walls of the model used for the PROKON analysis. Loads
(UDL) are multipied by the effetive width (= 0.250 or 0.500) of each node for
the calculation of nodal loads respectively.
Horizontal loads
Horizontal loads on nodes no. 1,16,1131 and 1116 = 27.78 * 0.250

for prokon input
= 7 KN
Horizontal loads on nodes no. 2-15 and 1132-1115 = 27.78 * 0.500
for prokon input
= 14 KN
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14
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6.5 LOADING ARRANGEMENTS
Following loading arrangements are selected for the analysis to produce more
sever load effects on abutment. Selected loading arrangements are described
under the each loading case with aid of basic load case and relevent patial load
factors.
6.5.1. LOAD COMBINATION 4
(a). Load case 4 - 1
Load Load Factor

Load
case Description
Case
no. ULS SLS
Dead and Superimposed dead load from

1,2 1.15 1.00
superstructure
HA live load from super-structure ( HA on lane 1,2

3 1.25 1.00
& 1/3 HA on lane 3,4,5)
Ttraction force due to HA loads from super-

5 1.25 1.00
structure on notional lane 3
Dead and superimposed dead load from sub-

6,7 1.15 1.00
structure
4-1
Moments due to dead and superimposed dead

8 1.15 1.00
loads from sub-structure
9,10,12,
13,15,1 Soil pressure and HA surchage pressure 1.50 1.00
6
18 Loads due to parapet walls 1.00 1.00
live load from sub-structure ( HA on lane 1,2 and

19 1.25 1.00
1/3 HA on lane 3,4,5)
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(b). Load case 4 - 2
Load Load Factor

Load
case Description
Case
no. ULS SLS
Dead and Superimposed dead load from

1,2 1.15 1.00
superstructure
HA + HB live load from super-structure ( HB

4 straddles on lane 1,2 & HA on lane 3 & 1/3 HA on 1.10 1.00
lane 4,5)
Ttraction force due to HA loads from super-

5 1.10 1.00
structure on notional lane 3
Dead and superimposed dead load from sub-

6,7 1.15 1.00
4-1 structure
Moments due to dead and superimposed dead

8 1.15 1.00
loads from sub-structure
9,11,12,
14,15,1 Soil pressure and HB surchage pressure 1.50 1.00
7
18 Loads due to parapet walls 1.00 1.00
live load from sub-structure ( HA on lane 1,2 and

19 1.10 1.00
1/3 HA on lane 3,4,5)
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6.6 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM
6.6.1 DESIGN ABOUT X - AXIS
6.6.1.1 DESIGN FOR BENDING (ZONE - A)
Characteristic cube strength of concrete

fcu = 30 MPa
BS.5400 Characteristic strength of steel
P4-1990 fy = 460 MPa
Table 13 Thickness of the abutment stem = 1200 mm
RDA Bridge Clear cover = 45 mm
Des. Manual Diameter of main reinforcement = 25 mm
1997
Effective depth d = 1200 - 45 - 25/2 d=
d = 1143 mm 1143 mm
Bending moment (Mx) from prokon output
Load case 4-2 M = 1000 KNm/m
Partial load factor gf3 = 1.1

Mx =
Design bending moment Mx = 1100 KNm/m 1100 KNm/m
BS.5400 Lever arm Z = 0.5d {1+ [ 1 - (5M) / ( fcu bd2)]1/2}

P4-1990 = 0.96d
Cl: 5.3.2.3 Z = 0.96 d > 0.95 d
eq. 1 & 5
Z = 0.95 d
= 1086 mm
Area of Tension r/f required As,req. = M / (0.87fyZ) As,req.=

= 2531 mm2 / m 2531 mm2/m
BS.5400 Minimum r/f required As min = 0.15 % bd

P4-1990 = 1715 mm2/m
Cl: 5.8.4.1 Therefore, provide
T 20/T25 @ 150 mm Alt. As,pro. = 2683 mm2/m As,pro. =
2683 mm2/m
Design for 2.5 m above the bottom

Design bending moment Mx = 330 KNm/m Mx =

BS.5400 330 KNm/m
P4-1990 Lever arm Z = 0.5d {1+ [ 1 - (5M) / ( fcu bd2)]1/2}
Cl: 5.3.2.3 = 0.99d
eq. 1 & 5 Z = 0.99 d > 0.95 d
Z = 0.95 d
= 1086 mm
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Area of Tension r/f required As,req. = M / (0.87fyZ) As,req. =

= 759 mm / m
2
759 mm2/m

P4-1990 = 1715 mm2/m
Cl: 5.8.4.1 Therefore, provide As,pro. =
T 20 @ 150 mm As,pro. = 2094 mm2/m 2094 mm2/m
6.6.1.2 DESIGN FOR SHEAR
Shear force (vY) from prokon output

Load case 4-2 V = 350 KNm/m
Design shear force Vy = 385 KNm/m Vy =

385 KNm/m
BS.5400 V = V / (bTd)
P4-1990 = (385 x1000)/(1000 x 1143)
Cl: 5.3.3.1 = 0.34 MPa
V < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2, the lesser
BS 5400 Ultimate shear stress in concrete , Vc = 0.27/1.25(100As/bd)1/3(fcu)1/3

P4:1990 = 0.414 N/mm2
5.3.3.2
Depth factor xs = (500/d)^ 0.25
= (500/1143)^0.25
= 0.81
xsVc = 0.414 x 0.81

= 0.335 N/mm2
Allow for shear enhancement

Distance from the face of the support to the critical section,
BS 5400 av = 750 mm
P4:1990 2d = 2286 mm
5.3.3.3 av < 2d
Hence shear strength enhancement could be considered

BS 5400 Actual shear resistance,
P4:1990 xsVc x 2d/av = 1.02 N/mm2

5.3.3.3 1.02 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2
V (0.29) < Vc (1.02) OK
Hence, shear reinforcement is not required.
6.6.1.3 DESIGN FOR SHEAR

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Vy =
Design shear force Vy = 330 KNm/m 330 KNm/m
BS.5400 V = V / (bTd)
P4-1990 = (330 x1000)/(1000 x 1143)
Cl: 5.3.3.1 = 0.29 MPa

P4:1990 = 0.328 N/mm2
5.3.3.2
= (500/1143)^0.25
= 0.81
xsVc = 0.328 x 0.81

= 0.266 N/mm2

BS 5400 av = 750 mm
P4:1990 2d = 2286 mm
5.3.3.3 av < 2d

P4:1990 xsVc x 2d/av = 0.81 N/mm2

5.3.3.3 0.81 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2
V (0.29) < Vc (0.81)
Hence, shear reinforcement is not required. OK
6.6.1.4 DESIGN FOR SCONDARY REINFORCEMENT
BS 5400 Requirment for secondary reinforcement = 0.12 %bd

P4:1990 = (0.12*1000*1143) / 100
5.8.4.2 = 1372 mm2/m

Therefore, provide As,pro. =
T 16 @ 150 mm As,pro. =1340 mm /m2
1340 mm2/m
6.6.2 DESIGN ABOUT Y - AXIS
6.6.2.1 DESIGN FOR BENDING (ZONE - E)

fcu = 30 MPa
P4-1990 fy = 460 MPa
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1997
Effective depth d = 1200 - 45 - 25/2
d = 1143 mm
Bending moment (My) from prokon output

880 KNm/m
P4-1990 = 0.97d
Cl: 5.3.2.3 Z = 0.97 d > 0.95 d
eq. 1 & 5
Z = 0.95 d
= 1086 mm
Area of Tension r/f required As,req. = M / (0.87fyZ) As,req.

= 2025 mm2 / m 2025 mm2/m

P4-1990 = 1715 mm2/m
T 20@ 150 mm As,pro. =2094 mm2/m As,pro. =
2094 mm2/m
6.6.2.2 DESIGN FOR SHEAR (ZONE - G)
Shear force (vx) from prokon output


165 KNm/m
BS.5400 V = V / (bTd)
P4-1990 = (165 x1000)/(1000 x 1143)
Cl: 5.3.3.1 = 0.14MPa

P4:1990 = 0.450 N/mm2
5.3.3.2
= (500/1325)^0.25
= 0.81
xsVc = 0.45 x 0.81

= 0.265 N/mm2

BS 5400 av = 750 mm
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P4:1990 2d = 2286 mm
5.3.3.3 av < 2d

P4:1990 xsVc x 2d/av = 0.81 N/mm2

5.3.3.3 0.79 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2
V (0.14) < Vc (0.81) OK

P4:1990 = (0.12*1000*1143) / 100
5.8.4.2 = 1372 mm2/m

T 16 @ 150 mm As,pro. =1340 mm2/m 1340 mm2/m
Page 123 DES.KJSM

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Efcu 25
18.75
167
18.75
0.92
0.92d 154.3458
0.95d 159
349
1715
As pro 1005
1100
0.99
1086
Page 125 DES.KJSM

759
1715
70
0.94
298.8 121.240
0.699 295.393 121.255
300.612 121.232
305.243 121.212
305.8 121.210
1.342 299.676 121.236
295.188 121.256
0.938
2286
1.02
Page 126 DES.KJSM

0.29
0.328
0.813
0.266
2286
0.81
1372
Page 127 DES.KJSM

1143
1100
0.97
1086
2025
1715
0.14
0.450
0.813
0.365
Page 128 DES.KJSM

2286
0.81
1372
Page 129 DES.KJSM

6.6.3 DESIGN TO CONTROL EARLY THERMAL CRACKING
To control crack spacing there must be sufficient reinforcement so that the

BD 28/87 reinforcement will not yiled before the tensile strenght of the immature concrete is
cl : 5.1 exceeded. This is achived by satisfying the equation below.
Char. Tensile strength of r/f, fy = 460 MPa

Char. Cube strength of concrete, fcu = 30 MPa
Tensile strength of immature concrete, fct*
= 0.12 (fcu) ^ 0.7
= 1.298 MPa
BD 28/87 Thickness of effective concrete = 250 mm
cl : 5.2 Area of effective concrete, Ac = (1000 * 250)
= 250000 mm2/m
As = (1.298/460) x 250000
= 705 mm2/m
BD 28/87 The reinforcement must be adequate to ensure that crack widths do not exceed the
cl : 5.3 permissible values.
Required r/f area
As = (fct*/fb)Ac(∅/2w) [R esh + eth) -0.5eult]
Ratio of the tensile strength of immature concrete to the avarage bond strength
between the r/f and immature concrete
BD 28/87 For type 2 deformed bars, (fct*/ fb) = 0.67

cl : 5.4
BS.5400 Permissible crack width
P4-1990 Assuming a severe environmental condition
Tab. 1 w = 0.25 mm
Bar size
Try ∅ = 16 mm
BS.5400 Determination of shrinkage strain

P4-1990 Assuming concrete is protected from excessive losses of moisture during the early
App. C.3 days and neglecting the effects of creep
Shrinkage strain, esh = KL KC Ke Kj

Fig. 14 Taking a RH : 80 % KL = 200 x 10^ ( -6)
Fig. 11 For w/c : 0.45 & cement con : 400 kg/m 3
KC = 1.1
Fig. 15 For an effective thickness : 250 mm
Ke = 0.75
Fig. 13 Considering 75 days since loading
Kj = 0.30
Therefore, esh = 50 x 10^ (-6)
Determination of Thermal strain
BD 28/87 Thermal strain eth = 0.8a (T1 + T2)

cl : 5.7 Coefficent of thermal expansion of concrete,
a = 12 x 10^ (-6) per ˚C
BD 28/87 Short-term fall in temperature, T1 = 43+10
Page 124 DES.KJSM


cl : 5.8 = 53 ˚C
BD 28/87 Long-term fall in temperature, T2 = 10 ˚C

cl : 5.9
Therfore, eth = 605 x 10^ (-6)
Ultimate tensile strain capacity of concrete
Assuming eult = 200 x 10^ (-6)
Restraint factor
Cast onto blinding/pile proppings, the early thermal moment of concrete would
be restrained externally along the bottom edge. The member would be restrained
BD 28/87 internally as well.
cl : 5.11
Assuming Rexternal = 0.6
Least dimension of member, h = 1200 mm

BD 28/87 Intermediate dimension, b = 7115 mm
cl : 6.3 longest dimension, l = 18540 mm
h >1m
h+b >4m
The member would be restrained internally as well.

Rinteral = 0.5
If follows that there is a combined internal and external restraint for the bottom
face while only an internal restraint applies in respect of the top face.
Required r/f area for external restraint

As,external = 98 f
As,external = 1568 mm2/m As,external
Required r/f area for internal restraint 1568 mm2/m
Rinteral = 76.1 f
Rinteral = 1218 mm2/m
Therefore, provide
T 16 @ 125 mm As,pro. = 1608 mm2/m As,pro. =
1608 mm2/m
Page 125 DES.KJSM

Page 126 DES.KJSM

1.2976756
250000
705
0.0629852
942.85714
Page 127 DES.KJSM

0.0006048
= (fct*/fb)Ac(∅/2w) [R (€sh + €th) -0.5€ult]
98.16 8
76.21 7
Page 128 DES.KJSM

6.7 DESIGN OF WING WALLS
6.7.1 DESIGN ABOUT X - AXIS
6.7.1.1 DESIGN FOR BENDING (ZONE - B)

fcu = 30 MPa
P4-1990 fy = 460 MPa
Des. Manual
1997 Effective depth d = 500 - 45 - 25/2
d =443 mm

165 KNm/m
P4-1990 = 0.98d
Cl: 5.3.2.3 Z = 0.98 d > 0.95 d
eq. 1 & 5
Z = 0.95 d
= 421 mm

= 979 mm2 / m 979 mm2/m

P4-1990 = 665 mm2/m
1340 mm2/m
6.7.1.2 DESIGN FOR SHEAR (ZONE - D)


165 KNm/m
BS.5400 V = V / (bTd)
P4-1990 = (165 x1000)/(1000 x 443)
Cl: 5.3.3.1 = 0.37 MPa
BS 5400
P4:1990 Ultimate shear stress in concrete , Vc = 0.27/1.25(100As/bd)1/3(fcu)1/3
Page 126 DES.KJSM


5.3.3.2 = 0.451 N/mm2

= (500/443)^0.25
= 1.031
xsVc = 0.451 x 1.031

= 0.465 N/mm2

BS 5400 av = 300 mm
P4:1990 2d = 886 mm
5.3.3.3 av < 2d

P4:1990 xsVc x 2d/av = 1.37 N/mm2
5.3.3.3 1.37 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2
V (0.37) < Vc (1.37) OK
DESIGN FOR ABOVE 2.500 m LEVEL

fcu = 30 MPa
P4-1990 fy = 460 MPa
Des. Manual
d =443 mm

110 KNm/m
P4-1990 = 0.99d
Cl: 5.3.2.3 Z = 0.99 d > 0.95 d
eq. 1 & 5
Z = 0.95 d
= 421 mm
Area of Tension r/f required As,req. = M / (0.87fyZ) As,req.=

= 653 mm / m
2
653 mm2/m
Page 127 DES.KJSM


P4-1990 = 665 mm2/m
T 12 @ 150 mm As,pro. = 754 mm /m2
754 mm2/m


165 KNm/m
BS.5400 V = V / (bTd)
P4-1990 = (165 x1000)/(1000 x 443)
Cl: 5.3.3.1 = 0.37 MPa

P4:1990 = 0.372 N/mm2
5.3.3.2
= (500/443)^0.25
= 1.031
xsVc = 0.372 x 1.031

= 0.384 N/mm2

BS 5400 av = 300 mm
P4:1990 2d = 886 mm
5.3.3.3 av < 2d

P4:1990 xsVc x 2d/av = 1.13 N/mm2
5.3.3.3 1.13 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2
V (0.37) < Vc (1.13)
DESIGN FOR BOTTOM LEVEL

fcu = 30 MPa
P4-1990 fy = 460 MPa
Des. Manual
Page 128 DES.KJSM


d = 443 mm

330 KNm/m
BS.5400 Lever arm Z = 0.5d {1+ [ 1 - (5M) / ( fcu bd )] }
2 1/2
P4-1990 = 0.97d
Cl: 5.3.2.3 Z = 0.97 d > 0.95 d
eq. 1 & 5
Z = 0.95 d
= 421 mm

= 1959 mm / m 2
1959 mm2/m

P4-1990 = 665 mm2/m
T 20 @ 150 mm As,pro. = 2094 mm2/m 2094 mm2/m


110 KNm/m
BS.5400 V = V / (bTd)
P4-1990 = (110 x1000)/(1000 x 443)
Cl: 5.3.3.1 = 0.25 MPa

P4:1990 = 0.523 N/mm2
5.3.3.2
= (500/443)^0.25
= 1.031
xsVc = 0.523 x 1.031

= 0.539 N/mm2

BS 5400 av = 300 mm
P4:1990 2d = 886 mm
Page 129 DES.KJSM


5.3.3.3 av < 2d

P4:1990 xsVc x 2d/av = 1.59N/mm2
5.3.3.3 0.79 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2
V (0.25) < Vc (1.59)
DESIGN FOR 2.00 m AWAY FROM THE CORNER

fcu = 30 MPa
P4-1990 fy = 460 MPa
Des. Manual
d =443 mm
Design bending moment Mx =55 KNm/m Mx =

55 KNm/m
BS.5400 Lever arm Z = 0.5d {1+ [ 1 - (5M) / ( fcu bd )] }
2 1/2
P4-1990 = 0.99d
Cl: 5.3.2.3 Z = 0.99 d > 0.95 d
eq. 1 & 5
Z = 0.95 d
= 421 mm

= 326 mm2 / m 326 mm2/m

P4-1990 = 665 mm2/m
T 12 @ 150 mm As,pro. = 754 mm /m2
754 mm2/m

Page 130 DES.KJSM


55 KNm/m
BS.5400 V = V / (bTd)
P4-1990 = (55 x1000)/(1000 x 443)
Cl: 5.3.3.1 = 0.12 MPa

P4:1990 = 0.305 N/mm2
5.3.3.2

= (500/443)^0.25
= 1.031
xsVc = 0.305 x 1.031

= 0.314 N/mm2

BS 5400 av = 300 mm
P4:1990 2d = 886 mm
5.3.3.3 av < 2d

P4:1990 xsVc x 2d/av = 0.93 N/mm2
5.3.3.3 0.79 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2
V (0.12) < Vc (0.93)

P4:1990 = (0.12*1000*443) / 100
5.8.4.2 = 532 mm2/m
T 12 @ 150 mm As,pro. =754 mm /m2
754 mm2/m
6.7.2 DESIGN ABOUT Y - AXIS
6.7.2.1 DESIGN FOR BENDING (ZONE - F)
CORNER OF THE WING WALL

fcu = 30 MPa
P4-1990 fy = 460 MPa
Page 131 DES.KJSM


1997
d = 443 mm
Bending moment (My) from prokon output
Design bending moment Mx =770 KNm/m Mx =

BS.5400 770 KNm/m
P4-1990 Lever arm Z = 0.5d {1+ [ 1 - (5M) / ( fcu bd )] }
2 1/2
Cl: 5.3.2.3 = 0.92d

eq. 1 & 5 Z = 0.92 d< 0.95 d
Z = 0.92 d
= 408 mm

= 4774 mm2 / m 4774 mm2/m

P4-1990 = 665 mm2/m
T 32@ 150 mm As,pro. = 5362 mm2/m As,pro. =
5362 mm2/m
6.7.2.2 DESIGN FOR SHEAR (ZONE - H)
Shear force (vX) from prokon output


275 KNm/m
BS.5400 V = V / (bTd)
P4-1990 = (275 x1000)/(1000 x 443)
Cl: 5.3.3.1 = 0.62 MPa

P4:1990 = 0.930 N/mm2
5.3.3.2
= (500/443)^0.25
= 1.031
xsVc = 0.930 x 1.031

= 0.959 N/mm2

Page 132 DES.KJSM


BS 5400 av = 300 mm
P4:1990 2d = 886 mm
5.3.3.3 av < 2d

P4:1990 xsVc x 2d/av = 2.83 N/mm2
5.3.3.3 2.83 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2
V (0.62) < Vc (2.83)
1.600 m AWAY FROM THE WING WALL

fcu = 30 MPa

P4-1990 fy = 460 MPa
1997
d = 443 mm

330 KNm/m
P4-1990 = 0.97d
Cl: 5.3.2.3 Z = 0.97 d > 0.95 d
eq. 1 & 5
Z = 0.95 d
= 421 mm

= 2046 mm2 / m 2046 mm2/m

P4-1990 = 665 mm2/m
T 20@ 150 mm As,pro. = 2094 mm2/m As,pro. =
2094 mm2/m

Page 133 DES.KJSM


165 KNm/m
BS.5400 V = V / (bTd)
P4-1990 = (165 x1000)/(1000 x 443)
Cl: 5.3.3.1 = 0.37 MPa

P4:1990 = 0.540 N/mm2
5.3.3.2
= (500/443)^0.25
= 1.031
xsVc = 0.540 x 1.031

= 0.557 N/mm2

BS 5400 av = 300 mm
P4:1990 2d = 886 mm
5.3.3.3 av < 2d

P4:1990 xsVc x 2d/av = 1.65 N/mm2
5.3.3.3 1.65 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2
V (0.37) < Vc (1.65)
DESIGN FOR BOTTOM LEVEL OF THE WING WALL

fcu = 30 MPa
P4-1990 fy = 460 MPa
1997
d = 443 mm
Page 134 DES.KJSM


330 KNm/m
P4-1990 = 0.97d
Cl: 5.3.2.3 Z = 0.97 d > 0.95 d
eq. 1 & 5
Z = 0.95 d
= 421 mm

= 2046 mm2 / m 2046 mm2/m

P4-1990 = 665 mm2/m
T 20@ 150 mm As,pro. = 2094 mm /m 2
2094 mm2/m


110 KNm/m
BS.5400 V = V / (bTd)
P4-1990 = (110 x1000)/(1000 x 443)
Cl: 5.3.3.1 = 0.25MPa

P4:1990 = 0.540 N/mm2
5.3.3.2
= (500/443)^0.25
= 1.031
xsVc = 0.540 x 1.031

= 0.557 N/mm2

BS 5400 av = 300 mm
P4:1990 2d = 886 mm
5.3.3.3 av < 2d

P4:1990 xsVc x 2d/av = 1.65 N/mm2
5.3.3.3 1.65 < 0.75x(fcu)1/2 or 4.75 N/mm2
Page 135 DES.KJSM


V (0.25) < Vc (1.65)

P4:1990 = (0.12*1000*1143) / 100
5.8.4.2 = 532 mm2/m
Therefore, provide
754 mm2/m
Page 136 DES.KJSM

443
1100
0.98
421
979
665
0.37
0.451
Page 137 DES.KJSM

1.031
0.465
886
1.37
443
1100
0.99
421
653
Page 138 DES.KJSM

665
0.37
0.372
1.031
0.384
886
1.13
Page 139 DES.KJSM

443
1100
0.97
421
1959
665
0.25
0.523
1.031
0.539
886
Page 140 DES.KJSM

1.59
443
1100
0.99
421
326
665
Page 141 DES.KJSM

0.12
0.305
1.031
0.314
886
0.93
532
Page 142 DES.KJSM

443
1100
0.92
408
4774
665
0.62
0.930
1.031
0.959
Page 143 DES.KJSM

886
2.83
443
1100
0.97
421
2046
665
Page 144 DES.KJSM

0.37
0.540
1.031
0.557
886
1.65
443
1100
Page 145 DES.KJSM

0.97
421
2046
665
0.25
0.540
1.031
0.557
886
1.65
Page 146 DES.KJSM

532
Page 147 DES.KJSM

6.8 DESIGN CHECK OF WING WALLS FOR TORSION (ZONE - I)
Larger dimension, hmax = 1000 mm

Smaller dimension, hmin = 800 mm
(Resonable to use avarage value considering thickness of chamfer)
Concrete cover = 45 mm
Diameter of vertical reinforcement = 20 mm
Diameter of horizontal reinforcement = 16 mm
Small center to center

Dimension of a link, x1 = 800-2(45 + 16/2)
= 694 mm
Larger center to center
Dimension of a link, y1 = 1000-2(45+20/2)
= 890 mm
Torsional moment (Mxy) from prokon output
Load case 4-2
BS.5400 Mxy = 150 KNm/m
P4-1990 Partial load factor gf3 = 1.1
4.2.3
Design torsional moment Mxy = 165 KNm/m
BS.5400 Maximum value of torsional shear stress, v t = 2T/h2min (hmax - hmin/3)

P4-1990 = 0.70 N/mm2
5.3.4.4b
Combined shear stress, v + vt = 0.37 + 0.50 + 0.70
= 1.57 N/mm2
BS.5400 Maximum combine shear stress vtu = 4.1 N/mm2 > vt + v

P4-1990
Table 10 Thus , beam section is ok
Minimum torsional shear stress vt,min = 0.37 N/mm2 < vt

But torsional reinforcement is required
BS.5400 design torsional links given by

P4-1990 Ast/Sv ≥ T/(1.6 *X1 *Y1 * 0.87 fyv)
Eqa. 10a Ast/Sv ≥ 0.417
Torsion only
For 12 Φ links
Assuming 2 effective shear legs

Ast = 226.2 mm2
Spacing between torsional links,Su ≤ 226.2 / 0.417
≤ 542 mm
1 T 12 @ 500 mm
Therfore space between torsional link is high. Hence torsional reinforcement is not
required
Page 136 DES.KJSM

Page 137 DES.KJSM

694
890
0.703125
1.57
0.417
542.44604
Page 138 DES.KJSM

6.9 DESIGN CHECK FOR CANTILEVER ACTION
Self weight of the cantilever part = {(2.5*5.75) + (3.833*5.75)/2} * 24 *0.5

= 305 KN
Dead load from the parapet wall = {(5.75*0.15*0.27) +

(5.75*(0.180+.270)/2*1.1)} * 24
= 40 KN
Design bending moment, Mx = {(305 * 5.75/2) + (40*5.75/2)}*1.15*1.1

= 1255 KNm
P4-1990 fy = 460 MPa
Table 13
Des. Manual
1997 Avarage effective depth d = 4415 mm

P4-1990 = 0.995d
Cl: 5.3.2.3 Z = 0.995 d > 0.95 d
eq. 1 & 5
Z = 0.95 d
= 4194 mm
Area of Tension r/f required As,req. = M / (0.87fyZ)

= 748 mm2 / m
Therefore, provide
3 T 20 As,pro. = 942 mm2
Page 137 DES.KJSM

Page 138 DES.KJSM

Page 139 DES.KJSM

Output
304.7385
39.744
Mx = 1255
1255 KNm
0.9946
4194
As,req. = 748
979 mm /m
2
3311.25
As,pro. =
1340 mm2/m
Page 140 DES.KJSM

Page 141 DES.KJSM

Page 142 DES.KJSM

6.10 DESIGN TO CONTROL EARLY THERMAL CRACKING
To control crack spacing there must be sufficient reinforcement so that the

BD 28/87 reinforcement will not yiled before the tensile strenght of the immature concrete is
cl : 5.1 exceeded. This is achived by satisfying the equation below.

Tensile strength of immature concrete, fct*
= 0.12 (fcu) ^ 0.7
= 1.298 MPa
BD 28/87 Thickness of effective concrete = 250 mm
cl : 5.2 Area of effective concrete, Ac = (1000 * 250)
= 250000 mm2/m
As = (1.298/460) x 250000
= 705 mm2/m
BD 28/87 The reinforcement must be adequate to ensure that crack widths do not exceed the
cl : 5.3 permissible values.
Required r/f area
As = (fct*/fb)Ac(∅/2w) [R esh + eth) -0.5eult]
Ratio of the tensile strength of immature concrete to the avarage bond strength
between the r/f and immature concrete
BD 28/87 For type 2 deformed bars, (fct*/ fb) = 0.67

cl : 5.4
BS.5400 Permissible crack width
P4-1990 Assuming a severe environmental condition
Tab. 1 w = 0.25 mm
Bar size
Try ∅ = 16 mm
BS.5400 Determination of shrinkage strain

P4-1990 Assuming concrete is protected from excessive losses of moisture during the early
App. C.3 days and neglecting the effects of creep
Shrinkage strain, esh = KL KC Ke Kj

Fig. 14 Taking a RH : 80 % KL = 200 x 10^ ( -6)
Fig. 11 For w/c : 0.45 & cement con : 400 kg/m3
KC = 1.1
Fig. 15 For an effective thickness : 250 mm
Ke = 0.75
Fig. 13 Considering 75 days since loading
Kj = 0.30
Therefore, esh = 50 x 10^ (-6)
Determination of Thermal strain
BD 28/87 Thermal strain eth = 0.8a (T1 + T2)

cl : 5.7 Coefficent of thermal expansion of concrete,
a = 12 x 10^ (-6) per ˚C
BD 28/87 Short-term fall in temperature, T1 = 43+10
Page 138 DES.KJSM


cl : 5.8 = 53 ˚C
BD 28/87 Long-term fall in temperature, T2 = 0 ˚C

cl : 5.9
Therfore, eth = 509 x 10^ (-6)
Ultimate tensile strain capacity of concrete
Assuming eult = 200 x 10^ (-6)
Restraint factor
Cast onto blinding/pile proppings, the early thermal moment of concrete would
be restrained externally along the bottom edge. The member would be restrained
BD 28/87 internally as well.
cl : 5.11
Assuming Rexternal = 0.6
Rinteral = 0.5
If follows that there is a combined internal and external restraint for the bottom
face while only an internal restraint applies in respect of the top face.
Required r/f area for external restraint

As,external = 79 f
As,external = 1264 mm2/m
Required r/f area for internal restraint
Rinteral = 60 f
Rinteral = 960 mm2/m
Therefore, provide
T 16 @ 150 mm As,pro. = 1340 mm2/m
Page 139 DES.KJSM

Page 140 DES.KJSM

1.297675557
250000
705
0.062985248
942.8571429
Page 141 DES.KJSM

0.0006048
= (fct*/fb)Ac(∅/2w) [R (€sh + €th) -0.5€ult]
78.86 7
60.13 5
Page 142 DES.KJSM

Analysis and Design of Abutment Reference Calculations

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Analysis and Design of Abutment Reference Calculations

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Chapter 6 Analysis and Design of Abutment

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ABUTMENT

Reference Calculations Output

Following figure illustrate loads considered on structures.

Fig. A Vertical Horizontal Loads

Reference Calculations Output

6.2 LOAD CASES

6.2.1 LOADING CASES

a. Dead and Superimposed dead loads

LOAD CASE 4-2 (dead + soil pressure + HA primary + HB primary + HB

a. Dead and Superimposed dead loads

Reference Calculations Output

6.4.1 LOAD EVALUATION

6.4.1.1 VERTICAL LOADS FROM SUPER-STRUCTURE

Dead and superimposed dead loads

For Beam No : 1 & 4 =(0.749+0.949)x10.06 =17.08 KN

Beam Weight =0.646x30.5x24/2 = 236.44KN

Diaphrgms 17.08 19.10 19.10 17.08

Beam weight 236.44 236.44 236.44 236.44

Total (KN) 392.60 409.26 409.26 392.60

Superimposed dead loads

From Wearing Surface

Wearing surface 32.74 36.19 36.19 32.74

Total (KN) 58.67 36.19 36.19 58.67

HA Udl load = 30x30.5 /(3.8x2) = 120.39 KN/m

HA live loads on notional lanes 1&2.

For Beam No : 1 & 4 = 151.97x(0.85 + 1.050) = 288.74 KN

For Beam No : 2 & 3 = 151.97x2.1 = 319.14 KN

HA Udl load = 30x30.5 /(3.8x2) = 120.39 KN/m

Total load = 120.39 + 31.58 = 151.97 KN/m

For Beam No : 1 = 220 x 0.6 /2.1 = 62.9 KN

For Beam No : 2 = 220 (1.5+1.7+0.7)/2.1 = 408.6 KN

For Beam No : 3 = 220 (0.4+1.4+1.8)/2.1 = 377.1 KN

For Beam No : 4 = 220x0.3/2.1+112.1x0.75 = 115.5 KN

HA Loads 62.9 408.6 377.1 115.5

6.4.1.2 HORIZONTAL LOADS FROM SUPPER-STRUCTURE

Assume that traction force on outer trafic lane center

It is reasonable to take that traction force is transferred through bridge beams

Traction force from beam no. 4 = 444 = 444 KN

6.4.1.3 VERTICAL LOADS FROM SUB-STRUCTURE

Dead & Superimposed dead loads

Approach slab = Calculated as below

Load on a shell for SAP 2000 input = 21/0.4 KN/m2

Superimposed dead loads

Load on a shell for prokon input = 11.9/0.4 KN/m2

Wearing surface above approach slab = (5x0.05x1.0x22.6)/2

Load on a shell for SAP 2000 input = 2.8/0.4 KN/m2

Total superimposed dead load = 36.8 KN/m2

Moments due to dead and superimposed dead loads

Corbel = (0.0937x1.0x24)x0.975 KNm/m

Approach slab = (0.35x5x1.0x24)x0.5x0.975 KNm/m

Superimposed dead loads

Wearing surface above approach slab = 2.8x0.975 = 2.7 KNm/m

Total moment (Udl) = 14.3 Knm/m

Moment on node no 116 & 449 = 14.3*0.250 = 3.6 KNm/m

Moment on node no 413 - 448 = 14.3*0.500 = 7.2 KNm/m

HA live loads on notional lanes 1,2 will only be considered.

For full HA = (30x3.675)/ (2x3.8) KN/m

Load on node no 82 = 15.3 x 0.250

Load on nodes no 339 - 353 = 15.3 x 0.500

Load on nodes no 354 - 374 = 5.1 x 0.500

Load on nodes no 375 = 5.1 x 0.250

Moment due to HA live loads on approach slab