Master Math:

Pre-Calculus and Geometry

By
Debra Ross
Copyright © 1996 by Debra Anne Ross

All rights reserved under the Pan-American and International Copyright Conventions.
This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system now known or hereafter invented, without written
permission from the publisher, The Career Press.

MASTER MATH: PRE-CALCULUS AND GEOMETRY

ISBN 1-56414-218-3
Cover design by The Visual Group
Printed in the U.S.A. by Book-mart Press

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ross, Debra Anne, 1958-

Master math: pre-calculus and geometry / by Debra Anne Ross.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 1-56414-218-3 (pbk.)
1. Geometry. 2. Trigonometry. I. Title.
QA445.R585 1996
515'.1--dc20 96-22994
CIP
Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Dr. Melanie McNeil, Professor of Chemical Engineering at San Jose

State University, for reviewing this text for accuracy.
Table of Contents

Introduction 1

Chapter 1
Geometry 3

1.1. Lines and Angles 4

1.2. Polygons 10

1.3. Triangles 13

1.4. Quadrilaterals (Four Sided Polygons) 18

1.5. Circles 22

1.6. Perimeter and Area of Planar Two-Dimensional Shapes 29

 1.7. Volume and Surface Area of Three-Dimensional Objects 34

1.8. Vectors 40

Chapter 2
Trigonometry 43

2.1. Introduction 43

2.2. General Trigonometric Functions 44

2.3. Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Two Angles 52

2.4. Oblique Triangles

53

2.5. Graphs of Cosine, Sine, Tangent, Secant, Cosecant and

Cotangent 54

2.6. Relationship Between Trigonometric and Exponential

Functions 58
 2.7. Hyperbolic Functions 60

Chapter 3
Sets and Functions 62

3.1. Sets 62

3.2. Functions 65

Chapter 4
Sequences, Progressions and Series 70

4.1. Sequences 70

4.2. Arithmetic Progressions 71

4.3. Geometric Progressions 73

4.4. Series 74
 4.5. Infinite Series: Convergence and Divergence 77

4.6. Tests for Convergence of Infinite Series 80

4.7. The Power Series 86

4.8. Expanding Functions into Series 88

4.9. The Binomial Expansion 92

Chapter 5
Limits 94

5.1. Introduction to Limits 94

5.2. Limits and Continuity 98

Chapter 6
Introduction to the Derivative
104

6.1. Definition 105

6.2. Evaluating Derivatives 110

6.3. Differentiating Multivariable Functions 113

6.4. Differentiating Polynomials 114

6.5. Derivatives and Graphs of Functions 114

6.6. Adding and Subtracting Derivatives of Functions 118

6.7. Multiple or Repeated Derivatives of a Function 119

6.8. Derivatives of Products and powers of Functions 120

6.9. Derivatives of quotients of Functions 125

6.10. The Chain Rule for Differentiating Complicated Functions 128

6.11. Differentiation of Implicit vs. Explicit Functions 131

 6.12. Using Derivatives to Determine the Shape of the Graph of a
Function (Minimum and Maximum Points) 134

6.13. Other rules of Differentiation 142

6.14. An Application of Differentiation: Curvilinear Motion 143

Chapter 7
Introduction to the Integral 146

7.1. Definition of the Antiderivative or Indefinite Integral 147

7.2. Properties of the Antiderivative or Indefinite Integral 150

7.3. Examples of Common Indefinite Integrals 152

7.4. Definition and Evaluation of the Definite Integral

153

7.5. The Integral and the Area under the Curve in Graphs of
Functions 156
7.6. Integrals and Volume 160

7.7. Even functions, Odd Functions and Symmetry 162

7.8. Properties of the Definite Integral 164

7.9. Methods for Evaluating Complex Integrals; Integration by

Parts, Substitution and Tables 165