Generators

What its all about

How do we make a generator?
Synchronous Operation
Rotor Magnetic Field
Stator Magnetic Field
Forces and Magnetic Fields
Force Between Fields
 Motoring
• Generators & motors are the same thing
• Generators motor if they are synchronized
and the governor is closed
• Power flows in from the grid
 Limits
• Under steady state conditions the load
angle must be less than 90°
• Exceeding 90° leads to pole slipping
– Tremendous current and torque pulsations
– Can lead to catastrophic failures
Generator Simplified Equivalent
Circuit
Phasor Diagram
Increasing Steam Flow
 Synchronizing
• Machine is run up to speed
– 1800 rpm (4 pole machine)
• Field is applied
• Machine is adjust so Eg = Vt in magnitude
and phase
• Breaker is closed to connect generator to
the system
Generator Prior to
Synchronization
Magnetic Core Heating
 Conditions for Synchronization
• Phase sequence
• Voltage magnitude Ia =0

• Frequency
• Phase angle E VT
 Ia =0
+ +

E VT V V V
Grid

- -
Grid
Generato r being
paralleled to Grid
Machine slower than system

Generator

Grid
 Phase Angle

Generator

Grid
 Properly Synchronized

Generator

Grid
Synchronizing Equipment
Generator being paralleled
Grid to the grid
System

w F

Slo

as
V

t
V
Sy

G
en

or
ste m er at
Armature Reaction

N
Rotor

S N

S Stator
 Closing onto a dead bus
• Leading PF
– AVR will reduce excitation
• Lagging PF
– Terminal voltage will drop AVR increases excitation
• Faulted Bus
– High currents flow
• No load
– Nothing happens
 Finite or Infinite
• Operation of the generator is apparently
different
• Changes in steam valve position have no
effect on speed (infinite)
• Changes in excitation only affect voltages
locally
• Generator >5% gives finite characteristics
AVR
 Resistive Load
IR (Unity pf)
RG XG

VR VX= 0

E VT RLoad

Vx
Vt
Eg

I
 Lagging Load
IL (Lagging pf)
RG XG

VR VX

E VT LLoad

Eg
-Vx

Vt

I
 Capacitive Load
IC (Leading pf)
RG XG

VR VX

E VT CLoad

Vt
-Vx
Eg

I
 V-curves

0.85 pf
Load MW Lagging
(V Curve) Load
Load MVA

(Over Excited)
(AVR Boosting)

0.95 pf
Leading
Load Unity pf
Load
(Under Excited)
(AVR Bucking)

Decrease Increase
Excitation Current
 Governor Control
IL

Turbine
VT

Gov. Valve
Steam Shaft
Speed
No Load Speed Variable
Setpoint Governor Load

Droop
Setting
 Speed Droop
• Electrical word for proportional control
Speed Drop NL to FL
Droop = ×100%
Rated Speed

• Isochronous - proportional + integral

 Isochronous
%
Speed
Freq. Change

62.4 +4%

61.8 +3%
Isochronous Governor
61.2 +2%

60.6 +1%
Constant Frequency
60Hz 0

59.4 -1%
%
Rated
58.8 -2%
Load
25% 50% 75% 100% or
58.2 -3% 200 400 600 800 MW

57.6 -4%
 4% Droop
%
Speed
Freq. Change

E
62.4 +4%
Governor Speed Droop
D
61.8 +3%

C
Loading

Un-Loading
61.2 +2%

B
60.6 +1%
%
A Rated
60Hz 0
25% Load
50% 75% 100% or
59.4 -1% 200 400 800 MW
600

58.8 -2%

58.2 -3%

57.6 -4%
Effect of Adding Load
Generator Synchronized
 Increasing Load
61.5
0.3 Hz { 61.2
0.3 Hz { 61
60.9
60.5

60

59.5

Frequency (Hz)
59
50 MW 50 MW

58.5

300 200 100 0 100 200 300

Load Generator G1 (MW) Load Generator G2 (MW)
 Freq.

62.4
Unequal Speed Droops
61.8

61.2

A
60.6
B
60Hz

59.4

58.8

Load
MW
600 400 200 200 400 600
G1 G2
 Finite Bus
61.2

61

60.5

60

} 0.6 Hz
59.4
0.6 Hz {
Frequency (Hz) 59

58.5

300 200 100 0 100 200 300

Load Generator G1 (MW) Load Generator G2 (MW)
 Frequency Restoration
61.8

0.6 Hz { 61.2
61

60.5

60

} 0.6 Hz
59.4

Frequency (Hz)
59

58.5

300 200 100 0 100 200 300

Load Generator G1 (MW) Load Generator G2 (MW)
 Adjusting Steam Flow

S te a m Flo w

Arm a ture Cu rre nt

Ac tiv e Po we r

Re a ctive Po we r

1 .0
Po w er Fac to r (Lag g in g )

.6
Time
 Adjusting Excitation

Fie ld Cu rre nt

Arma ture Cu rre nt

Ac tiv e Po we r

Re active Po we r

1 .0
Po w er Fac tor (Lag gin g )

.6
Time
 Stability
VT
X
Vs Large
System
Transmisson Line
P

VTVs
P= X sin ∂
 Power Transfer Curve
Power Delivered to Load α V 2
Power
Before Fault
V
After Fault
Area
t0 B
P Steam
t2

Area
A
During Fault

t1

t3

00 Load Angle δ 1800

 Out of Step
Pole slipping commences here (90°)
Angular + Rapid acceleration during pole slip (90° - 360°)
Velocity

(360° - 0° position) Generator tries

to regain synchronism
Time
Synchronism
Speed
Normal Operation (a)

MW
Output

Surges in
output power
Normal
MW
Output Time

(b)
Generator Heating
Q MVAR
Reactive Power U2 = P2 + Q2
(Circle)

Lag U MVA
Total Power

Motoring Generating
P MW
Active Power

Lead
 Limits
Q MVAR U2 = P2 + Q2
Reactive Power (Circle)

A
0.85 pf Lag
Lag B
U MVA
Total Power

< Motoring Generating >

P MW
Active Power
C 0.95 pf Lead
Lead D

A-B Field Heating

B-C Stator Heating
C-D Stator Core End Heating
 Stability Limits
Q MVAR U2 = P2 + Q2
Reactive Power (Circle)

A
0.85 pf Lag
Lag B
U MVA
Total Power

< Motoring Generating >

P MW
Active Power

Limit with
Lead No AVR
Limit with
A-B Field Heating
B-C Stator Heating Fast AVR
C-D Stator Core End Heating
H2 Pressure
Cooling
For You To Do