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- Introduction
Ec 57,000 f 'c
• For high-strength concretes (f’c > 6000
psi), studies from Cornell University
suggest the following formula:
1.5
6 wc
Ec [40,000 f 'c 10 ]
145
Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
• Corresponds to very small
instantaneous strains
• Obtained by sonic tests
• Generally 20-40% higher that static
modulus
• Used when structures are analyzed for
impact or seismic loads
Poisson’s Ratio
• 0.11 (higher strength) to 0.21 (lower
strength), average about 0.16
• It has to be considered in the analysis
and design of arched dams, tunnels and
some other statically indeterminate
structures
Shrinkage
• As water evaporates concrete shrinks and this can
cause cracking, which can reduce shear strength
and its detrimental to appearance. Cracks can also
exposed reinforcement to the weather
• It can continue for many years, but about 90%
occurs in the first year
• To reduce shrinkage: keep mixing water to a
minimum, cure the concrete well, place concrete of
large elements (walls, floors) in small sections, use
construction joints to control the position of cracks,
use shrinkage reinforcement, use dense and
nonporous aggregates
Creep or Plastic Flow
• Under a compressive load, a member will have
an instantaneous deformation (shortening). If
the load is sustained, the member will continue
to deform. This is called creep.
• Creep deformations can reach up to 3 times
the initial deformation.
• 75% of creep occurs in the 1st year.
• If load is removed, element will recover most
of its elastic strain and little of its creep strain
Tensile Strength
• About 8 to 15% of the compressive strength,
probably because of fine cracks
• Measured with the modulus of rupture and
the split-cylinder tests
• Neglected in design calculations
Shear Strength
• Difficult to obtain pure shear failures
unaffected by other stresses. Tests
have yielded shearing strengths from
1/3 to 4/5 the compressive strength
Reinforcing Steel Bars
(Rebars)
Nominal
Bar Size Nominal Area Nominal Weight
Diameter
Designation [inch2] [lb/ft]
[inch]
#3 0.11 0.376 0.375