Whole Numbers

By Muralee.V.

Whole numbers
- consists of digits 0 to 9 without the fraction, decimal point or negative sign (0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 …)
- can be written and state in numerals and words

Example 1
a) Write the following number in words
824 367
b) Write the following numbers in numerals
Six million, five hundred and twenty two thousand, six hundred and eleven

Solution
a) Eight hundred and twenty-four thousand, three hundred and sixty-seven
b) 6 520 611

Place value and Digit value

- every digit in a number has a certain place and digit value.

Example 2
- State the place value and the digit value of the each digit in the following number
5 575 637

Place Millions Hundred Ten Thousand Hundred Tens Ones

Values thousands thousand s s
s
Digits 5 5 7 5 6 3 7
Digit 5 000 000 500 000 70 000 5 000 600 30 7
Values
Rounding of whole numbers
To round of a whole number to a place value:

Observe the digit

on the right

Add 1 to the digit in the place

YES value (to be rounded off) and
Equal or More than 5? replace all digits to its right
(5, 6, 7, 8, 9 )
with 0

NO (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)

Maintain the digit in the

place value (to be rounded
off) and replace all digits to
its right with 0

Example 3
Round off 456 356 to the nearest
a) ten thousand b) thousand c) hundred

Solution
a) 456 356 = 450 000
[ 6 > 5, add 1 to the digit 5 (ten thousands) and replace all digits to its right with 0]

b) 456 356 = 456 000

[ 3 < 5, maintain the digit 6 thousands) and replace all digits to its right with 0]

b) 456 356 = 456 400

[ 5 = 5, add 1 to the digit 3 (hundreds) and replace all digits to its right with 0]

Addition
- is a process of calculating the total or sum of two or more numbers.
- is commutative, the total is not affected by the arrangement of numbers
( 234 + 311 = 545 and 311 + 234 = 545)
 Example 4
Solve
a) 555 786 + 67 897 + 432 + 6

Solution
112 22
555 876
67 897
432
+ 6
624 211
Therefore, 555 786 + 67 897 + 432 + 6 = 624 211

Subtraction
- process of calculating the remainder or difference between two or more numbers.
- is not commutative, the difference obtained affected by the arrangement of
numbers ( 543 - 345 = 198 but 345 - 543 = -198, the differences are not equal)

Example 5
Solve the following
Mimi has 324 balls consisting blue, green and yellow balls in a box. If there are 116
blue balls and 63 green balls in the box, calculate the yellow balls in the box.

Solution
Sum of blue and green balls = 116 + 63
= 179
Yellow balls = Total balls – sum of blue and green balls
= 324 – 179
= 145
Therefore, there are 145 yellow balls in the box.

Multiplication
- process of calculating repeated addition
- is commutative, the product obtained is not affected by the arrangement of
numbers ( 15  4 = 60 is equal to 4  15 = 60 )
- any number multiplied by 0 (zero) gives 0.
- any number multiplied by 1 gives the number itself.
- always perform multiplication by writing the number with the greater value on
top.

Example 6
Solve 45 046  65

Solution
 40 046
 65
200230
+ 240276
2602990
Therefore, 45 046  65 = 2 602 990

Division
- process of regrouping in equal numbers or sharing equally
- is not commutative, the difference obtained affected by the arrangement of
numbers ( 60  3 = 20 but 3  60 = 0.05, the quotients are not equal)
- when performing the division:
1. arrange numbers in order of their place values
2. divide the number starting from the biggest place value, millions, ten
thousands, thousands and so on (from right to left)

Example 7
Find the quotient of the following
12 236  14

Solution
874
14 12 236
112
103
98
56
56
Therefore, 12 236  14 = 874

Combined Operations
Follow the rules below when carry out the computations involving combined operations:
1 : Brackets (do the operations in brackets simultaneously from right to left)
2 : Do the Multiplication (  ) or Division (  ) from left to right
3 : Do the Multiplication (+) or Division (-) from left to right

Example 8
Solve the following
3 453 – 14  3 + (52  8)

Solution
3 453 – 14  3 + (52  8)
Do the operations in the brackets first

Do the operations in the brackets first

= 3 453 – 14  3 + 416
Do the operation (  ) from left to right
= 3 453 – 42 + 416
Do the operation ( - ) from left to right
= 3 411 + 416 first

Do the operation ( + ) from left to right

= 3 827 first

Number Patterns and Sequences

Describing Number Patterns and Sequences

 Number sequence is a list of numbers based on a certain pattern.
 The pattern can be determined through the list of numbers.

Example 9

3 3 3
6, 18, 54, 164,…

Completing a number sequence

Example 10
Find the value of r and s in the following number sequences.
4, 9, 15, r, s,…

Solution

+5 +6 +7 +8

4, 9, 15, 22, 30
Therefore r = 22 and s = 30

Odd and Even Numbers

 Odd numbers, are not divisible by 2 ( 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, … )
 Even numbers, are divisible by 2 ( 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, … )
 Odd number + Even number = Odd number ( 23 + 12 = 35)
 Difference between an odd number and an even number is an odd number.
( 45 – 30 = 15 or 30 – 11 = 19 )
 The product of any number ( odd or even ) and an even number is an even
number. ( 5  4 = 20 or 8  12 = 96 )

Example 11
Evaluate the following
a) 321 + 128
b) 545 – 244
c) 13  8
d) 144  24

Solution
a) 321 + 128 = 449
Odd number + Even number = Odd number

b) 545 – 244 = 301

Odd number - Even number = Odd number

c) 13  8 = 104
Odd number  Even number = Even number

d) 144  24 = 3456
Even number  Even number = Even number

Prime Numbers
 Are whole numbers which are divisible by itself and 1.
 The sequence of prime numbers is 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, …
 The number 1 is not a prime number because it is divisible only by itself.
 All prime numbers are odd numbers except the number 2.

Example 12
Determine whether the following numbers are prime numbers are not
a) 35
b) 59

Solution
a) 35  35 = 1
35  1 = 35
35  5 = 7
35  7 = 5
35 is divisible by 1, 5, 7 and 35.
Therefore, 35 is not a prime number.

b) 59  59 = 1
59  1 = 59
59 is divisible only by 1 and 59.
 Therefore, 59 is a prime number.

Factors
 Factors of a number are numbers which can divide the number exactly.
 Factors of a number includes number 1 and the number itself.
 A whole number can have more than two factors.
 Factors of a number can be determined by dividing the number with smaller
numbers and itself.
 Always begin the division with number 1 because number 1 is a factor of all
numbers.

Example 13
Find all factors of 48

Solution

1  24 = 24
2  12 = 24
3  8 = 24
4  6 = 24
6  4 = 24
8  3 = 24
12  2 = 24
24  1 = 24

Factors of 24
Therefore, all the factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

Prime Factors
 Prime factors of a number are prime numbers which are factors of a number
 Prime factors can be found by:
1. Listing all the factors obtained through the method of division and
identifying prime number among the factors.
2. Expressing the number as a product of prime factors (Prime factorization)

Example 14
Find all the prime factors of
a) 96
Solution

2 96
2 48
2 24
2 12
2 6
3 3
1
Therefore, all prime factors of 96 are 2 and 3.

Multiples
 The multiple of number is the product of the number and a non-zero number.
 Multiples of a number can be determined by dividing the multiples by the number.
 The multiples are divisible by the number.
 Every number is a multiple of it self

Example 15
a) Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21,…
b) Multiples of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,…

Common Multiples and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

Common Multiples
 The common multiples of several numbers are multiples belonging to all
the numbers (12 and 18 are the common multiples of 2 and 3)
 The method of division can be used to determine a given number as
common multiples of several numbers.
 If the given number is divisible by all the numbers, then it is a common
multiples of the numbers.

Example 16
Determine whether 84 is common multiple of 3 and 4 or not.

Solution
84  3 = 28
84  4 = 21
Number 84 is divisible by 3 and 4
Therefore, 84 is common multiple of 3 and 4

Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

 The LCM of several numbers is the smallest common multiple of all the numbers.
 LCM can be found by:
1. Listing multiples of each given numbers
Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, …
 Multiples of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, …
Therefore, the LCM of 3 and 5 is 15
2. Prime factorization
3=1  3
5=1  5

Therefore, the LCM of 3 and 5 = 3  5

= 15
3. Algorithm

3 3, 5
5 1, 5
1, 1
Therefore, the LCM of 3 and 5 = 3  5
= 15

Common Factors and Highest Common Factors (HCF)

Common Factors
 Common factors of several numbers are factors belonging to all the numbers.
 The method of division can be used to determine whether a given number is a
common factor of several numbers or not.
 If all the numbers are divisible by the given number, the given number is a
common factor of all the numbers.

Example 17
Determine whether 4 is a common factor of 8, 16 and 64 or not.

Solution
8  4 =2
16  4 = 4
64  4 = 16
Therefore, 4 is a common factor of 8, 16 and 64.

Highest Common Factor (HCF)

 HCF of several numbers is the largest common factor of all the numbers.
 HCF can be determined by:
1. Listing the factors of each given numbers
Factors of 12 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 12
Factors of 18 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Factors of 24 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Therefore, the HCF of 12, 18 and 24 is 6.
2. Prime factorization
12 = 2  2  3
18 = 2  3  3
24 = 2  2  2  3
 Therefore, the HCF of 12, 18 and 24 = 2  3
=6
3. Algorithm

2 12, 18, 24
3 6, 9, 12
2, 3, 4
Therefore, the HCF of 12, 18 and 24 = 2  3
=6

Test Yourself
1. State the place value and the digit value of the digit 3 in 453 678
2. Solve the following
a) 567 897 + 800
b) 86 905 – 56
c) 45 654  12
d) 567 232  23
e) 3 565 + 76 – (45 + 3  2)
3. Find the LCM of
a) 5 and 6
b) 16 and 24
4. Find the HCF of
a) 6, 9, 12
b) 16, 24, 48