SHOP 101

WOOD WORKING AND CARPENTRY

Prepared By: Romeo G. Ancheta

 1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Surfaced or dressed lumber-

planed lumber having at least
one smooth side

• S2s and S4s – planed lumber of

which number connotes the
smooth sides. S2s means
smooth on two sides S4s is
smooth in four sides
 1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Slab- is a kind of rough lumber cut

tangent to the annual rings of
wood running the full length of the
log and containing at least one flat
surface

• Timber – Is a piece of lumber,

five inches or larger in its
smallest dimension
 1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Plank is the wide piece

of lumber from 2 to 5
inches thick

• Lumber- term applied to wood after it was sawed or sliced into

boards for commercial purposes.

• Rough lumber-term applied to newly sawed lumber

• Silviculture- process of growing timber crops of a better and more

valuable species as rapidly as possible through scientific forestry
 1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Skidded- term used when log is dragged and carried down to an

assembly area
• Lumbering – the term applied to the operation performed in
preparing wood for commercial purposes

• Board is a piece of lumber less than

1.5” and at least 4 inches wide

• Wood is fibrous substance which composes the trunk and branches

of a tree that lies between the pitch and the bark.
II. PROPERTIES OF WOOD AS BUILDING
MATERIAL:

• Strong material
• Durable
• Light in weight
• Ease of working and
fastening
• With artistic and natural
beauty
III. ADVANTAGE OF WOOD AS BUILDING
MATERIAL:

1. In proportion to weight, wood is stronger than other materials

2. Wood is easily worked out with tools and fabricated into many
shapes, sizes and design
3. Wood is excellent non-conductor of heat. It is warm in winter
and cool in summer.
4. With artistic grains and appearance conducive to architectural
designs, adding beauty and attraction to furniture and interior
finishes
5. It is abundant in many shapes, color, sizes and as renewable
resources
III. ADVANTAGE OF WOOD AS BUILDING
MATERIAL:

6. The use of timber connectors in wide trusses and spans

generally permit the use of small wood members
7. In terms of value, wood does not deteriorate if properly
handled and protected
8. It is not readily affected by changing styles
9. It has prompt resale value
10. Neither heat or cold or climate changes would seriously affect
the physical properties of wood
IV. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD
1. Strength. It is the general term used with respect to the ability of
wood in resisting stress and strain. However, strength of different
wood varies in some aspect.
2. Moisture. It is an important factor affecting the strength of wood.
To a certain extent, strength increases with the degree of wood
seasoning
3. Knots and other defects in wood. These would affect the strength
more particularly the size, character and location of knots or
defects
4. Weight. Heavy woods are generally stronger than lighter woods
5. Hardness. Resistance to indentation or to the saw or axe across
the grain. This is dependent on weight and degree of seasoning
IV. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD

6. Cleavability resistance of wood to split along the grains. The

line of least resistance to splitting is along the radius because
the wood rays are in this direction
7. Flexibility and Toughness.
8. Durability. Ability to resist decay or length of life for a given
condition. Resistance of the wood to the influence of
mechanical wear
9. Color. Heartwood is much darker color than sapwood
 V. CROSS SECTION OF A TREE

Crooked grains
Crooked grains
VI. CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD ACCORDING TO
GRAINS

Crooked grains

Straight grains
 VII. PREPARATION OF WOOD

1. Cutting
2. Skidding
3. Bucking
 VII. PREPARATION OF WOOD

• Two methods of log sawing:

1. Plain or bastard sawing-

2. Quarter or rift sawing
 VIII DEFECTS IN WOOD

A. Abnormal Growth
1. Heart shakes
2. Wind shakes or Cup
3. Star shakes
4. Knots
B. Due to Deterioration
1. Dry rot
2. Wet rot
 IX. SEASONING OF WOOD

A. Natural or air seasoning

B. Artificial seasoning is the process adopted for quick drying
of wood
• Forced air drying
• Kiln drying
• Radio frequency dielectric drying
X. MEASURING WOOD
 XI. WOOD RELATED PRODUCTS FOR
COMMERCIAL PURPOSES

A. Veneer and Plywood has thickness

1. Soft plywood
2. Hardwood
3. Marine
A. Hard board
B. Particle Board
 XI. WOOD RELATED PRODUCTS FOR
COMMERCIAL PURPOSES

A. Veneer and Plywood has thickness

1. Soft plywood
2. Hardwood
3. Marine
A. Hard board (HDF)
B. Particle Board (MDF)