A

SEMINAR REPORT
“DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR”

ON
By

Mr.Shirsath.H.S

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor Degree

at T.E. in Mechanical Engineering.

Submitted to

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune.

Under the Guidance of

Prof.Parkhe.R.A

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni-413736
Tal-Rahata, Dist-Ahmednagar,(M.S),India
[2018-19]

I
 Pravara Rural Education Society’s
Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr.Hrushikesh.S.Shirsath, has successfully
completed the Seminar entitled “DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR” under my
supervision for the partial fulfillment of Bachelor degree at T.E. in Mechanical
Engineering of Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune.

Date:

Place: Loni

Prof.Parkhe.R.A Prof. R.R.Kharde

(Seminar Guide) (Head of Department)

External Examiner

II
AKNOWLEDGEMENT:
Every orientation work has imprint of many people and this work is no
different. This work gives me an opportunity to express for same.

While preparing paper Presentation report I received endless help from number of
people. This report would be incomplete if I don’t convey my sincere thanks to all those who
were involved.
First and foremost I would like to thank my respected guide Prof.Parkhe.R.A and
seminar coordinator. I also thank to Prof.R.R.Kharde (HOD.Department of mechanical
Engineering), for giving me an opportunity to present this paper and his indispensable support,
priceless suggestion and valuable time.
Finally I wish to thanks my friends and my Parents to being supportive of me. Without
whom this paper presentation would not have seen the light of the day.
Every work is an outcome of full-proof planning, continuous hard work and organized
effort. This work is combination of all the three put together sincerely.

MR. Shirsath Hrushikesh.S

( T150110906 )
TE MECHANICAL

III
 ABSTRACT
The Dynamic Speed Governor is a system that can be implemented effectively for an
efficient and perfectly controlled traffic system. This system can limit the speed of a moving
vehicle over an area where the speed has to be restricted and retained within a predetermined
value. The Dynamic Speed Governor consists of mainly two parts, the Transmitter section and
the Receiver section. The transmitter section is mounted on the signal board, on which the speed
limit over that area is indicated. Receiver section is kept inside the vehicle. The radio frequency
signal from the transmitter is transmitted and the receiver receives it. If the speed of the vehicle
is greater than the speed limit proposed for that particular area, which in turn is transmitted by
the transmitter section, the speed governor comes into action and restricts the driver from going
beyond that rated speed. If the system detects that the speed of the vehicle has gone beyond the
speed limit, a signal is generated from the dynamic speed governor circuit. This signal in turn
is used to drive the mechanical part of the vehicle, which closes the fuel nozzle of the vehicle
thereby restricting the vehicle from going beyond that speed. In this particular reproduction of
the system, to indicate the signal produced, the signal output from the circuit is used to trigger
a monostable multi-vibrator, which in turn sounds a buzzer.

IV
 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

CONTENT

SR. TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.

NO.
I Front Page I
II Certificate II
II1I Aknowledgement III
IV Abstract IV
1 Introduction 3
2 Literature Review 4
3 Objective 5
4 Block Schematic Of The Transmitter Section 6
5 7
Block Schematic Of The Reciever &
Tachometer Section

6 Schematic Explanation Of The Project 9

7 Digital Tachometer Section 15
8 Comparator Unit 19
9 Alarm Unit 20
10 Advantage & Disadvantage 21
11 Summary 22
Reference

Department of Mechanical Engg. P.R.E.C LoniPage 1

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

LIST OF FIGURE
FIG.NO. FIGUE NAME PAGE NO.

1 Receiver & Digital Tachometer section(I) 6

2 Digital Tachometer section(II) 7

3 Sensour unit(II) 10

4 Transmitter unit(I) 12

5 Receiver unit(I) 13

6 Display unit(I) 14

7 Digital tachometer unit(II) 16

8 Diplay unit(II) 17

9 Comparator Unit(II) 18

10 Alarm Section(II) 20

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 2

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

1. INTRODUCTION
The proposed mini project work is a Dynamic Speed Governor. Dynamic speed governor is
designed with the aim of dynamically limiting the speed of the vehicle to a preset value, when
the driver drives through an area that has a preset speed limit, thereby encouraging safe driving
and preventing accidents. The main idea is to transmit the speed limit for the area to the vehicle,
as it approaches an area that has speed restriction, so that the driver can be warned and the
speed of the vehicle is automatically reduced.

The system is implemented with the help of a RF transmitter that transmits a speed limit to the
approaching vehicle, and an RF receiver inside the vehicle that accepts the incoming signal and
then feeds the speed limit as one of the inputs to a comparator. The other input of the
comparator comes from a digital tachometer. When the comparator detects an input speed that
is greater than the speed limit received by the RF receiver, it will trigger off a chain of reactions
that induce the mechanical functioning of the vehicle to automatically bring down the speed of
the vehicle to a range in tandem with the preset value and thus the desired results are obtained
from the system.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 3

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

2.Literature Review

Kashyap A R- Automotive vehicles must be equipped with collision avoidance systems for
predicting the potential collision sequences, such as another vehicle or a pedestrian. Upon
detecting a potential collision, such systems initiate an action to avoid the collision and/or
provide a warning inside the cabinet.

Jun-Seok OH- This study investigates the effects of speed control on traffic flow processes
and develops a control strategy to maximize the efficiency of freeway systems. The basic
idea of the speed control is to advise or force drivers to decelerate gradually in order to cope
with such operational problems on a freeway or highway as incidents, construction, or
geometric changes, etc.

L. Pereira da Silva- The performance of a countercyclical reserve requirement rule is

studied in a dynamic stochastic model of a small open economy with financial frictions,
imperfect capital mobility, a managed float regime, and sterilized foreign exchange market
intervention. Bank funding sources, domestic and foreign, are imperfect substitutes. The
model is calibrated and used to study the effects of a temporary drop in the world risk-free
interest rate

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 4

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

3.OBJECTIVE
The primary design criteria for this project work were as follows:

 Incorporate easily available components

 Use cheap and easily worked materials platform
 Minimize the weight of the unit
 Maintain a level of robustness
 Bring about solid design and construction features
 Limit the consumption of energy
 Modular design

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 5

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

4.BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF THE TRANSMITTER SECTION

The block diagram of RF Transmitter section is as shown below:

Figure 1: RF

Figure 1: Receiver and Digital Tachometer section (I)

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 6

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

5.BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF THE RECIEVER & TACHOMETER SECTION

The block diagram of RF receiver and digital tachometer section is as shown below:

Fig. 2 RF receiver and digital tachometer section (II)

A)BLOCK DESCRIPTION

 . RF Transmitter Unit

The RF Transmitter consists of:

a) Reference Speed Setting Circuit: -It allows the authorized body to set the reference
speed limit

b) Display Section: It will display the speed limit set by the authorized body.

c) Parallel to Serial Encoder: It will encode the parallel input data to serial data.

d) RF Transmitter Module: - It will transmit the encoded data.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 7

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

 RF Receiver Unit

It consists of:

a) RF Receiver: - which will receive the data sent by the RF Transmitter.

b) Serial to Parallel Decoder: -which will decode the serial encoded data.

c) Display Unit: which will display the reference speed sent by the RF transmitter.

 Digital tachometer

It consists of:

a) A white dot on the shaft of the vehicle.

b) Sensor Unit This consists of IR transmitter and IR receiver. It will sense the number
of times the white spot reflects the transmitted IR.

c) Counter: This will count the number of times the white spot has been detected in a
time interval.

d) Timing circuit: Which will provide a preset time limit over which the counter counts
the number of times white spot is detected by the sensor.

e) Converter Unit: This will convert the pulses counted over a time period to speed
(km/h) and send this speed to the comparator for comparing it with the received
reference speed limit and also to a display unit to display the speed of the vehicle.

f) Display Unit: This will display the speed of the vehicle.

Comparator:

It produces the speed governing signal that is fed to the mechanical drive of the vehicle and
subsequently reduce the speed present limit.

 Alarm Unit:

It will alert the driver if the speed of the vehicle is greater than the reference speed

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 8

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

6.SCHEMATIC EXPLANATION OF THE PROJECT

The main sections of the dynamic speed governor are:

1) RF Transmitter Unit
2) RF Receiver Unit

3) Digital Tachometer Unit

4) Comparator Unit

5) Alarm Unit

 RF TRANSMITTER UNIT

Transmitter is divided into two sections.

I. Sensor Unit
II. Transmitting Unit

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 9

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

 SENSOR UNIT

The circuit diagram of the sensor unit is shown below in Figure3.

Figure 2: Sensor unit (II)

The first section consists of a sensor, a monostable multi-vibrator and an astable multi-
vibrator. The main aim of the sensor unit is to sense the presence of a vehicle using IR sensor
The sensor unit requires that the LDR impedance should be high (200k) when there is no
vehicle and its impedance should be low (1K) when the sensor is cut.

The sensor is actually a combination of photodiode and a LDR (Light Detector

Resistor). When light falls on LDR, its resistance will be approximately 1k. When light is
not falling, resistance will be greater than 200k. When light falls, the impedance of the LDR
becomes low. Thus, a voltage drop occurs. This voltage drop will be greater than 1/3Vcc.At
that time, the monostable is triggered.

When a vehicle approaches, it cuts the light beam, at that time the output at the third
pin of the monostable will become high. This output is given to the Vcc of the 2nd 555 timer
(which is the astable multi-vibrator) and given to the NOT gate (7404). The output of the NOT
gate is provided as the reset of the CD 4017.When the output of the NOT gate becomes low, it
acts as a clock to the CD 4017.The latch enable of CD 4017 is always working.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 10

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

When the reset pin is set low, the output is stored in CD 4017.First, the output is
obtained at the 2nd pin i.e., bit 1 is obtained at pin2. When the 2nd vehicle is passed, the output
is obtained at the pin7, i.e., bit 3is obtained at pin 7.Usually a guard bit is provided to avoid
distortion. Here bit 2 is provided as the guard bit.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 11

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

 TRANSMITTER UNIT

Figure 4: Transmitter Unit (I)

It requires a parallel to serial encoder, which will convert the parallel input data to
serial output data. It consists of two transmitter IC’s and an enoder.ie.it will encode the serial
input data to parallel output data. Transmitter module will transmit the encoded data.
Transmitter module is a crystal oscillator chip. The transmitting frequency is 434MHz.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 12

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

 RF RECEIVER UNIT

The RF receiver unit consists of a receiver section and a display section.

Figure 5: Receiver Unit (I)

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 13

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

 Display unit

Figure 6: Display Unit (I)

In the receiver unit, receiver module receives the transmitted signal. Receiver module
contains crystal oscillator. Frequency of receiver module is 434MHz.Receiver module does
not contain any antenna. But it has dipoles, which can act as antenna leads. Receiver module
receives the serial data. We want to convert the serial data into parallel form. So the serial
data is given to HT 648 IC.IT is a serial to parallel encoder, which converts serial data into
parallel form for proper use. This parallel data is given to 4511 IC.4511 is a Seven segment
display encoder, which converts the data into digital form. The transmitted speed is displayed
in the BCD to 7-segment display unit.

It will display the reference speed sent by the transmitter. The displayed speed is actually the
designed speed limit for each vehicle.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 14

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

7.DIGITAL TACHOMETER SECTION

This section consists of a sensor part, 555Timer circuits counter ICs and display unit.
There is a motor, which is connected to a shaft and is placed in relation with the sensor
circuit. The rotation of the motor can generate pulses, which can be converted into speed in
km/hr.

NUMBER OF PULSES TO SPEED (KM/HR) CONVERSION

Speed in km/hr = distance traveled in km in 1 hr.

Also, speed in km/hr = distance traveled in km in (1/a) hr×a

Where ‘a’ is the scaling factor and (1/a) hr is the measuring time.

Now, distance travelled in (1/a) hr = number of rotations in (1/a) hr×2π × radius of wheel.

Counter value = D1hr = D (1/a) hr×a

=2Nr× π ×r×a

But counter value = number of pulses counted = Np

Hence Np = 2Nr× π ×r ×a.

Np/Nr = 2π ×r×a.

We take Np/Nr = 1 i.e. no scaling which means that sensor output is directly coupled to
counter.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 15

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

Therefore, 1 = 2π ×r×a

a = 1/ (2π×r).

Here we take the radius of the wheel as,

22.5cm = 22.5×10-5km.

Value of a = 1/(2π ×r) = 707.7

Hence measuring time = (1/a) hr

=3600sec/707.7

=5.08 sec

Therefore the measuring time is approximately taken as 5 seconds

Figure 7: Digital Tachometer Unit (III)

In the steady state conditions motor will not rotate, high impedance occurs and the
voltage drop becomes greater than 1/3Vcc of 555 timer. This is the first 555 timer in the
digital tachometer section as shown in the figure. It is designed as 0.693(R+R’) C = 5
seconds. [VIII]

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 16

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

There is a white spot on the shaft of this motor. When the sensor is passed, i.e. when
the motor rotates, the light from the LED will get completely reflected by the white spot and
is detected by the photo detector, resulting in the generation of photons. Now, the voltage
drop becomes less than 1/3 Vcc of the 555 timer and so the timer will be triggered. During the
rotation of the motor multiple edges can come. To avoid that we use 555 timer so that the
output will consist of perfect pulses. Here this 555 timer is designed for 40Hz. Therefore the
noise signals, which is in kHz, can be avoided.

The output pulse from the555 timer will act as a clock for the dual counter CD4518.
CD4518 will count the rotation of the shaft.11, 12, 13, 14 pins act as lower section of the
counting and 3, 4, 5, 6 pins act as upper section of counting. 7,15 are the reset pins. For the
counter CD 4518 to work, the reset pins ie.7 and 15 should be in low state. The clock signal
to the pin 2 is taken from pin 14.The output from CD 4518 is connected to the 7th pin of
CD4017.CD 4017 is a Johnson ring counter.

Figure 8: Display Unit (II)

Measured values from CD4518 are first displayed. Then it should remain there sometime. For
that a low bit should be given at 5th pin for latch enabling. We give this from the output of

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 17

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

NOT gate. Now to measure and store the new speed value (as the vehicle is moving
continuously) we need to reset the counter CD 4518.The new value is measured, stored and
reseted, and the process continuous.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 18

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

8.COMPARATOR UNIT

Figure 10.Comparator Section (II)

A comparator unit compares the received set reference speed or the speed set for that
particular zone with the actual speed of the user vehicle. If the speed of the user vehicle is
greater than that of the reference speed received, the comparator pin 13 outputs goes high and
this high output is used to trigger the alarm section. The comparator unit is realized by using
CD 4585, which is a 4-bit comparator. However the speed of the vehicle and the received speed
limit exceeds 4 bits when converted into the binary system. Hence two CD 4585 comparator
IC’s are cascaded so as to implement an 8-bit comparator. Comparator IC’s in 2 steps does
comparison. The Ist IC compares the most significant output and the output from the Ist is then
fed to the 2ndIC.The 2nd IC then compares the lower 4 bits and the output from this IC is used
to drive the alarm unit. A high in pin 13 indicates A>B, high in pin 3 indicates A=B, and A<B,
when pin 12is high.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 19

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

9.ALARM UNIT

Figure 11.Alarm Section (II)

The aim of the project is to warn the user when he is exceeding the speed limit of the
zone. Here, we make use of a buzzer that will sound an alarm when the user vehicle is
exceeding the set speed limit. The output from the comparator pin received set speed limit.
This output is then given to a 555 timer IC that is connected in the monostable mode of
operation through a 7404 IC (NOT gate).Whenever the output from the comparator is low the
input to the 555 will be high and hence it out operate. However when the output at the
comparator IC goes high it will appear as a zero at the pin2 of the 555 timer IC i.e., less than
1/3Vcc.The zero input to the IC being less than 1/3Vcc will trigger the monoshot and a
square pulse of the preset period 5 seconds will be obtained at the output pin. The square
pulse will trigger the buzzer which will produce a warning signal for 5 seconds thereby
warning the over speeding users.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 20

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

10.ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

10.1 ADVANTAGE
 It controls the speed of vehicle.
 Avoids the accidents.
 Maintenance is less.
 This system is cheaper.
 It provides the safety to the driver & passengers.
 It more reliable

10.2DISADVANTAGES

 The system is complicated.

 The vehicle cost is goes high.
 If one component is failed it will fails the whole system.

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 21

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

11.SUMMARY

Hence I concluded that the Dynamic speed governor system is one of the best system for
the vehicle against the accidents.Dynamic speed governor is designed with the aim of
dynamically limiting the speed of the vehicle to a preset value, when the driver drives through
an area that has a preset speed limit, thereby encouraging safe driving and preventing accidents

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 22

 DYNAMIC SPEED GOVERNOR

REFERENCES

[1 ]Jun-Seok OH Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Construction Eng. Western

Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5316, U.S.A.
[2]Kashyap A R Department of Mechanical Engineering Chadalawda Ramanamma
Engineering College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
[3]L. Pereira et al., “New thermal governor model selection and validation in the WECC,”
IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 19(1), 517–523, Feb. 2004.
[4]wikipedia

Department of Mechanical Engg.. P.R.E.C LoniPage 23