Wednesday, 22 August 2018

Water Treatment

A) Removal of suspended impurities:

1) SCREENING:
Removes insoluble suspended matter by
passing through microsporous mesh.

2) SEDIMENTATION:
Settling of suspended particles by gravity at
bottom of tank in time prd of 2-6 hrs.
Coagulant like alum or ferrous sulphate is
added to water which forms insoluble
gelatinous which entangles fine particles
and forms bigger flocs which settle down.
Coagulation with ions of Al(3+) and Fe it
neutralises -ve charge thus stopping
repulsive behaviour of particles and then
sedimentation occurs.

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Rate depends on :1) Temp of water ,size

and shape ,nature of particles.
Chemical coag:
1) Alum[K2SO4.AL2(SO4)3.24H2O]:
If Alkalinity is not present lime is
added(needs alkalinity).
2)Sodium aluminate(NaAlO2):
Used when no alkalinity is present ph<7.Is
also best coagulant as it doesn’t make
water acid.
3)Ferrous sulphate or
Copperas(FeSO4.7H2O):
Slightly alkaline . Fe(OH)3 is heavy floc.

3)FILTRATION:
Is the process of removing colloidal matter
and bacterias and mic.org. through bed of
fine sand and other granyles.Filtered using
sand filter.

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Sand filter consists of top layer of fine sand

over coarse and gravel sand.Rate of
filtration decreases due to blocking of pores
of fine sand top layer, it is scraped off and
new layer is added.

B)Removal of micro-organisms:
After these steps still pathogenic bacteria is
present.
Disinfection is done to remove/kill these
bac./mic.org.
Methods of disinfection:
1)Boiling: for 10-15 mins, kills every
bacteria(costly and temporary protection.
2)By Bleaching powder:1kg/
1000kL ,produces germicide(hypochlorous
acid).
Disadvantage:causes
hardness,decomposes in storage.

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3)By chlorination:produces hypochlorous

acid. Acid reacts with enzymes of bacteria
causing death(disturbs metabolism)works
better at ph<6.5.
Liq.Cl is more effective(0.3 to 0.5).
Factors affecting efficiency:
1)Time of contact(dec. as they die).
2)Temp. of water: reaction with enzymes
inc. with temp.
3)ph of water: works best between 5-6.5 ph.
Advantages:
1)effective and economical.
2)less storage.
3)does not deteriorate with time.
4)works at all range of temp.
5)most ideal.
Disadvantages:
1)unpleasant smell and taste.

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Irritation on mucus membrane,max qt. 0.1 to

0.2 ppm.
2)more effective at lower ph.
Break pt. Chlorination(free residual cl):
a)Organic matter,b)reducing subst.,c)free
ammonia in raw water.
At break pt free residual Cl conch of Cl inc.
as all work is done.
De-Chlorination:excess of Cl produces taste
and odour l,excess removed by bed of
molecular carbon.Also little activated
carbon,SO2,Na2SO4 is added.
4)By using chloramine(ClH2):Cl and
ammonia in ratio 2:1.
Better bactericidal than Cl alone as lasts
longer,imparts good taste.
5)By Ozone:excellent disinfectant prod. by
passing thrgh. silent electric discharge.
Nascent [O] oxidises and kills bacteria.

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Dosage strength 2-3ppm

Disadvantage:expensive.
Advantage:excess not harmful,removes
odour,colour,colour.

SOFTENING METHODS:
Main three methods:
1)LIME SODA process:
Converts soluble calcium and magnesium
salts to insoluble compounds by using lime
and soda.
ppt like CaCO3 or Mg(OH)2 causes sludge
formation
Impurities:NaCl,KCl,Na2SO4,SiO2,Fe2O3.
doesn’t cause hardness.
There are two types of lime soda process:
Hot lime soda: Relatively effective than
cold.Reaction proceeds at a faster rate,no
coagulant is needed,water is also

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degasified,sludge and precipitate settle

fast.Hardness is remained upto 15-30
ppm
Cold lime soda:Coagulant like Sodium
aluminate or aluminium sulphate is to be
added to capture fine particles by aluminium
hydroxide. Water to be treated is added with
calc amount of lime,soda,coagulant in inner
vertical circular chamber ,stirred by rotating
shaft.Sludge slowly settles while water
come above through outer
chamber.Hardness upto 50-60ppm.
Advantages of Lime soda
process:
Very economical.
Increase ph of water,reducing corossion of
pipes.
If sedimentation with coagulation is used
lesser amt of coagulant is used.

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Quantity of minerals is also reduced.

Iron and manganese slats are also
removed.
Pathogens are also reduced.
Disadvantages of LS method:
Skilled and careful method.
Large amount of sludge is formed.
Hardness upto 15 ppm is removed which
can harm boiler.

2)ZEOLITE OR PERMUTIT
process:
Zeolite:Na2O . Al2O3 . xSiO2 . yH2O
(x=2-10;y=2-6)
Zeolite are of two types:
Natural :
Na2O . Al2O3.4SiO2.2H2O
Which are non porous.
Synthetic:

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Are porous and posses gel structure,have

have higher exchange capacity.
Na2Ze + Ca(HCO3)2 − > CaZe + 2NaHCO3
Na2Ze + Mg(HCO3)2 − > MgZe + 2NaHCO3
Na2Ze + CaCl2(orCaSO4 − > CaZe + 2NaCl(orNaSO4)
Na2Ze + MgCl2(orMgSO4 − > MgZe + 2NaCl(orNaSO4)

Boiler troubles
1)Carry over:-

When vapour rises upward with water containing impurities is called carry over.

Caustic embrittlement

It is a form of corrosion caused by concentration NaOH in boiler water.

It is characterised by formation of intergranular cracks in boiler metal at bends,joints,local

stress area.In high pressure boilers Na2CO3 breaks into:-

Na2CO3 + H2O > 2NaOH + CO2

Prevention:-

1)By adding lignin,tannin,agar.

2)By adding sodium phosphate as softening agent.

3)By adding sodium sulphate.