Arun Major Project Soil Stabilization

A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT ON
SOIL STABILIZATION BY USING FLY ASH AND RICE HUSK ASH

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
1. ARUN KUMAR KONDAJI 12R01A0122
2. AVARI VIJAY KUMAR 12R01A0102
3. PALA SAI KRISHNA 12R01A0135
4. PASULOLLA SHARAVAN 12R01A0136
5. RIKKALA RAJESHWAR 12R01A0143
UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF
Mr.J.RAGHAVENDER REDDYM.TECH
Asst. Professor, Dept. Of Civil Engineering
CMR INSTITUTE OF TEHNOLOGY

Kandlakoya(v), medchal road,Hyderabad-501401
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru university-Hyderabad)
2015-2016
CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Page | i
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that, the project entitled “SOIL STABILIZATION USING FLY ASH
AND RICE HUSK ASH”, being submitted by
in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL
ENGINEERING in CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Kandlakoya, Hyderabad, under my
guidance and supervision.The results embodied in this project record have not been
submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Mr.J.RAGHAVENDER REDDY prof.A.KRISHNA RAO

Asst.professsor, CMRIT M.TECH,(Ph.D)
Project guide (Head of the civil Department,
CMRIT)
Mr.M.JANGA REDDY
M.TECH.(IT),PhD, MISTE
Principal External Examiner
DECLARATION
Page | ii
We hereby declare that the matter embodied in the report of main project entitled
“SOIL STABILIZATION USING FLY ASHAND RICE HUSK ASH” is a bonafide & genuine
research work carried out by us under the guidance of Mr.J.RAGHAVENDER REDDY
SIR Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Hyderabad. The work embodied
in this report is original & has not been submitted to the basis for the award of degree,
diploma, association or fellowship of any other university or institution.
NAME ROLL NUMBER SIGNATURE

Page | iii
Stabilization of black cotton soil using Rice Husk Ash and Fly ash
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 It is with immense pleasure that we would like to express our indebted gratitude to our
guide Mr. J.RAGHAVENDER REDDY SIR, who has guided us a lot and
encouraged us in every step in the project work. A valuable moral support and
guidance throughout the project helped us to a greater extent.
 We express our sincere gratitude to our Head Of Department MR.A.KRISHNA

RAO SIR, For giving the opportunity to do our project .He also continuously
helped and gave valuable suggestions throughout the project work.
 We are highly indebted to principal prof. M.JANGA REDDY SIR, for giving
the permission to carry our project.
 We express our sincere gratitude to K. SRINIVAS MURTHY sir, for supporting us

to do our project. He also giving us valuable suggestions throughout the project
work.
 Our special thank to our faculty. Not to forget, our non-teaching staff, and our
friends who have directly or indirectly helped and supported us in completing our
project in time.
1
INDEX
CONTENT PAGE NUMBER
1. Introduction
1.1 General 6
1.2 Discussion of various investigations
On black cotton soil 8
1.3 Importance of stabilisation 10
1.4 Usage of waste material 17
1.5 Need for study 17
1.6 Objectives of the study 18
1.7 Organisation of the project 19
2. Literature review 20
2.1 General 20
2.2 Literature review 20
2.3 Behaviour of black cotton soil 23
2.4 Problems associated with black cotton soil 23
2.5 Stabilisation of black cotton soil 24
2.6 Uses of rice husk ash 26
2.7 Uses of fly ash 28
2.8 Summary 29
3. STUDY METHODOLOGY31
3.1 General 31
3.2 Materials used
31
3.3 Laboratory studies 32
3.4 Laboratory testing 35
2
3.5 Properties of black cotton soil 42

3.6 Properties of rice husk ash
4. PRESENTATION AND DISSCUSSION
ON RESULTS
4.1 General 45
4.2 Laboratory test results 45
4.3 Compaction test & CBR test results
For soil & rice husk ash 45
4.4 Unconfined compression test results
Black cotton soil
4.5 Proctor compaction results for black
Cotton soil with various % of
Fly ash & rice husk ash 55
4.6 CBR results for black cotton soil
With various % of fly ash
& rice husk ash 62
4.7 summary 66
5. CONCLUSIONS
5.1 General 67
5.2 Conclusion 67
5.3 Further scope of work 68
6. Bibilography & References 69
3
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE DETAILS PAGE NUMBER
1 .Grain size distribution of rice husk ash 27

2 .Composition of rice husk ash 27
3 .Physical properties of rice husk ash 43
4 .Constituents and composition of rice husk ash 44
5 .Compaction test results of soil 46
6.Compaction test of soil at 15% of material 47
7 .Compaction test of soil at 18% of material 48
8 .Compaction test of soil at 21% of material 49
9 .UCS of black cotton soil 50
10 .UCS 7 days sample 52
LIST OF GRAPHS
TABLE DETAILS PAGE NUMBER
1 .Dry density-Water content curve for compaction on soil 46

2 .Dry density-Water content curve of soil at 15% of material 47
5 .Stress-strain curve for UCS of soil ample 51
6 .Stress-strain curve for UCS 7 days soil sample 52
4
ABSTRACT
The objective of this paper is to upgrade expansive soil as a construction

material using rice husk ash (RHA) and flyash, which are waste materials. Remolded
expansive clay was blended with RHA and Flyash and strength tests were conducted. The
potential of RHA-flyash blend as a swell reduction layer between the footing of a foundation
and subgrade was studied. In order to examine the importance of the study, a cost
comparison was made for the preparation of the sub-base of a highway project with and
without the admixture stabilizations.
Stress strain behavior of unconfined compressive strength showed that failure stress and
strains increased by 106% and 50% respectively when the flyash content and rice husk ash
were increased from 0 to 21%. Therefore, an RHA and Fly ash contentwere increased by
21% are recommended for strengthening the expansive subgrade soil. Proctor compaction
test of soil with material content of 15%,18% and 21% are conducted and results are
noted.The test shows maximum dry density and optimum moisture content at material 21%.
Therefore ,RHA and fly ash content of 21% of soil and in the ratio of 3:1 are recommended
for strengthening the black cotton soil because of its satisfactory performance in laboratory
tests.
5
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL
Soil is the indispensable element of this nature. It is attached to everyone in one or another
way. All the basic amenities of life, whether it is concerned with food, clothes and house,
have been fulfilled by the soil .Without the soil it is just next to impossible to think about life
on this earth. The word soil is derived from the Latin word solium which according to
Webster dictionary means the upper layer of the earth that may be dug or plowed;
specifically, the loose surface material of earth in which plant grows. The term soil in soil
engineering is defined as an unconsolidated material, composed of solid particles produced
by disintegration of rocks. The voids space between particles may contain air, water or both.
The solid particles may contain organic matter. The soil particles maybe separated by such
mechanical means as agitation and water. Soil deposits in nature exist in an extremely erratic
manner producing thereby an infinite variety of possible combination which will affect the
strength of the soil and the procedures to make it purposeful. So is the particular case of
black cotton soil with a wide range of challenges associated with the construction at sites
with black cotton soil. In case of coarse grained soil, the mineralogical composition of the
grain hardly affects the engineering properties of the soils perhaps the grain to grain friction
is influenced to a degree. Is such soils, inter particle forces other than those due to gravity are
of no consequence, but the finer particles, the more significant becomes the forces associated
with the surface area of the grains. The soil structure means the mode of arrangement of soil
particles related to each other and the forces that are acting between soil particles to hold
them together in their positions. The concept is further extended to include the mineralogical
6
composition of the grains, the electrical properties of the particle surface, the physical
characteristics, ionic composition of pore water, the interactions among the soil particles,
pore water and the adsorption complex. The formation of soil structures is governed by
several factors in coarse grained soils, the force of gravity is the main factor, while in fine
grained soils, and the surface bonding becomes predominant. The specific surface (the ratio
of the surface area of a mineral to its mass or volume) is a parameter which is often used to
decide the importance of surface bonding forces relative to forces of gravity. Smaller
particles have much larger surface area than the larger particles .For the same void ratio
water content are more for fine grained soil than for the coarse grained. Clay is understood to
mean a clay soil whose grains are predominantly composed of clay minerals and which has
plasticity and cohesion. Though the clay soils are fine grained but, not all fine grained soil
possess plasticity and cohesion. The presence of water, its content plays a decisive role in the
engineering behaviour of a clay soil. On the other hand, grain –size distribution and grain
shape RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Miss K S. Gaikwad et al Int. Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5(
Version 3), May 2014, pp.25-32 www.ijera.com 26 | Page influence the engineering
properties of granular soils and hardly affect the behaviour of clays. The expansive soils
occur all over the world. India has large tracks of expansive soil known as Black Cotton soil
(BC soil), covering an area of 0.8 million square kilometre, which is about 20% of total land
area. The major areas of their occurrence are states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, southern parts of
Uttar Pradesh, eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
This type of soil is available up to a depth of 3.7 meters on an average in the above parts of
India. Expansive soils occurring above water table undergo volumetric changes with change
in moisture content. Increase in water content causes the swelling of the soils and loss of
strength and decrease in moisture content brings about soil shrinkage. Swelling and
shrinkage of expansive soil cause differential settlements resulting in severe damage to the
foundations, buildings, roads, retaining structures, canal linings, etc. The construction of
foundation for structure on black cotton soils poses a challenge to the civil engineers.
Chemical stabilization is one of the oldest methods of stabilization of problematic soil. In
general, all lime treated fine-grained soils exhibit decreased plasticity, improved workability
and reduced volume change characteristics. However, not all soils exhibit improved strength
7
characteristics. It should be emphasized that the properties of soil-lime mixtures are

dependent on many variables. Soil type, lime type, lime percentage and curing conditions
(time, temperature, and moisture) are the most.
PROBLEM SUMMARY:
1.2.1. Problems Arising out of Water Saturation .Typical Cracks in Black Cotton Soil in
Dried State It is a well-known fact that water is the worst enemy of all structures, particularly
in expansive soil areas. Water penetrates into the foundation from three sides viz top surface,
and from bottom layers due to capillary action. Therefore, specifications in expansive soil
areas must take these factors into consideration. The surfacing must be impervious, sides
paved and soil beneath well treated to check capillary rise of water. It has been found during
handling of various investigation project assignments for assessing causes of structural
failures that water has got easy access into the foundations. It saturates the soil and thus
lowers its bearing capacity, ultimately resulting in heavy depressions and settlement. Water
lubricates the soil particles and makes the mechanical interlock unstable. In the top surface,
ravelling, stripping and cracking develop due to water stagnation and its seepage into the
bottom layers. Generally, construction agencies do not pay sufficient attention to the aspects
of construction and maintenance of sides. In expansive soil areas, unpaved offsets pose the
maximum problem as they become slushy during rains, as they are most neglected a lot.
1.2. DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ON BLACK COTTON

SOIL
All over the world, problems of black cotton clay have appeared as cracking and break-up of
pavements, railway and highway embankments, roadways, building foundations, irrigation
8
systems, water lines, canal and reservoir linings. The estimated damage was very expensive
to the pavements running over the Black cotton soil sub grades.
Various remedial measures like soil replacement, pre-wetting, moisture control, chemical
stabilization have been practiced with varying degrees of success. Unfortunately the
limitations of these techniques questioned their adaptability in all conditions. So work is
being done all over, to evolve more effective and practical treatment methods, to alleviate the
problems caused to any structures laid on Black cotton soil strata.
Investigation on chemical stabilization (Petry and Armstrong, 1989; Prasada raju, 2001)
revealed that electrolytes like potassium chloride, calcium chloride and ferric chloride may
be effectively used in place of conventionally used fly ash, because of their ready
dissolvability in water and supply of adequate cations for ready cation exchange.
Ashwani Kumar and Mehta (1998); Praveen Kumar and Ashwani Kumar (1999), reported on
the laboratory investigations on the stabilized granulated blast furnace slag in road
construction and concluded that the load carrying capacity of the sub grade has been
improved on addition of GBFS stabilized with lime and cement.
Gendut Hantoro (2000) found that rice husk ash is also a potential material to be utilized for
clayey soil improvement in addition to fly ash or any other pozzolonic materials.
Zhang (2002) undertook an experimental program to study the individual and admixed
effects of lime and fly ash on the geotechnical characteristics of soil. They observed
reduction in free swell and increase in CBR value. Later on it was observed that lime-fly ash
admixtures reduced the water absorption capacity and compressibility of soils.
Phani Kumar and Radhey Sharma (2004) reported that fly ash can be used as an additive in
improving the engineering characteristics of soils. They observed the decrease in plasticity
and hydraulic conductivity and increase in penetration resistance of blends with increase in
fly ash content.
Amir Kalhor (2007) used natural and artificial textiles as a method for homogeneous soil
reinforcing. He used metal fibres in kaolinite clay and found that there is a considerable
increase in the axial compressive strength of soil.
9
1.3. IMPORTANCE OF STABILIZATION

Stabilization is the process of improving the engineering properties of the soil and thus
making it more stable by adding different types of additives.By stabilization, load bearing
capacity of the soil will be enhanced. Soil stabilization is used to take care of the
permeability and compressibility of the soil mass in earth structures and to increase its shear
strength.
There are different types of stabilization. They are
a) Thermal stabilization
b) Mechanical stabilization
c) Cement stabilization
d) Lime stabilization
e) Bituminous stabilization
f) Chemical stabilization
g) Electrical stabilization
Thermal stabilization:T h e r m a l stabilization generally is costly and

i s restricted to conditions for which other method not suitable. Heat may be used
to loss and to decrease the compressib i l i t y o f c o h e s i v e s o i l s . O n e t e c h n i q u e i s t o
b u r n g a s o r fuel in a borehole.F r e e z i n g a w e t s o i l c o n v e r t s i t i n t o a
r i g i d material with considerable strength, but it must bekept frozen. The method is
excellent for a limited excavation area.
10
Fig 1: Thermalstabilisation
Plate 1 - Mechanical stabilisation
Mechanical stabilization includes compaction, and fibrous and other non-biodegradable

reinforcement of geo-materials to improve strength. In applying these techniques, it is
11
necessary to ensure the properties of stabilized geo-materials and their mixtures as applicable
for use in the design of foundations, embankments, shoulders, sub-grades, bases, and surface
courses.
Plate 2 - Cement stabilisation
12
The principal materials used for the cementitious stabilization and modification of highway
pavement materials are lime, fly ash, and portland cement. Whereas lime and Portland
cement are manufactured products, fly ash is a by-product of the burning of coal at electric
power generating stations. As a consequence, fly ash generally exhibits greater variability
than is seen in the other products. By-products such as kiln dust and fluidized bed ash from
various manufacturing and energy generating processes are used to a lesser extent.
Plate 3 - Lime stabilization

13
Lime stabilization is a widely used means of chemically transforming unstable soils into
structurally sound construction foundations.Lime stabilization creates a number of important
engineering properties in soils,including improved strength; improved resistance to fracture,
fatigue, and permanentdeformation; improved resilient properties; reduced swelling; and
resistance to thedamaging effects of moisture. The most substantial improvements in these
properties are seen in moderately to highly plastic soils, such as heavy clays. Although lime
is generally used to transform fine-grained soils permanently, it may be used for shorter-term
soil modification—for example, to provide a working platform at a construction site.
14
Plate 4 - Bituminous stabilization
Bituminous soil stabilization refers to a process bywhich a controlled amount of bituminous

material isthoroughly mixed with an existing soil or aggregatematerial to form a stable base
or wearing surface.
Bitumen increases the cohesion and load-bearingcapacity of the soil and renders it resistant
to the actionof water.
15
Plate 5 - Chemical stabilization
Chemical stabilization includes the use of chemicals and emulsions as compaction aids to
soils, as binders and water repellents, and as a means of modifying the behavior of clay. It
also includes deep mixing and grouting. Chemical stabilization can aid in dust control on
roads and highways, particularly unpaved roads, in water erosion control, and in fixation and
leaching control of waste and recycled materials
16
Plate 6 -Electrical stabilization
Electrical stabilization of cohesive soil is performed using a process known as Electro-osmosis. A

direct current (D.C) is supplied through clayey soil to migrate pore water to negative electrode
(cathode). The strength of such soil is increased substantially as water is removed from it.
Infrastructure projects such as highways, railways, water reservoirs, reclamation etc. requires
earth material in very large quantity. In urban areas, borrow earth is not easily available
which has to be hauled from a long distance. Quite often, large areas are covered with highly
plastic and expansive soil, which is not suitable for such purpose. Extensive laboratory /field
trials have been carried out by various researchers and have shown promising results for
application of such expansive soil after stabilization with additives such as sand, silt, lime,
fly ash, rise husk ash etc.
17
For a successful construction of road network, the pavement should be located on soil, which
requires the least thickness above it. The ancient road building material is soil itself on which
the pavement is placed. Hence for the stability and performance of a road, soil should be
stable and strong. The performance of the pavement largely depends on the strength of the
sub grade. However, in nature problematic soils do exist which are not suitable for any civil
engineering construction even for road pavements. Such soils have to be treated with
different types of materials to produce a new material, which imparts stability and durability
to the soil.
This work presents the result of laboratory investigations carried out to understand the
characteristics of black cotton soil withRice Husk Ash and Fly ash.
1.4. USAGE OF WASTE MATERIALS

Accumulation of various waste materials is now becoming a major concern to the
environmentalists. Earlier all the government policies had been planned to increase the
development of industries but the environmental issues were not concerned. But now, the
situation of environmental pollution has become alarming and it is the foremost task to think
regarding the disposal of waste materials which are generated along with the main product
before finalising any project. The generation, handling and disposal of solid wastes are now a
grave concern in the country. In these circumstances, there is a need to explore the possibility
of utilization of these waste materials in bulk. Road construction is one such sector where it
can be utilized in bulk.
Rice Husk Ash is a byproduct from burning rice husk in Hotels, Canteens, making of bricks
etc. As Rice Husk Ash is freely available, it can be used for stabilization of marine soils for
various usesRice Husk Ash by itself has little cementitious value but in the presence of
moisture it reacts chemically and forms cementitious compounds and attributes to the
improvement of strength and compressibility characteristics of soils.
This work presents the laboratory investigations carried out to understand the characters of
the Black cotton soil when Rice Husk Ashand Lime are added to the soil.
1.5. NEED FOR STUDY
18
The technology of road construction is subjected to changes to cope up with changing

vehicular pattern, construction materials and sub grade condition. Majority of the pavement
failures could be attributed to the presence of poor sub grade conditions and expansive sub
grade is one such problematic situation. Black cotton soils, because of the specific physico-
chemical makeup are subjected to volume changes with changes in their ambient
environment. The losses due to extensive damage to highways running over expansive sub
grade are estimated to be in billions of dollars all over the world. In many countries like
India, these soils are so aerially extensive that alteration of highways routes to avoid the
materials is virtually impossible.
In order that the road network is economical, it should be located on soil, which requires
least pavement thickness above it. The best location, however, is the one, which results in the
minimum total cost of earth works. Hence, there is a growing demand for the construction of
inexpensive roads, which answer the requirements of traffic. To realise the objective, new
methods and new materials of construction have been continuously explored.
Rice Husk Ash is one of the numerous substances that cause air, water and soil pollution,
disrupt ecological cycles and set off environmental hazards. The combustion of powdered
coal in thermal power plants produces fly ash. The high temperature of burning coal turns the
clay minerals present in the coal powder into fused fine particles mainly comprising
aluminium silicate. Fly ash produced thus possesses both ceramic and pozzolonic properties.
So in order to achieve both the needs of improving the Black cotton soils and also to make
use of the industrial wastes in the best possible way the present experimental study has been
taken up by adding rice husk ash and Fly ash to the black soil.
1.6. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the present experimental study are
 To determine the properties of the black cotton soil.
 To evaluate the performance of black cotton soil when stabilized with rice husk
ash as an admixture.
 To evaluate the performance of stabilized black cotton soil with an optimum of
rice husk ash and fly ash as a stabiliser.
19
1.7. ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT

In addition to the present introductory chapter, this work has been presented in six chapters
as follows.
In the second chapter, an overview of various remedial measures to overcome the problems
posed by the black cotton soil is made with a view to identify the deficiencies in the research
carried out so far and defining the specific scope of present study.
Third chapter presents the details of laboratory experimentation, where the material
properties and detailed testing procedures are discussed.
The discussions on the results obtained from the laboratory and in-situ tests were presented
in fourth chapter.
The results are concluded in fifth chapter which gives a brief overview of the work and
summarizes the observed performances ofRice Husk Ash and fly ash.
All the references that were used in this project are included in the seventh chapter.
20
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. GENERAL
1. Introduction
Black cotton soil are found in extensive region of Deccan Trap in Indian. They are of
variable thickness, underlain by black sticky material known as “black soil”.Black cotton soil
when comes in contact with water it either swells or shrinks and resulting in moments to the
structure which are generally not related to direct effect of loading. On account of its high
volumetric changes it is not suitable for construction. It swells and shrinks excessively due to
present of fine clay particles. Alternate swelling and shrinking of soil is responsible for
differential settlement of structure.So black cotton soil must be treated by using suitable
admixtures to stabilize it. In my research work stabilization of black cotton soil is done by
using lime as an admixture. The most common type of stabilization are listed below
 Cement stabilization
 Chemical stabilization
 Bitumen stabilization
 Salt stabilization
2.2. Literature Review
Black cotton soil in India Almost 20% area of is occupied by black cotton soil. These soil are
predominant in states of Andhra Pradesh, Western Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat, Maharashtra,
Northern Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and some parts of Southern Uttar Pradesh (Bundelkhand
area). They are mostly clay soils and form deep cracks during dry season. They are popularly
known as “Black Cotton Soils” because of their dark brown color and suitability for growing
cotton. They are black due to compounds of iron and aluminum. These soils are deficient in
nitrogen, phosphoric acid and organic matter but rich in calcium potash and magnesium.
Characteristics of Black cotton soil Black cotton soil are generally reddish brown to black in
color. They occur 0.50m to 10 m deep possessing high compressibility. Common
characteristics are listed in table-1 ID: NOV151161 290 International Journal of Science and
Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact
Factor (2014): 5.611 Volume 4 Issue 11, November 2015 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under
21
Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Table 1: Characteristics of Black cotton soil S. No.

Property Value 1 Dry density (γd ) 1300- 1800 Kg/m³ 2 Liquid Limit (L.L.) 40 - 120% 3
Plastic Limit (P.L.) 20 - 60% 4 Activity 0.8- 18% 5 Specific Gravity(G) 2.60 - 2.75 6 Proctor
Density 1350- 1600 Kg/m³ 7 OMC ( Max dry density) 20- 35% 8 Free Swell Index 40- 180%
Swelling pressure 50- 800 KN/m² 10 C.B.R. (soaked) 1.2- 4.0 11 Compression Index 0.2- 0.5
Fines(7(Alkaline) 2. Organic Content 0.4 – 204%
3.CaCO3 1- 15%
4. SiO2 50- 55%
5. SiO2 , Al2O3 3- 5%
6.Montmorrilonite Mineral 30- 50% Black cotton soil consists of clay minerals like
Montmorillonite ,Illite and Kaolinite, chemicals like iron oxide and calcium carbonate (in the
form of kankars), and organic matter like humus. Montmorillonite is the predominant
mineral of Black cotton soils. The swelling and shrinkage behaviour of black cotton soil
originate mainly from this mineral are hydrous silicates of aluminum and magnesium .They
are made of sheets of silica (tetrahedral) and alumina (octahedral) stacked on above the other
forming sheet like of flaky particle. Montmorillonite has a three sheeted structure with
expanding lattices. The structure carries negative charge, due to isomorphic substitution of
some aluminum ions by magnesium ions and minerals becomes chemically active. Figure 2:
Structure of Montmorillonite mineral.
2.4 Problem Associated with B. C Soil Due to their peculiar nature Black Cotton soils are
challenge for engineers everywhere in the world, and more so in tropical countries like India
because of wide variation in temperature and because of distinct dry and wet seasons, leading
to wide variations in moisture content of soils. The following problems generally occur in
black cotton soil
High Compressibility: Black Cotton soils are highly plastic and compressible, when they are
saturated. Footing, resting on such soils under goes consolidation settlements of high
magnitude.
Swelling: A structure built in a dry season, when the natural water content is low shows
differential movement as result of soils during subsequent wet season. This causes structures
supported by such swelling soils to lift up and crack.Restriction on having developed
swelling pressures making the structure suitable.
22
Shrinkage: A structure built at the end of the wet season when the natural water content is
high, shows settlement and shrinkage cracks during subsequent dry season. 2.5.Engineering
Properties of B. C. Soil The main engineering properties of soil are permeability, plasticity,
compaction, compressibility and shear strength.
Permeability: The permeability is defined as the property of a porous material which permits
the passage or seepage of water through its interconnecting voids
Plasticity: It is defined as the property of a soil which allows it to be deformed rapidly,

without elastic rebound, without volume change.
Compaction: Compaction is a process by which the soil particles artificially rearrange and
packed together into a closer state of contact by mechanical means in order to decrease the
porosity of the soil and thus increase its dry density.
Compressibility: The property of soil mass pertaining to its susceptibility to decrease in
volume under pressure is known as compressibility.
Shear Strength: It is the resistance to deformation by continuous shear displacement of soil
particles or on masses upon the action of a shear stress.
2.6. Index Properties of B. C. Soil The properties of soil, which are not of primary interest to
the geotechnical engineering, but are indicative of the engineering properties are called index
properties. This includes – Particle Size Analysis: This is method of separation soils into
different fraction bases on particles present into soils. It can be shown graphically on a
particle size distribution curve. Paper ID: NOV151161 291 International Journal of Science
and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 |
Impact Factor (2014): 5.611 Volume 4 Issue 11, November 2015 www.ijsr.net Licensed
Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Specific Gravity: It can be classified as the
ratio of the weights of a given volume of soil solid at a given temperatures of the weight of
an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature both weight being taken in air.
Liquid limit: - It is defined as the minimum water content at which the soil is still in liquid
state but has a small strength against flowing which can be measured by standard available
means.
23
Plastic limit:- It is defined as minimum water content at which soil will just begin to crumble
water rolled into a thread approximately 3mm in diameter, Plasticity index is determined as
difference of L.L. and P.L.
Shrinkage limit: - It is defined as the maximum water content at which a reduction in water
content will not cause a decrease in the volume of soil mass. Figure 3: Interpretation of
Consistency limits.
2.3. Behavior of black cotton soil
The marine clays are highly compressible soft clays and also it exhibits moderate
swelling when comes in contact with moisture.This behavior is due to the
presence of clay minerals with expanding lattice structure. The marine clay is
very hard when it is dry but loses its strength on wetting. The marine clay got
cracks as shown in the fig2.3 on drying and in the worst cases the width of the
cracks is almost 250 mm to 500 mm and travel down to 1.00m beneath the
ground level.
The consistency limits of the marine clay are as follows:

Liquid limit is 74%,
Plasticity index is 47%,
Shrinkage limit is 12% and
Specific gravity 2.62.
24
2.5. STABILISATION OF BLACK COTTON SOILS
Soil stabilization is a procedure where natural or manufactured additives or binders are used
to improve the properties of soils. Chemical additives, such as lime, cement, Rice Husk Ash,
and other chemical compounds have been used in black cotton soil stabilization for many
years with various degrees of success.
The clay minerals have the property of absorbing certain anions and cations and retaining
them in an exchangeable state. The exchangeable ions are held around the outside of the
silica-alumina clay mineral structural unit.
Compositional variation through ionic or isomorphism substitution within the clay mineral
crystal lattice can leave the structural unit with a net negative charge. Substitution also
reduces the crystal size and alters its shape. Exposed hydroxyl groups and broken surface
bonds can also lead to a net negative charge on the structural unit. The presence of this net
negative charge means that soluble cations can be attracted or adsorbed on to the surface of
25
the clay mineral structural units without altering the basic structure of the clay mineral. The
ability of clay to hold cations is termed as its cation exchange capacity. The most common
soluble cations are Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H+, and NH4+.
Cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.) has major significance in determining clay mineral
properties, particularly the facility with which they adsorb water. Cation exchange capacity
(C.E.C.) measures two of the fundamental properties of clays:
1. The surface area and the charge on this surface area.
2. The surface of clay can be of two sorts; external and internal.
The external exchange capacity measures nothing more than the average crystalline size. The
surface capacity of adsorption is largely dependent upon broken bonds and surface growth
defects.
Fig8:Different Types of Exchange Sites on Clay Particles,

Surface and Absorbed Ion Interlayer Sites
The internal exchange capacity is much more interesting in that it reflects the overall charge
imbalance on the layer structure and the absorption capacity of the clays. The exchange
capacity is an estimate of both the number of ions adsorbed between the layers of a clay
structure and of those adsorbed on the outer surfaces. C.E.C., measured in terms of milli
equivalent of the atomic weight of solvent/100 gram of the dry solid, which varies widely for
various types of clay minerals.
The exchange capacity is almost always measured as a function of the number of cations
(positively charged) which can be measured on the clay surface once it is washed free of
exchange salt solution. The operation is performed by immersing a quantity of clay in an
26
aqueous solution containing a salt, usually chloride or ammonium hydroxide. The soluble
ions adsorbed with the water onto the interlayer structure can affect the adsorbed water
arrangement in several ways. Principally, they act as a bond of varying strength holding the
structural layer together and controlling the thickness of adsorbed water. Their effectiveness
will depend on the size and charge. Thus Na+, K+ will tend to be weak and a clay-water
system containing these ions will be capable of adsorbing large amounts of water. Ca2+,
Mg2+, on the other hand, will have stronger links and a clay-water system containing them
will possess substantially lower water content. Inclusion of Fe3+ or Al3+ would reduce the
water content and plasticity and this is in fact the basis of the electro-chemical or electro-
osmotic method of clay stabilization
In this study, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS), Granulated Blast Furnace Slag-FeCl3
Blends (GBFS-FeCl3) will be utilized as cementitiousmaterials while trying to stabilize the
marine clay sample.
2.6.RICE HUSK ASH
Rice milling generates a by-product know as husk. This surrounds the paddy grain. During
milling of paddy about 78% of weight is received as rice, broken rice and bran. Rest 22% of
the weight of paddy is received as husk. This husk is used as fuel in the rice mills to generate
steam for the parboiling process. This husk contains about 75% organic volatile matter and
the balance 25% of the weight of this husk is converted into ash during the firing process, is
known as Rice Husk Ash (RHA). This RHA in turn contains around 85% - 90% amorphous
silica.So for every 1000 kg of paddy milled, about 220 kg (22%) of husk is produced, and
when this husk is burnt in the boilers, about 55 kg (25%) of RHA is generated. India is a
major rice producing country, and the husk generated during milling is mostly used as a fuel
in the boilers for processing paddy, producing energy through direct combustion and/ or by
gasification. An about 20 million tone of RHA is produced annually. This RHAis a great
environmental threat causing damage to the land and the surrounding area in which it is
dumped. Lots of ways are being thought of for disposing them by making commercial use of
this RHA.
27
TABLE 2.1 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF RICE HUSK ASH
S. No PROPERTY % FINER
1 Grain size distribution 4.75 mm 100
(percent finer than) 2.0 mm 96
0.6 mm 80
0.425 mm 50
0.21 mm 29
0.075 mm 8
TABLE 2.2 COMPOSITION OF RICE HUSK ASH
CONSTITUENTS COMPOSITION
SiO2 86 %
Al2O3 2.6%
Fe2O3 1.8%
CaO 3.6%
MgO 0.27%
Loss in ignition 4.2%
Plate 8 - Rice Husk Ash
28
2.7.USES OF RICE HUSK ASH

a) As a stabilizer
The Rice Husk Ash would appear to be an inert material with the silica in the crystalline
form suggested by the structure of the particles, it is very unlikely that it would react with
lime to form calcium silicates. It is also unlikely that it would be as reactive as Rice Husk
Ash, which is more finely divided. So Rice Husk Ash would give great results when it used
as a stabilizing material.
b) In lightweight fill
The ash would appear to be a very suitable light weight fill and should not present great
difficulties in compaction, provided its initial moisture content is kept within reasonable
limits (say less than 50%). The very high angle of internal friction of the material will mean
that its stability will be high. However, its lack of cohesion may lead to problems in
construction due to erosion and shearing under heavy rollers. To overcome these it will
probably be desirable to place a 3 to 6 inch thick blanket layer of cohesive material every 2 to
3 ft.
29
c) Other uses
The low density of the compacted Rice Husk Ash over a wide range of moisture contents,
coupled with small pore size and high permeability should make the material very suitable as
a final filter for water supply. Unburnt Rice Hull might be used as a first stage filter. Because
of their cheapness, both materials could be replaced frequently if necessary.The low
compacted Rice Husk Ash would suggest its use in light weight concrete.
2.8.FLY ASH
Fly ash produced in modern power stations of India is of good quality as it contains low
sulphur & very low unburnt carbon i.e. less loss on ignition. In order to make fly ash
available for various applications, most of the new thermal power stations have set up dry fly
ash evacuation & storage system. In this system fly ash from Electrostatic Precipitators
(ESP) is evacuated through pneumatic system and stored in silos. From silos, it can be loaded
in open truck/ closed tankers or can be bagged through suitable bagging machine. In the ESP,
there are 6 to 8 fields (rows) depending on the design of ESP. The field at the boiler end is
called as first field & counted subsequently 2 , 3 onwards. The field at chimney end is called
as last field. The coarse particles of fly ash are collected in first fields of ESP. The fineness of
fly ash particles increases in subsequent fields of ESP. Pulverized Fuel Ash is versatile
resource material and can be utilized in variety of application. The pozzolanic property of fly
ash makes it a resource for making cement and other ash based products. The Geo-technical
properties of bottom ash, pond ash & coarse fly ash allow it to use in construction of
embankments, structural fills, reinforced fills low lying area development etc. The physico
chemical properties of pond ash is similar to soil and it contains P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mo,
and Fe, etc. which are essential nutrients for plant growth. These properties enable it to be
used as a soil amender & source of micronutrients in agriculture /soil amendment.
30
2.9.Summary
In this chapter the experience of the various researchers in the field of black cotton soils,Rice
Husk Ash, fly ash and other admixtures were presented.
In the next chapter details of laboratory experimentation carried out will be discussed.
31
Chapter 3
STUDY METHODOLOGY
3.1GENERAL
A brief literature on various problems posed by black cotton soil for the civil engineering
structures have been discussed in the previous chapter. An outline of soil investigation and
the test procedure adopted in the course of the investigation are discussed in this chapter.
This chapter also presents the results obtained from various laboratory tests
3.1.1.Variables taken for the study:

The study is carried out on black cotton soil, black cotton soil+Rice Husk Ash and Fly ash.
Rice Husk Ash and Fly ashwas varied in the following percentages.
Rice Husk Ashand Fly ash was varied in percentages of 15%, 18% and 21% by Weight of
black cotton soil throughout the experiments.
There after fly ash was added to the optimum mix of black cotton soil and rice husk ash in
the ratio of 3:1by weight of the total mix.
3.2 MATERIAL USED
3.2.1. Black Cotton Soil
The soil used in this study is black cotton soil, obtained from medchal lake, collected at a
depth of 1.5m from ground level. The Index &Engineering properties of black cotton soil are
determined as per IS code of practice and determined & presented in table 3.2.
3.2.2. Rice Husk Ash
Locally available Rice Husk Ash was used in the present work. The physical properties are
determined and presented in Table 3.3.
3.2.3. Fly ash
Commercial grade Fly ash mainly consisting of 58.67% CaO and 7.4% Silica was used in the
study.
32
3.3.LABORATORY STUDIES
The laboratory studies were carried out on the samples of BC soil, BC soil + Rice Husk
Ash+Fly ash mixes.
a) Liquid limit
Liquid limit test was conducted on Black cotton soil, Black cotton soil+20% Rice Husk Ash,
usingCasagrande’s liquid limit apparatus as per the procedures laid down in IS: 2720 part 4
(1970).
Fig 10: Liquid limit apparatus
b) plastic limit
Plastic limit test was conducted on Black cotton soil, Black cotton soil+20% Rice Husk Ash
as per the specifications laid down in IS: 2720 part 4 (1970).
33
Fig 11: Plastic Limit
c) Shrinkage limit
This test is also conducted on to Black cotton soil, Black cotton soil+Rice Husk Ashas per
IS: 2720 part 4 (1972).
d) Free swell index

This test is performed by pouring slowly 10 gms of dry soil, 10 gms of (soil+ Rice
Husk Ash+ Fly ash) passing through 425 micron sieve, in two different 100 cc glass jar filled
with distilled water. The swollen volume of Black cotton soil, Black cotton soil-Rice Husk
Ash mixes are recorded as per IS 2720 part 40 (1985).
Final volume – Initial volume

Free swell (%) =--------------------------------------- *100
Initial volume
34
e) Proctor’s standard compaction Test
Preparation of soil sample for proctor’s compaction test was done as per IS: 2720 part-6
(1974).
f) Unconfined compressive strength

The unconfined compressive strength tests are conducted on Black cotton soil, Black cotton
soil+ Rice Husk Ash+ Fly ash mixes, Black cotton soil+ Rice Husk Ash mixture as per IS
2720 part 10 (1973). All the samples are prepared by static compaction using split mould at
Optimum moisture content and Maximum dry density to maintain same initial dry density
and water content. The test was conducted under a constant strain rate of 1.5mm/min. The
proving ring reading is noted for 50 divisions, and loading was continued until 3 (or) more
reading are decreasing (or) constant (or) strain 20% has been reach. The samples of Black
cotton soil –additive mixes were cured 4days, 7days and 28days curing period and at the end
of each curing period the samples were tested. Three samples for each mix were tested.
35
h) California bearing ratio Test

The California bearing ratio tests are conducted on Black cotton soil, Black cotton soil+ Rice
Husk Ash mix, Black cotton soil + Rice Husk Ash mixtures as per IS 2720 part 16 (1979).
The test was conducted under a constant strain rate of 1.25mm/min. The proving ring reading
is noted for 50 divisions, and loading was continued until 3 (or) more readings are decreasing
(or) constant. The test was conducted at Optimum moisture content. The samples were tested
both soaked and unsoaked conditions. The tests were conducted at time interval of curing for
4 days, 7days and 14 days.
36
3.4. Laboratory Testing
3.4.1. Grain Size Analysis (Sieve Analysis)

The weight of soil fraction aggregate retained on each standard sieve is calculated as the
percentage of the total weight of the sample taken. The grain size distribution of
soils/aggregates is an essential requisite in material characterization. Indian standard codes of
practice I.S:1498-1970.
Fig 12: Sieve Analysis

Dry sieve analysis is suitable for cohesion less soils and if the soil contains a substantial
quantity of fine particles, a wet sieve analysis is required.
3.4.2. Water content

The water content is defined as the ratio of the mass of water to the mass of solids. The water
content is also known as the moisture content. It is expressed as percentage and used as
decimal in computation.
The water content of a soil is an important parameter that controls its behaviour. It is a
quantitative measure of the wetness of a soil mass. The water content of a soil can be
determined by many methods of which oven drying method has been adopted. In this method
37
the soil sample in the container is dried in an oven at a temperature of 110°±5°C for 24
hours.
Water content, w= Mw/ Ms = (M2-M3)/ (M3-M1)
Where M1 = mass of container, with lid
M2 = mass of container, lid and wet soil
M3 = mass of container, lid and dry soil
3.4.3. Consistency Limits & Indices

The physical properties of fine grained soils, especially of clay differ much at different water
contents. Clay may be almost in a liquid state, or it may show plastic behaviours or may be
very stiff depending on the moisture content. Plasticity is a property of clayey soils, which
may be explained as the ability to undergo changes in shape without rupture.Indian Standard
codes of practice I.S: 2720 (Part V) – 1985: I.S: 2720 (Part VI)-1972).
Identification and Classification of Soils:
Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index are two of the important properties for the identification
and classification of fine grained soils. Classification of silty and clayey soils by the HRB
and Unified soils classification systems are based on Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index.
Compressibility:
The Liquid Limit of clay indicates its compressibility. Higher the liquid limit, higher is the
compressibility.The compression index of normally consolidated clay is found to be
dependent on the liquid limit.
3.4.3.1 Liquid Limit Test

Liquid limit is the water content at which the soil changes from the liquid state to the plastic
state. At the liquid limit, the clay is practically like a liquid, but possesses a small shearing
strength. The shearing strength at that stage is the smallest value that can be measured in the
laboratory.
Liquid limit is the moisture content at which 25 blows in standard liquid limit apparatus will
just close a groove of standard dimensions cut in the sample by the grooving tool by a
specified amount. The flow curve is plotted in the log-scale on the x-axis, and the water
38
content in the arithmetic scale on the y-axis. The flow curve is straight line drawn on this
semi-logarithmic plot, a nearly as possible through three or more plotted points. The moisture
content corresponding to 25 blows is read from this curve rounded off to the nearest whole
number and is reported as the liquid limit of the soil.
3.4.3.2 Plastic Limit

Plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil when rolled into thread of smallest
diameter possible, starts crumbling and has a diameter of 3 mm.
The Plastic Limit (Wp) is expressed as a whole number by obtaining the mean of the moisture
contents of the plastic limit. Plasticity Index (P.I) is calculated as the difference between
liquid limit and plastic limit. This gives an idea about the clay content in a soil. Plasticity
Index increases with clay content.
Plasticity Index = liquid limit – plastic limit

Ip = Wl - Wp
3.4.3.3 Shrinkage Limit

Shrinkage Limit is the maximum water content at which a reduction in water content will not
cause a decrease in volume of the soil. It is also the minimum moisture content to keep a soil
saturated without increase in volume.
This gives an idea about the shrinkage or swelling which is likely to take place after being
compacted at specified moisture content. If a soil is compacted at its OMC which happens to
be higher than its shrinkage limit (as in heavy clays) the compacted soil mass will shrink on
drying after compaction.
Moisture content of the soil paste taken in the shrinkage dish is calculated.
 w  w2 
w%   1  x100 percent
 w2  w3 
Where w1,w2 and w3 are respectively the weights of dish plus wet soil, dish plus dry soil
and dish only.
v  v0
Shrinkage limit ws is calculated from the relation ws  w  ( ) x100
w0
Where,
39
w = moisture content of paste forming wet pat, %

v = volume of wet pat, cm3
w0 = weight of oven dry pat = (w2-w3) gm
Shrinkage ratio, R is given by R = w0/v0
3.4.4. Compaction Test

From the compaction test, the maximum dry density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content
(OMC) of the soil are found for the selected type and amount of compaction. Indian standard
codes of practice I.S:2720 (Part VIII – 1983). The weight of mould with moist compacted
soil is W gm.
Weight of empty mould = Wmgm
Volume of mould = Vm cc
w  wm
Wet density,  m  g / cc Let the moisture content be = w%
vm
Then dry density,  d 

m w  wm 
 g / cc
 w   w 
1   v m 1  
 100   100 
 The OMC of the soil indicated the particular moisture content at which the soil should
be compacted to achieve maximum dry density. If the compacting effort applied is
less, the OMC increases and the value can again be found experimentally or
estimated.
 In field compaction, the compacting moisture content is first controlled at OMC and
the adequacy of rolling or compaction is controlled by checking the dry density
achieved and comparing with the maximum dry density. Thus compaction test results
(OMC and maximum dry density) are used in the field control test in the compaction
projects.
 Compaction, in general in considered most useful in the preparation of sub grade and
other pavement layers and in construction of embankments in order to increase the
stability and to decrease settlement. There is also a soil classification method based on
the maximum dry density in thestandard(proctor compaction test lower values
indicating weaker soil).
40
3.4.5. California Bearing Ratio Test(CBR)

The CBR is a measure of shearing resistance of the material under controlled density and
moisture conditions. The load-penetration curve for each specimen is plotted on natural scale.
The load values at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm are obtained from the load penetration curve to
compute CBR values using the following equation.
CBR Testing:
CBR(%)= Load carried by soil sample at defined penetration level * 100
Load carried by standard crushed stones at the above penetration level
Based on extensive CBR test data collected, empirical design charts were developed by the
California State Highway Department, correlating the CBR value and flexible pavement
thickness requirement. For various traffic volumes different design thickness curves are
available.
3.4.6. Tri-axial Test

Shear tests are generally carried out on small samples in the laboratory to evaluate the
strength properties of the element in the soil mass. The strength parameters, namely the
cohesion and angle of shearing resistance are usually found from these tests.
The tri axial test specimen is subjected to the all-round pressure equal to the lateral pressure,
σ3 and the applied vertical stress or deviator stress σdsuch that the total vertical stress is σ1 =
σd+ σ3. Mohr stress circles are plotted at normal stress intercepts σ3 and σ1 or with diameters
equal to deviator stresses. From the Mohr’s envelope, the cohesion C and the angle of
internal friction φ of the soil can be derived.
 The shear strength parameters C and φ of the materials may be used to find the
shearing resistance of the material, using Coulomb’s equation.
S = C + σ tan
 In flexible pavement design, the E value of sub grade soils is to be found from triaxial
test.
 Triaxial test is used in the design of bituminous mixes.
41
3.4.7. Specific Gravity Test

Specific gravity of solid particles (G) is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of
solids to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4°C.
The specific gravity of solid particles can be determined in a laboratory using a density bottle
fitted with a stopper. The mass of bottle, including that of stopper, is taken. About 5-10g of
oven dry sample of soil is taken in bottle and weighed. Distilled water is then added to cover
the sample. The soil is allowed to soak. More water is added until the bottle is half full. Air
entrapped in the soil is expelled by applying a vacuum pressure in vacuum desiccators. More
water is added to the bottle to make it full. The stopper is inserted and the mass is taken. The
bottle is emptied, washed and then refilledwith distilled water. The bottle must be filled to
the same mark as in the previous case. The mass of water filled with water is taken.
Fig 14: Specific Gravity Apparatus

G = (M2-M1)/ [(M2-M1) – (M3-M4)]
Where M1=Mass of Empty bottle
M2=Mass of bottle and dry soil
M3=Mass of bottle, soil and water
M4=Mass of bottle filled with water.
42
3.5. PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL
3.5.1. General
The soil was initially air dried prior to the testing.The tests were conducted in the laboratory
on the Black cotton soil to the study the behaviour of black cotton soil, when it was
untreated, treated (with chemicals, GBFS and reinforcement techniques) for the modal
flexible pavements and also for the foundation soil beds. The following tests were
conducted as per IS Codes of practice.
i. The grain size distribution
ii. Index properties –Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Shrinkage Limit
iii. Swell Tests- Differential Free swell, Swell Pressure
iv. Strength tests- California bearing ratio
3.5.2. various l characteristics of soil

The following properties were observed from visual classification in dry condition.
Colour -- Black colour
Odour -- Odour of decaying vegetation
Texture -- Fine grained
Dry strength -- Medium
Plasticity --Highly plastic
Classification --Highly Compressible Clay (CH)
43
Table 3.2. Physical properties of Black cotton soil

SI. No Property Symbol Value
1 Gravel 0%
2 Sand 14 %
Silt 30 %
3 Fines Clay 56 %
4 Liquid Limit WL 74 %
5 Plastic Limit WP 27 %
6 Plastic Index IP 47 %
7 Shrinkage limit Ws 12 %
8 Soil Classification CH
9 Specific Gravity G 2.38
10 Differential Free Swell DFS 70 %
11 Optimum Moisture Content O.M.C. 36 %
12 Maximum Dry Density M.D.D. 1.27 gm/cc
13 Cohesion C 12 .20 t/m2
14 Angle of Internal Friction  2.50
15 CBR Value (soaked) 1.754 %
3.6 PROPERTIES OF RHA

Table 3.3 Grain Size of Rice Husk Ash
S. No PROPERTY VALUE
1 Grain size distribution 4.75 mm 100
(percent finer than) 2.0 mm 96
0.6 mm 80
0.425 mm 50
44
0.21 mm 29
0.075 mm 8
TABLE 3.4 CONSTITUENTS & COMPOSITION OF RICE HUSK ASH

CONSTITUENTS Composition
SiO2 86 %
Al2O3 2.6%
Fe2O3 1.8%
CaO 3.6%
MgO 0.27%
Loss in ignition 4.2%
45
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSIONS ON RESULTS
4.1. GENERAL
Details of the laboratory experimentation carried out with different combinations of materials
have been discussed in the previous chapter. In this chapter a detailed discussion on the
results obtained from various laboratory tests are presented.
4.2. LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

To find the optimum percentage of Rice Husk Ash and fly ash with black cotton soil, CBR
tests are conducted by using different proportions of soil and Rice Husk Ash.
4.3. PROCTOR COMPACTION AND CBR TEST RESULTS FOR SOIL AND
RICE HUSK ASH
Proctor compaction test results

Compaction tests were conducted to get the OMC and MDD of the mix of different
proportions of soil,Rice Husk Ash and Fly ash using standard proctor compaction machine.
46
(a) Compaction test results of only soil
Table 4.1 Optimum moisture content and dry density

SI.no Water Content (%) Dry Density(g/cc)
1. 10 1.28
2. 15 1.29
3. 20 1.32
4. 25 1.36
5 30 1.33
compaction test results of only soil

1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
Dry density 1.32
1.31
1.3
1.29
1.28
1.27
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
water content
Optimum moisture content = 1.36 gm/cc
Maximum dry density = 25.00%
47
Compaction test results of soil with material
a) SOIL+15%of ( Rice husk ash +Fly ash)

1. 15 1.25
2. 20 1.36
3. 25 1.27
4. 30 1.24
compaction test at material 15%
1.38
1.36
1.34
1.32
Dry
1.3
density
1.28
1.26
1.24
1.22
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
water content
CHART 1: compaction curve for soil+ rice husk ash +Fly ash
Optimum Moisture Content = 20.00%

Maximum Dry Density = 1.36gm/cc
48
(b) SOIL+18% of (Rice Husk Ash+ Fly ash)

SI.No Water Content (%) Dry Density(g/cc)
1. 15 1.2
2. 20 1.25
3. 25 1.32
4. 30 1.27
compaction test at 18% Material

1.34
1.32
1.3
1.28
dry density 1.26

1.24
1.22
1.2
1.18
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
water content
CHART2: compaction curve for Soil + Rice Husk Ash + Fly ash
Optimum Moisture Content = 25%

Maximum Dry Density = 1.320 gm/cc
49
(C)SOIL+21% of (Rice Husk Ash +Fly ash)

Sl.no Water Content (%) Dry Density(g/cc)
1. 15 1.3
2. 20 1.32
3. 25 1.4
4. 30 1.37
Compaction test at 21%of material

1.42
1.4
1.38
Dry density
1.36
1.34
1.32
1.3
1.28
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Water content
CHART 3: compaction curve for soil + Rice Husk Ash +Fly ash
Optimum Moisture Content = 25%

50
4.4 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST RESULTS OF BLACK

COTTON SOIL
Sample 1
 Soil type : black soil

 Weight of soil :200 grams
 Diameter of mould:38.1 mm
 Height of mould :72 mm
 Area of mould :1140.09 mm
Black cotton soil at 0% of material:
Dial change proven

guage in Strain guage Load Aͦ Area Stress
SL reading length reading
no. ∆L Ε=∆L/L
1 0 0 0 0 0 1134.114 0 0
2 50 0.15 0.0065 7 183.24 1134.114 1141.533 0.160
3 100 1 0.0131 79 206.80 1134.114 1149.168 0.179
4 150 1.5 0.0197 90 235.60 1134.114 1156.905 0.203
5 200 2 0.0263 106 277.486 1134.114 1164.746 0.238
6 250 2.5 0.0358 119 311.518 1134.114 1172.57 0.265
7 300 3 0.0394 126 329.84 1134.114 1180.63 0.279
8 350 3.5 0.046 147 384.81 1134.114 1188.79 0.323
UCC Test of BC soil
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
STRESS
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
STRAIN
51
Strength after 0 days at 21% of material :
Dial change proven

SL reading length Ε=∆L/L reading
no. ∆L
1 0 0 0 0 0 1134.114 0 0
2 50 0.15 0.0065 91 238.219 1134.114 1141.533 0.210
3 100 1 0.0131 212 554.973 1134.114 1149.168 0.482
4 150 1.5 0.0197 337 882.19 1134.114 1156.905 0.762
5 200 2 0.0263 441 1154.45 1134.114 1164.746 0.991
6 250 2.5 0.0358 507 1327.22 1134.114 1172.57 0.171
7 300 3 0.0394 612 1602.09 1134.114 1180.63 0.356
8 325 3.25 0.046 653 1709.42 1134.114 1184.70 0.442
UCC Test of BC soil

1.6
1.4
1.2
STRESS 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
STRAIN
The graph showing results of unconfined compression test results of 21% of material at 0
days of curing.
52
Dial change proven

no. ∆L Ε=∆L/L
1 0 0 0 0 0 1134.114 1134.114 0
2 50 0.5 0.0065 31 81.15 1134.114 1141.533 0.07
3 100 1 0.0131 97 253.92 1134.114 1149.168 0.22
4 150 1.5 0.0197 202 528.79 1134.114 1156.905 0.457
5 200 2 0.0263 311 814.136 1134.114 1164.746 0.698
6 250 2.5 0.0358 429 1123.036 1134.114 1172.524 0.957
7 300 3 0.0394 521 1363.87 1134.114 1180.63 1.155
8 350 3.5 0.046 613 1604.71 1134.114 1188.798 1.34
9 385 3.85 0.0526 670 1753.92 1134.114 1194.558 1.468
UCC Test of BC soil

1.6
1.4
1.2
STRESS 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
STRAIN
53

Dial change proven
no. ∆L Ε=∆L/L
1 0 0 0 0 0 1134.114 1134.114 0
2 50 0.5 0.0065 9 23.56 1134.114 1141.533 0.0206
3 100 1 0.0131 32 83.76 1134.114 1149.168 0.072
4 150 1.5 0.0197 152 397.90 1134.114 1156.905 0.343
5 200 2 0.0263 310 811.51 1134.114 1164.746 0.696
6 250 2.5 0.0358 440 1157.83 1134.114 1172.57 0.982
7 300 3 0.0394 600 1570.68 1134.114 1180.63 1.330
8 350 3.5 0.046 745 1950.20 1134.114 1188.79 1.640
9 400 4 0.0526 860 2251.308 1134.114 1194.08 1.884
10 450 4.5 0.0592 950 2486.91 1134.114 1205.79 2.663
11 470 4.7 0.0618 995 2604.71 1134.114 1208.08 2.15
UCC Test of BC soil

3
2.5
STRESS 1.5
0.5
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
STRAIN
54
Dial change proven

guage in Strain guage Load Aͦ Area stress
no. ∆L Ε=∆L/L
1 0 0 0 0 0 1134.114 1134.114 0
2 50 0.5 0.0065 25 65.44 1134.114 1141.533 0.057
3 100 1 0.0131 102 268.32 1134.114 1149.168 0.233
4 150 1.5 0.0197 228 596.85 1134.114 1156.905 0.515
5 200 2 0.0263 368 963.35 1134.114 1164.746 0.827
6 250 2.5 0.0358 479 1253.92 1134.114 1172.524 1.069
7 300 3 0.0394 584 1528.79 1134.114 1180.63 1.294
8 350 3.5 0.046 679 1803.66 1134.114 1188.798 1.517
9 400 4 0.0526 822 2151.83 1134.114 1194.558 1.797
UCC Test of BC soil

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
STRESS 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
STRAIN
55
4.5. PROCTOR COMPACTION RESULTS FOR BLACK COTTON

SOILWITH VARIOUS PERCENTAGES OF FLY ASH AND RIE
HUSK ASH
Table 4.9 Optimum moisture content and dry density values of
75%Soil+25%Rice Husk Ash+4%Fly ash

1. 29.13 1.032
2. 32.60 1.087
3. 38.30 1.113
4. 44.60 1.094
5. 49.30 0.965
75%Black cotton soil+25% RHA+4%Fly ash

1.14
1.12
1.1
1.08
dry density (g/cc)
1.06
1.04
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
water content (%)
CHART13: compaction curve for 75%soil + 25%Rice Husk Ash+4%Fly ash

56
Table 4.10 Optimum moisture content and dry density values of 75%Soil+25%Rice
Husk Ash+5%Fly ash
1. 30.33 1.114
2. 33.47 1.137
3. 39.48 1.198
4. 41.58 1.164
5. 43.55 1.126

1.21
1.2
1.19
1.18
dry density (g/cc)
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.1
0 20 40 60
water content (%)

57
Husk Ash+6%Fly ash
1. 28.32 1.219
2. 32.07 1.238
3. 37.48 1.311
4. 42.85 1.267
5. 48.93 1.119

1.35
1.3
dry density (g/cc)
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
water content (%)

58
Husk Ash+7%Fly ash
1. 18.56 1.346
2. 21.36 1.394
3. 22.68 1.401
4. 23.65 1.386
5. 23.21 1.342

1.41
1.4
1.39
dry density (g/cc)
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
0 20 40
water content (%)

59
Husk Ash+8%Fly ash

1. 18.63 1.364
2. 20.05 1.396
3. 21.03 1.421
4. 22.98 1.395
5. 26.56 1.376

Husk Ash+9%Fly ash

1. 16.35 1.376
2. 19.36 1.403
3. 20.65 1.432
4. 23.56 1.412
5. 26.78 1.395
60

1.44
1.43
1.42
dry density (g/cc)
1.41
1.4
1.39
1.38
1.37
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
water content (%)

Husk Ash+10% Fly ash

1. 17.53 1.343
2. 19.64 1.387
3. 19.96 1.412
4. 21.36 1.382
5. 23.65 1.322
61
75%Black cotton soil+25% RHA+10% Fly ash

1.42
1.41
1.4
1.39
dry density (g/cc)
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.31
0 20 40
water content (%)
Optimum Moisture Content =19.96 %

Table 4.16.Variation of MDD values with Fly ash
Mix proportion Water Content (%) MDD (%)

100%Soil+25%RHA+4%Flyash 38.30 1.113
100%Soil+25%RHA+5%Flyash 39.48 1.198
100%Soil+25%RHA+6Fly ash 37.48 1.311
100%Soil+25%RHA+7%Flyash 22.68 1.401
100%Soil+25%RHA+8%Flyash 21.03 1.421
100%Soil+25%RHA+9%Flyash 20.65 1.432
100%Soil+25%RHA+10%Flyash 19.96 1.412
62
CHART20: Variation of MDD with Fly ash
4.6. CBR RESULTS FOR BLACK COTTON SOILWITH VARIOUS

PERCENTAGES OF FLY ASH AND RICE HUSK ASH
(1)CBR Curve for 75% soil + 25% Rice Husk Ash + 4%Fly ash
SOAKED CBR FOR 75%BC+25%RHA+ 4%FLY ASH
72.28
62.28
52.28
Load(kg)
42.28
32.28
22.28
12.28
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.5
Penetration(mm)
CHART21: CBR curve for 75% Soil + 25% Rice Husk Ash+ 4%Fly ash
Soaked CBR:3.136 %
(2)CBR Curve for 75% soil + 25% Rice Husk Ash + 5%Fly ash
SOAKED CBR FOR 75%MC+25%RHA+ 5%FLY ASH
68.42
63.42
58.42
53.42
48.42
Load(kg)
43.42
38.42
33.42
28.42
23.42
18.42
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.5
Penetration(mm)
63
CHART22: CBR curve for 75% Soil + 25% Rice Husk Ash+ 5%FlyAsh
Soaked CBR: 3.136 %
(3)CBR Curve for 75% soil + 25% Rice Husk Ash + 6%FlyAsh
SOAKED CBR FOR 75%BC+25%RHA+ 6%FLYASH
78.42
68.42
58.42
Load(kg)
48.42
38.42
28.42
18.42
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.5
Penetration (mm)
SOAKED CBR FOR 75%BC+25%RHA+ 7%FlyAsh
88.42
78.42
68.42
Load(kg)
58.42
48.42
38.42
28.42
18.42
0.5 5.5 10.5 15.5
Penetration(mm)
64
CHART24: CBR curve for 75%Black cotton Soil + 25% Rice Husk Ash+7%FlyAsh
Soaked CBR: 3.384%
(5)CBR Curve for 75%Black cotton soil + 25% Rice Husk Ash + 8%FlyAsh
72.28
62.28
52.28
Load(kg)
42.28
32.28
22.28
12.28
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.5
Penetration(mm)
Soaked CBR:3.136%

170.7
150.7
130.7
Load(kg)
110.7
90.7
70.7
50.7
30.7
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.5
Penetration (mm)
65
Soaked CBR: 9.632%
138.4
118.4
98.4
Load(kg)
78.4
58.4
38.4
18.4
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.5
Penetration(mm)
CHART27: CBR curve for 75% Soil + 25% Rice Husk Ash+ 10% FlyAsh
Soaked CBR: 6.272%
Table 4.17.Variation of Soaked CBR values of BC+RHA+FLYASH
(75%MC+25%RHA+) Water Content (%) Soaked CBR

4%FlyAsh 38.3 3.136
5% FlyAsh 39.48 3.136
6% FlyAsh 37.48 4.256
7% FlyAsh 22.68 3.584
8% FlyAsh 21.03 3.136
9% FlyAsh 20.65 9.632
10% FlyAsh 19.96 6.272
66
Variation of CBR with FlyAsh

12
10
8
CBR (%)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
FlyAsh (%)
CHART28: Variation of soaked CBR values of BC+ RHA+ FlyAsh
4.7. Summary
The laboratory test results have been discussed in this chapter. The summary of work done
and scope of further work will be presented in the next chapter.
67
Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS
5.1. GENERAL
In this chapter the summary of the work carried out is presented along with the conclusions
drawn from the laboratory study. The scope for further research in this area is also suggested
at the end.
5.2. CONCLUSIONS
 It is noticed that the liquid limit of the black cotton soil has been decreased by 16.21% on
addition of 25% Rice Husk Ash and it has been further decreased by 29.86% when 9%
Fly ash is added.
 It is observed that the plastic limit of the black cotton soil has been improved by 7.40%
on addition of 25% Rice Husk Ash and it has been further improved by 16.29% when
9% Fly ash is added.
 It is observed that the plasticity index of the Black cotton soil has been decreased by
29.78% on addition of 25% Rice Husk Ashand it has been further decreased by 56.38%
when 9% Fly ash is added.
 It is found that the O.M.C of the Black cotton soil has been decreased by 18.52% on
addition of 25% Rice Husk Ashand it has been further decreased by 42.63% when 9%
Fly ash is added.
 It is found that the M.D.D of the Black cotton soil has been improved by 17.00% on
addition of 25% Rice Husk Ashand it has been improved by 12.70% when 9% Fly ash is
added.
 It is observed that the C.B.R. value of the Black cotton soil has been increased by
282.0% on addition of 25% Rice Husk Ash and it has been further improved by 449.14%
when 9% Fly ash is added.
 It is observed that the DFS value of the Black cotton soil has been decreased by 72.80%
on addition of 25% Rice Husk Ash and it has been further decreased by 77.28% when
9% Fly ash is added.
68
The soaked CBR of the soil on stabilizing is found to be 9.632 and is satisfying standard
specifications. So finally it is concluded from the above results that the stabilized Black
cotton soil is suitable to use as sub grade material for the pavement construction and also for
various foundations of buildings.
5.3. FURTHER SCOPE OF WORK

The following areas are identified as those having scope for further research
1. Similar work can be done using other additives and also admixtures to arrive the
optimum combination used in construction of pavements on black cotton soil sub
grades.
2. The reinforcement Technique can be adopted for higher load carrying capacity of the
pavement sub grades.
3. The technique can also be done with a combination of chemicals like potassium
chloride, calcium chloride, ferric chloride etc.
4. The technique can also be carry out with geosynthetics to improve the bearing
capacity of soil.
69
BIBLOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
1. Agarwala, V.S and Khanna, J.S (1969), Construction techniques for

foundations of buildings on black cotton soils, proceedings of the symposium
on characteristics and construction techniques in black cotton soil, the college
of military Engg., Poona, India.
2. Al Quadi, I.L (1994), Laboratory Evaluation of Geosynthetics Reinforced
Pavement Sections, TRR-1739, TRB, 1994, pp. 25-31.
3. Ali Jawaid S.M., Shukla. V.K., (1996) “Stabilization of silty sand using RHA and
Gypsum” Indian Geotechnical Conference, Madras.
4. Al-Omari, R.R and Oraibi, W.K (2000), Cyclic behavior of reinforced
expansive clay, Jr. of the Japanese Geotechnical Society of Soils and
Foundations, Vol. 40, No. 2; 2000, pp.1-8.
5. Al-Rawas, N.M (2000), Effect of curing and temperature on Rice Husk Ash
stabilization, Proc. Of Second Australian Conf. on Engineering Materials,
Sydney, 1981, pp.611-662.
6. Ambily, A.P and Gandhi, S.R (2004), Experimental and Theoretical
Evaluation of Stone Column in Soft Clay, ICGGE, pp 201 -206.
7. Anandarajah. A and Chu. J (1997), Laboratory Determination of shear
strength parameters for black cotton soil , Journal of the Institution of
Engineers, Singapore, Vol.14, No.3, pp 39 -46.
8. AnandJ.Puppala, EkarinWattanasanticharoen and LaureanoR.Hoyos (2003),
Ranking of Four Chemical and Mechanical Stabilization Methods to Treat
Low-Volume Road Subgrades in Texas, Jr. -Transportation Research Record,
Vol. 1819B, 2003, pp. 63-71.
9. Arvind Kumar, Baljit Singh Walia and Asheet Bajaj (2007), Influence of
Flyash, Polyester Fibers on Compaction and St rength Properties of Expansive
Soil, J.Mat in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 19, Issue. 3, 2007, pp. 242 -248.
10. Balasubramaniam, A.S., Bergado, D.T., Buensuceso, B.R. and Yang, W.C
(1989), Strength and deformation characteristics of Geotechnical Engineering
(AIT), 20, 1989, pp. 49-65.
70
11. Bansal, R.K., Pandey, P.K. and Singh, S.K (1996), Improvement of a
Typical Clay for Road Subgrades, Proc. Of National Conf. on Problematic
Subsoil Conditions, Terzaghi-96, Kakinada, India, 1996, pp. 193-197.
12. Can Burak Sisman and Erhan Gezer(2011), Effects of rice husk ash on characteristics of
the briquette produced for masonry units
13. Chandrashekar, B.P., PrasadaRaju, G.V.R (1999), Calcium Chloride on
Properties of Expansive Soil For Pavement Subgrades, Proc. Of IGC -99,
Calcutta, 1999, pp 279-282.
14. CIRIA Publication (2002); BS EN 15237 (2007); TRL Projects Reports PPR
341(2008), represented the advantages of using the band drain in soft soils.
15. D. Koteswara Rao (2004), The performance studies on Geo-grid as reinforcement in the
flexible pavement construction, IGC-2004.
16. Desai, I.D. and Oza, B.N (1977), Influence of Anhydrous Calcium Chloride on the Shear
Strength of Expansive Soil, Proc. of the 1st
17. Fidelis O. OKAFOR and Ugochukwu. N. OKONKWO9(2009) Leonardo Electronic
Journal of Practices and Technologies.
18. G.V.R. Prasada Raju (2001), Evaluation of Flexible Pavement Performance with
Reinforcement and Chemical Stabilization of Expansive Soil Subgrade, a Ph.D. thesis ,
Kakathiya University, Warangal,(A.P, INDIA).
19. Ganapathy, 1977; Jones and Jones, 1995; Abduljauwad, 1995; Osama and Ahmed,
2002; Zhan, 2007)
20. Ghassan Abood Habeeb and Hilmi Bin Mahmud(2011), Study on properties of rice husk
ash and its use as cement replacement material.
21. Gopal Ranjan, A.J.R. Rao, a text book on “Fundamentals of soil mechanics.”
22. Heaton, B.S (2001), presented the utilization of waste products from Steel
plants in the pavements. Australia Civil Engineering Transaction, IE Aust.,
Vol. CE35, No.1.
23. IS: 2720 part- 4 (1975): Grain size analysis.
24. IS: 2720 part- 5 (1970): Determination of Liquid limit and Plastic limit.
25. IS: 2720 part- 6 (1972): Determination of Shrinkage limit.
26. IS: 2720 part- 6 (1974): Determination of Dry density and Optimum moisture content.
71
27. IS: 2720 Part-10 (1973): Determination of Unconfined compressive strength.

28. IS: 2720 Part-16 (1979): Determination of California bearing ratio.
29. IS: 2720 part-40 (1977): Determination of Free Swell Index.
30. Jaganatha Rao, P and Jai Bagwan, 2001. “ Fly ash as structural fill in highway
embankments – a measure for geo-environmental hazard”. IGC, 14-16 December.
31. Koteswara Rao. D et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
(IJEST)ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.01 January 2012 108
32. Krishna Swamy,N.R and Santhosha Rao,N., 1995. “ Experimental studies on model
embankments made of reinforced fly ash”. IGC, Vol. No. I.
33. Manjit Singh (2005) “Utilisation of phosphogypsum- a broad review”, The Indian
concrete journal pp 40-48
34. Mohammed Ali and Sreenivasulu.V. (2004) “An experimental study on the influence of
Rice husk ash and fly ash on properties of Bentonite”, IGC, Warangal, PP 468-471.
35. National Symposium on Expansive Soils, HBTI-Kanpur, India, 1977, pp. 4-1 to 4-5.
36. Praveen Kumar, Mehndiratta and Siddhartha Rokade, 2005. “ Use of reinforced fly ash in
highway embankments”. Highway Research Bulletin, Vol.No.73.
37. Rajesh B. Thakare, O.P Bhatia and K.G. Hiraskar (2001) “Phosphogypsum utilization in
India: Literature survey” The Indian concrete journal PP 408-410.
38. Rama Rao. R and Satyanarayana P.V.V (2003) “use of RHA, Lime and Gypsum in
strengthening sub-grade and sub base in low cost roads” National conference on modern
cement concrete and bituminous roads, Vizag PP 374-379.
39. Raza, S.A. and Chandra, D., 1995. “ Strength of soil-fly ash mixtures with geo-textile
reinforcement”. IGC-95, Vol. No. I.
40. Sharma, R.K., 2005. “ Behaviour of reinforced soil under cyclic loading”. Highway
Research Bulletin, Vol.No.73.
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construction “. Indian Highways, January 2004.
42. Sinha, U.N., Ghosh,A., Bhargave,S.N.,and Dalip Kumar, 1995. “ Geotechnical
investigation of earth-fly ash embankment of fly ash pond “. IGC, Vol. No. I.
43. Subgrades, Proc. Of IGC-99, Calcutta, 1999, pp 279-282.
72
44. Sudip Basak, Amartya Kumar and Paira, L.K., 2004. “ Utilization of fly ash in rural road
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******
73

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A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT ON

SOIL STABILIZATION BY USING FLY ASH AND RICE HUSK ASH

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF

CMR INSTITUTE OF TEHNOLOGY

CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Mr.J.RAGHAVENDER REDDY prof.A.KRISHNA RAO

NAME ROLL NUMBER SIGNATURE

1. ARUN KUMAR KONDAJI 12R01A0122

 We express our sincere gratitude to our Head Of Department MR.A.KRISHNA

 We express our sincere gratitude to K. SRINIVAS MURTHY sir, for supporting us

CONTENT PAGE NUMBER

3.5 Properties of black cotton soil 42

4. PRESENTATION AND DISSCUSSION

6. Bibilography & References 69

TABLE DETAILS PAGE NUMBER

1 .Grain size distribution of rice husk ash 27

TABLE DETAILS PAGE NUMBER

1 .Dry density-Water content curve for compaction on soil 46

The objective of this paper is to upgrade expansive soil as a construction

characteristics. It should be emphasized that the properties of soil-lime mixtures are

1.2. DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ON BLACK COTTON

1.3. IMPORTANCE OF STABILIZATION

Thermal stabilization:T h e r m a l stabilization generally is costly and

Mechanical stabilization includes compaction, and fibrous and other non-biodegradable

Plate 2 - Cement stabilisation

Plate 3 - Lime stabilization

Plate 4 - Bituminous stabilization

Bituminous soil stabilization refers to a process bywhich a controlled amount of bituminous

Plate 5 - Chemical stabilization

Plate 6 -Electrical stabilization

Electrical stabilization of cohesive soil is performed using a process known as Electro-osmosis. A

1.4. USAGE OF WASTE MATERIALS

1.5. NEED FOR STUDY

The technology of road construction is subjected to changes to cope up with changing

1.6. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.7. ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT

Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Table 1: Characteristics of Black cotton soil S. No.

Plasticity: It is defined as the property of a soil which allows it to be deformed rapidly,

2.3. Behavior of black cotton soil

The consistency limits of the marine clay are as follows:

2.5. STABILISATION OF BLACK COTTON SOILS

Fig8:Different Types of Exchange Sites on Clay Particles,

TABLE 2.1 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF RICE HUSK ASH

1 Grain size distribution 4.75 mm 100

(percent finer than) 2.0 mm 96

TABLE 2.2 COMPOSITION OF RICE HUSK ASH

Plate 8 - Rice Husk Ash

2.7.USES OF RICE HUSK ASH

3.1.1.Variables taken for the study:

3.2 MATERIAL USED

3.2.1. Black Cotton Soil

3.2.3. Fly ash

Fig 10: Liquid limit apparatus

Fig 11: Plastic Limit

d) Free swell index

Final volume – Initial volume

e) Proctor’s standard compaction Test

f) Unconfined compressive strength

h) California bearing ratio Test

3.4. Laboratory Testing

3.4.1. Grain Size Analysis (Sieve Analysis)

Fig 12: Sieve Analysis

3.4.2. Water content