CONSEIL PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL P O U R L’EXPLORATION D E LA MER

FORAMINIFERA
Zooplankton Families: Globigerinidae and
Sheet 108 Globorotaliidae
(BY A.W. H. Bk)*
1967

* ) Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades,

New York. Contr. No. 982. This study received support from National
Science Foundation, Grant GB-42 19.
 -2-
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA
There are about 30 described species of planktonic Foraminifera living in the world oceans. They occur primarily in the euphotic zone. The
few deep water-species probably spend their earlier stages in near-surface waters. Most of the species (22) are tropical-subtropical; five are cold-
temperate or subpolar species. Three species are found in Antarctic waters and of these one is also present in the Arctic Ocean. The Indo-
Pacific fauna except for its greater species diversity, is essentially similar to that of the Atlantic.
The classification and key used here agrees in most respects with that of PARKER (1962). The presence or absence of spines is a major
criterion in distinguishing the two families. The morphological terms in this key have been defined in a publication by BOLLI,LOEBLICH,
and TAPPAN (1957).

Order FO-RIDA
Family Globigerinidae CARPENTER,
PARKER
and JONES, 1862

Description (after PARKER, 1962): Test trochospiral in the adult or in ontogeny, streptospiral,or globular; chambers spherical, ovate or clavate;
wall calcareous, perforate, radial in structure, hispid, spinose when living either in the adult or in ontogeny ; primary aperture umbilical,
umbilical-extraumbilical,equatorial or spiroumbilical; may have secondary apertures; may have bullae with accessory infralaminal apertures.

Family Globorotaliidae CUSHMAN,

I927
Description (emended from that of PARKER, 1962): Coiling of test trochospiral; chambers angular to ovate or spherical; may have a keel; wall
calcareous, perforate, radial in structure, smooth, pitted; non-spinose when living both in the adult and in ontogeny; primary aperture ex-
traumbilical-umbilical or umbilical ;no secondary apertures.

KEY TO GENERA
1. Trochospiral test (spines simple, if present). ............................................................................ 2
1. Planispiral test with triradiate spines (gerontic stage streptospiral) ................................................ Hastigerina
2. Primary aperture (and, if present, secondary apertures). .................................................................. 3
2. Sutural apertures,smooth surface ............................................................................... Cana'eina
3. Non-spinose tests ............................................................................ 4-6 Family Globorotaliidae
3. Spinosetests ................................................................................ 7-10 Family Globigerinidae
4. Test with spherical or hemispherical chambers, umbilical aperture and rounded periphery. ................................... 5
4. Test with angular to ovate chambers; spiral side flat or gently curved; peripheral keel may be present; aperture a narrow slit from um-
bilicus to periphery. ....................................................................................... Globorotalia
5. Trochospiralcoilingthroughoutlife................................................................................... 6
5. Streptospiral coiling in adult. ............................................................................... Pulleniatina
6. Hemispherical chambers with umbilical aperture; coarsely pitted surface texture; umbilical tooth.. .................. Globoquadrina
6. Spherical chambers and umbilical aperture frequently covered by bulla with infralaminal apertures; smooth surface texture Globigerinita
7. Primary aperture only ............................................................................................... 8
7. Primary aperture and one or more secondary apertures.. ................................................................. 9
8. Aperture umbilical, chambers spherical to ovate. ............................................................... Globigerina
8. Aperture from umbilicus to periphery; trochospiral in ontogeny becoming nearly planispiral in adult. ................. Globigerinella
9. Multi-chamberedtest ................................................................................................ 10
9. One-chambered spherical test (juvenile stage is multi-chambered with secondary apertures) ............................... Orbulina
10. Cancellate, honeycomb-like surface. ....................................................................... Globigerinoides
10. Pitted to smooth, translucent texture; chamber flanges. ...................................................... Sphaeroidint.lla
 -3-
Figures
PLANISPIRAL-Triradiate SpinFTransparent Test-nHastigerinacc
IHastigerina pelagica
Hastigerinella digitata 2
i

Orbulina universa 3
Globigerinoides conglobatus 4
Globigerinoides ruber 5
Globigerinoides sacculifer 6
Sphaeroidinella dehiscens 7
-Globigerina rubescens
-SPINOSE- Globigerinidae
Globigerina digitata
8
9
Globigerina quinqueloba 10
Globigerina pachyderma 11
Globigerina humilis 12
~ G lbigerinacc
o
Globigerina falconensis 13
Globigerina bulloides 14
Globigerina calida 15
Globigerinella aequilateralis 16
-Globigerinella adamsi 17
TROCHOSPIRAL
7 I *Globigerinitacc
Globigerinita glutinata
Globigerinita bradyi
18
19
- Globoquadrina dutertrei 20
Globoquadrina conglomerata 21
Globoquadrina hexagona 22
-Pulleniatina obliquiloculata 23
-Globorotaliidae
-Globorotalia inflata 24
Globorotalia truncatulinoides 25
Globorotalia crassaformis 26
Globorotalia hirsuta 27
Globorotalia scitula 28
Globorotalia menardii 29
-Globorotalia tumida 30
LSutural Apertures
Very Smooth Test
-acandeinacc-Candeina nitida 31

In the Key overleaf species marked ** are commonly found in the northeastern Atlantic between 40°N and 65"N lat. and between 25OW long.
and Western Europe. Species marked * occur less commonly in this area.
Each species in the Key and in the diagram above is given a number and the same number is used in the figures, different views of the
name species being lettered a, b, c.
Unless otherwise marked all the bar scales (placed underneath the middle specimen) are 500 p.

References

BANNER, F. T. and BLOW,W. H., 1960. Contr. Cushman Fdn BOLTOVSKOY, E., 1964. Serv. Hidrogr. Naval, Argent., Publ.
Foramin. Res., 11(1):1-41. H. 639: 1-54.
B%,A. W. H., 1959. Micropaleontology, 5( 1):77-100. BRADSHAW, J. S., 1959. Contr. Cushman Fdn Foramin. Res.,
Bb, A. W. H., 1966. ))Distributionof planktonic Foraminifera lO(2) :25-64.
in the World Oceanscc. Abstracts of Papers, 2nd Interna- CIFELLI,R., 1965. Smithson. Misc. Collns, 148(4):1-35
tional Oceanographic Congress, Moscow 1966. p. 26. (Publ. 4599).
BELYAEVA, N. V., 1964. Trudy Inst. Okeanol., 68:12-83. PARKER, F. L., 1962. Micropaleontology, 8(2):219-254.
BOLLI,H. M., LOEBLICH, A. R., Jr. and TAPPAN, H., 1957. SCHOTT, W., 1935. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. atlant. Exped.
Bull. U.S. Natn. Mu., 215:3-50. ,Meteorcc, 3(3) :43-134.
 Key to Species
Test Chambers Apertures

Domi-
nant Diagnostic
Species
Coiling Texture
spies Distribution Figs.
Outline Maxi- Number Shape Primary Secondar character9
Direc- mum per aperture ape-
tion length whorl position per
(spiral chamber
side)

*Hastigerina pdagica Planispiral Smooth > I mm 4 in juvenih Spherical Equatorial Truadiatt Transparent test, triradiate spines Subtropical, tropical
(d'orbigny) 6 in adult spines

Hastigerineiia digitata Planispiral Smooth u p to 6 Bifurcate or Equatorial Triradiatc Transparent test, triradiate spines, Subtropical, tropical
(mumbler) Streptospiral 5mm trifurcate in becoming spines horn-like chambers below 500 m depth
adult spiroumbi-
lical

*&bulina unimsa Trochospiral spinose - 1 mm 4-5 in juve- Spherical Umbilical One (in spinose S i l e spherical chamber Tropical, subtropical 3
d'Orhigny in juvenile; nile; 1 in in juvenile; earlier
spherical in adult none in Stages
adult adult dY)

Gbbigm'm'ahconglo- Trochospiral Left+Right Coarsely - I mm 5-6 in Spherical Umbilical Two Spinose Two secondary apertures per Tropical, subtropical 4
6ahrs (Brady) nearly spinow juvenile; becoming chamber; primary aperture over 3 aurface watua
spherical 4 in adult compreved chambers; round outline

Globigerinoides ruber Trochospiral Left+Right Coarsely -0.6 mm 5 in juvenile Spherical Umbilical Two spinose P d to red pigment; two secondaq Tropical, subtropical 5
d'orbigny spinw 3 in adult apertures per chamber; primary surface waters
aperture over two chambers

Globigerinoides sacculifer
(Brady) [=Globigerinoi-
Trochospiral
ovate
Left+Right spinose,
honeycomb
- 1.3 mm 6 7 in
juvenile;
Spherical;
last chambel
Umbilical One spinose Sac-like final chamber (if present) ;
one secondary and one primary
Dominant species in
tropical surface water;
6

ah trib6u.r (Reuss)] texture 4 in adult often aperture per chamber; honeycomb common also in subtropi-
elongate and texture; primary aperture over cal regiom
compruscd three chambers

>Sphaeroidineila dehkctns
(Parker and Jones)u
Trochospual
ovate
Left+Right Smooth to
pitted
- 1.3 mm 4 in adult Spherical
with
Umbilical
(obscured)
One Spinose in
(concealed: juvenile;
Great wall thickening producing
smooth, glassy layer; chamber
Tropical, subtropical
below 500 m depth
7

a terminal form of chamber non- flanges coalesce and obscure

Gbbigerimides soccul~m flanges spinw in apertures
(Brady)
- adult

Globigm'na rubercm Trochospiral Left+Right Spinose -0.25mm 5 in juvenile Spherical Umbilical spinose Light orangepink pigment in test Tropical, subtropical 8
Hofker Hiapid 4 in adult surface waters

Globigerina digirala Brady Trochospiral Left+Right spinose -0.65mm 4-5 in Spherical in Umbilical spinose Digitate final chamber@) Tropical, subtropical 9
HLpid iuvenile; juvenile; spiro-
4-6 in adult digitate in umbilical in
adult adult

**Globigarina quinqueloba
Natland
Trochospiral
compressed
kft+Right Spinose;
smooth
- 0.27- 5-6 in
juvenile and
Hemispher-
ical to ovate
Umbilical;
sometimes
spinose Final &amber a lobed extension
over umbilicus, hut not always
Subarctic and subant-
arctic cold-temperate sur-
10

adult flaplike fina modified present face waters; left-coilii

chamber into infra- population in colder
laminal waten
apertures

'"Globigm'na pachyderma
(Ehrenberg)
rrochospiral
compact
Left Right coarse - 0.47mm 5 in juvenile
4 in adult
Spherical
becoming
Umbilical
becoming
May be
present in
Subquadrate, coarse-crystaline
compact test; aperture is a narrow
Left-coiling in sub-polar;
right-coiling in cold-
subquadrate utra-umbi- iuvenile; slit with distinct lip temperate waters
lical;dktinct absent in
lip adult
 Trochospira Left+Right Spinose "0.21 mm 5-6 in Hemispher. Umbilical; Spinose Six to eight chambers per whorl
compressed Subtropical to subpolar 12
smooth juvenile; ical to sometimes and bulla-lie final chamber
6-8in aduli ovate; flap modified
like final into infra-
chamber laminal
apertures
Ghbigmha falconmrir Trochospira Left+Right Spinose -0.43mm 5 in juvenil Spherical Umhilical Spinose Resembles Globigcrina bulloidcs Cold-temperate and 13
Blow hispid 4 in adult to ovate with lip but has more elongate chambers, iubtropical
low arched aperture with lip and
smaller test
**Ghbigcrina klhi&s Trochospira Left+Right Spinose - 0.8 mm 5 in juvenili Spherical Umbilical Spinose Large, high-arched aperture
d'Orbigny Subpolar, cold-temperate 14
hispid 4 in adult

Globigcrina calida Parker Trochospiral Left+Right Spinose - 0.8 mm 5 in juvenili Spherical Umbilical 3pinose Elongate final chambers, highly Subtropical, tropical 15
bispid 4 6 in adull becoming becoming arched aperture, intergrades with
elongate extra-umbi- Globigcrina Alloidcs and
lical Globigcrinella aequilatcralis

* Globigcrinella aequilatcralir Trochospira' LeftfRight Spinose 0.9 mm 5 in juvenil< Spherical Equatorial, jpinose
- Nearly planispiral test hbtropical, tropical 16
(Bra49 becoming hispid 5-6 in adult interio-
[= Ghbigm'nella siphomfcra nearly marginal
(d'orbigny)] planispiral arch
Globigcrinella adami Trochospiral Left+Right Spinose 9 1.48mm 5 in juvenilc Spherical Umbilical jpinose Radially elongate, pointed final Subtropical, tropical in 17
(Banner and Blow) becoming hispid 5-7 in adult becoming becoming :hamhers [ndian and Pacific Oceans
nearly radially interio-
planispiral IdY
:longate marginal
equatorial
-
Trochospiral Left+Right Smooth * 0.48mm 5 in juvenilt Spherical Umbilical, Bulla and infralaminal apertures; Subpolar to tropical 18
Enely hispic 4 in adult sometimes imooth test
modified
into infra-
laminal
apertures
Ghbigcrinita brad$ Trochospiral Rft+Right Smooth 0.19mm 5 in juvenile Spherical Umbilical 3ulla and infralaminal apertures; Subpolar and cold- 19
Wiesner [= Ghbigcrinita iinely hispid 4 in adult sometimes ligh spire and numerous chamben emperate
uvula (Ebrenbeg)] modified
nto infra-
aminal
spertures

*Globoquadrina dutertrci rrochospiral tight mostly 20- 0.68mm 50r6in 3emispher- Umbilical 'Ion-spinose, pitted wall; rropical, subtropical 20
(d'0:bigny) (= Ghbigcrina 2itted iuvenile; cal Nith unbilical tooth; predominantly
cggcrr Rhumbler) +6 in adult imbilical ight-coiling
00th

Globoquadrina conglomraia rrochospiral kft+Rigbt Zoarse, 0.86mm 5 in juvenile 3emispher- Jmbilical (on-spinose, pitted wall; rropical Pacific and 21
(Schwager) itted 1 in adult Cal with unbdical tooth; 4 chambers in last ndian Oceans only
unbilical vhorl of adult
00th

Ghboquadrina hexagona 2ompressed xft+Right Zoarse, 0.58mm 5 in juvenile Iemispher- Jmbilical ion-spinose, pitted wall;
(Natland) rropical, subtropical in 22
rochospiral itted i4 in adult Cal )ecom ing unbilical tooth; compressed test 'acific and Indian Oceans
,ecoming 'xtra umbi- vith apertural and spiral sides lnly
iearly ical with lepressed
kmispiral 00th
Pulhiatina obliquiloculata rrochospiral Light mostly 'itted in ' 0.8 mm M in Iemispher- Jmbilical Ntreptospiral,right-coiling; .ropical, subtropical; 23
(Parker and Jones) ,ecoming uvenile; uvenile; :al, later Iecoming ,ighlypolished test with .bundant in November in
treptospiral zry smooth I yZ in adult verlapping xtra rescent-shaped aperture; ubtropical North Atlantic
n adult arlier imbilical ivenile resembles Globoquadrina
hamben utcrtrci

Keel is absent in all species listed on these two pages.

 Key to Species
Test Chambers Apertures

Domi-
nant Diagnostic
Keel Distribution
Coiling Texture Maxi- Number Shape Primary Secondar Characters
Direc- mum per aperture apertures
tion length whorl position per
(spiral chamber
side)
- -
"Gbborotdia inj7ata Trochospiral; Left mostly Smooth; -0.65 mm 5 in juvenile; Inflated, Large; Large aperture, rounded periphery; Cold-temperate regions 24
(d'orbigny) flat spiral crystalline I. in adult hemispher- umbilical to left-coiling and smooth test between subpolar and
side; inflated at apertural ical extra subtropical; in winter in
apertural base umbilical subtropics
side

*Globorotdia tnmcatulinoidcs Trochospiral &+Right Smooth to .,0.9 mm 5 in juvenile; Angular Elongate Well- conical test Subtropical, especially 25
(d'orbigny) conical hispid 5-6 in adult conical from ieveloped abundant between
umbilicus to keel December and March in
periphery, Sargasso Sea; distinct
with lip provinces of left- andright-
coiling populations in
Atlantic and Pacific

Globorolalia crarsaformis Trochospiral Left mostly Smooth to - 0.65 mm 5-6 in Angular Elongate Obscure, Differs from Globmotaliainflata in Subtropical, often below 26
(Galloway and Wissler) planoconvex hispid iuvenile; conical from thin keel its slit-like aperture and angular 300 m
[= Globorotalia punchdata 4-5 in adult umbilicus to periphery; differs from GbborotlJia
(d'orbigny)] periphery, hirsuta in its convex apertural side
with lip and flat spiral side

Globorotalia hirnrta Compressed tight mostly Coarsely - 1.0 mm 4-5 in adult Angular Elongate Obscure i: More lobulate periphery and fewer Subtropical, especially in 27
(d'orbigny) trochospiral; hispid rhomboid from juvenile; chambers than Globorolalia winter
biconvex or umbilicus to thin in scitula; right-coiling mostly
apertural periphery, adult
side flat with lip

Globorotalia scitula Compressed ;eft+Right Smooth in - 0.66 mm 5 - 6 in And? Elongate Absent or More rounded periphery and Subpolar to equatorial 28
(Brady) trochospiral juvenile, juvenile rhomboid from obscure smoother test than Globorotalia especially below 500 m
biconvex becoming and adult umbilicus to hirsuta
hispid periphery,
with lip

Globorotalia menardii Compressed Left mostly Smooth in ,. 1.5 mm 5-6 in adult Angular Elongate Well- Rounded, moderately lobulate Tropical, subtropical 29
(d'orbigny) trochospiral juvenile; rhomboid from developed periphery; diffen from
[= Globmotalianrltrata subcircular coarsely umbilicus to keel Globmotalia tum'da in flatter and
(d'orbigny)] outline hispid at periphery, subcircular, thinner test
aperture bas with lip

Compressed Left mostly Smooth in - 1.4 mm 5-6 in adult Angular Elongate Well- Elongate oval outline and higher Tropical, subtropical 30
trochospiral juvenile; rhomboid from developed spire than Cloborotalia menardii;
elongate coarsely umbilicus to keel test often greatly thickened
oval outline crystallie periphery,
in adult with lip
- -
Cdeina nitida Trochospiral tight mostly Very smooth 0.76 mm 4 in juvenile Spherical Umbilical ktural Multiple sutural apertures between Tropical, subtropical 31
d'Orbigny 3 in adult but absent ipertures all chambers; very smooth surface waters
in adult globular test

Spines are absent in all species listed on thii page.

 Ih

7a 7c
 2so)l

9a 9b 9c

@
Io c Il a
I
l25y

Ilb
I

I Ic
\

I2a 12b
Q I2c
-

Ild I le I If

13a
-13b I3c

15a I 5b I5c 16a t6b

1'7'a I 17b I I7c

Unless otherwise marked, all the bar scales (placed underneath the middle specimen) are 500y.
 I 2sop I
~

18a 18b I8c 19a 19 b 19c

Id

20a 20 b 20c 21c

250p
U

22a 22 b 22c 23a 23 c

24 a

26a 26b 26c

28c 29a 29 b 29c

30a 30 b 30c 3 la 31 b 31c jades,

tional
 NO. 25 - SIIb
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA
IN THE WORLD OCEANS
BB A l l a n W.H.
Lamont Geolopical Observatory
of Columbia University,
Palisades, New York, U S A

There are about 30 species of planktonic Foraminifera living in the

world oceans, and they can be grouped into three major distributional zo-
nes - a warm-water belt between approximately 40" N and 40" S Latitudes,
which divides the northern cold-water region from its southern counterpart.
The bipolar nature ol the species distributions is evident from the striking
similarity of the foraminiferal faunas in reciprocal latitudinal zones between
the northern and southern hemispheres.
The majority of the species (22) belong to the warm-water province.
Its faunal diversity suggests that here evolution proceeded more rapidly
than in the colder areas. The warm-water species can be grouped into (a)
the Equatorial or Tropical species (e. g.,. Globigerinoides sacculifer, Globo-
rotalia menardii, Globoquadrina dutertrei, Pulleniatina o bliquiloculata, and
Globorotalia tumida), which are transported to mid-latitudes via the warm
currents (Gulf Stream, Kuroshio Currents, etc.) along the eastern margins
t of the continents; and (b) the Central-water or Subtropical species (e. g.,
Globorotalia hirsuta, G. truncatulinoides and Hastigerina pelagica) which
occur in the central oligotrophic areas of the oceans. Some species (Glo-
higerinoides ruber, Globigerinella aequilateralis and Orbulina universa)
occur abundantly in both tropical as well as subtropical waters. The seaso-
nal succession of these foraminiferal assemblages was documented in the
the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda from plankton tows collected biweekly be-
tween 1958 and 1962.
There are a t least three warm-water species that occur in the Indo-Pa-
cific region, but which are no longer present in the Atlantic Ocean. They
are Globoquadrina hexagona, G. conglomerata and Globigerinella adamsi.
The former two species are known from Pleistocene deep-sea sediments, but
they have apparently disappeared since from the Atlantic.
The cold-water fauna can be divided into Subpolar species (Globigerina
quinqueloba, right-coiling G. pachyderma, G. bulloides sensu strict0 and
Globigerinita bradyi) and a single Polar species (left-coiling G. pachy-
derma). The bipolarity in the faunal zonations is clearly observed in the
distributional patterns of the coiling directions of G. pachyderma and
G. truncatulinoides in the North and South Atlantic.
The two transitional zones between the warm-water and cold-water fau-
, nas are characterized by the prolific occurrence of Globorotalia inflata. Its
distribution is generally limited to the middle latitudes, with the exception
of incursions equator-ward along the western margins of continents, where
upwelling takes place.
Planktonic Foraminifera apparently spend their earlier stages in the en-
photic zone and later descend to deeper depths. Life a t great depths is accom-
panied by considerable shell thickening in most species which is estimated
to add about 5O0/o or more CaCOa by weight to the foraminiferal test (e. g.,
. Globorotalia menardii, G. truncatulinoides, Globigerinoides sacculifer -
d3.dehiscens))). Some species such as Globorotalia crassaformis, G. scitula,
and Hastigerinella digitata appear to be truly meso- or bathypelagic. The
spinose species are generally epipelagic, whereas the non-spinose ones ex-
hibit a great range in depth habitats.

26

From: Abstracts of Papers, Second Intern. Oceanogr. Congr.,

Publ. House "Nauka'l, Moscow, 1966.