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PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
RAMAR KALANJIAM.P
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
in
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
PROJECT WORK
PHASE II
JUNE 2011
RAMAR KALANJIAM.P
----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
Project Guide Head of the Department
RAMAR KALANJIAM.P
GUIDE,
Mr.R.SRINIVASAN, M.E.,(Ph.D.),MISTE
SENIOR LECTURER
First of all I would like to acknowledge with thanks to lord almighty the fountain of all
wisdom who has been wonderfully guided me step by step. I would like to thank and express our
gratitude to few who have contributed a lot towards the completion of this project.
I also express my sincere thanks and sense of gratitude to our respectful Head of the
Department, Dr.A.MANI, M.Tech., Ph.D., and Faculty Advisor Prof.V.KAVIMANI, M.Sc.,
M.Phil., (Ph.D.), for the interest and encouragement shown in my project.
I also express my sincere thanks Mr.Manokaran, Civil Manager, TNPL, Karur, for
helping and encouragement shown in my project.
I also express to thank my beloved parents and friends, without whose constant support I
would have not made this career in this field. My profound thanks to them.
I also express my sincere thanks to my classmates who have encouraged and helped me
in doing this project.
4
ABSTRACT
Every year, approximately two billion tonnes of cement are produced, a figure that is
likely to rise in the future. The production of cement comes with an important release of CO2,
the cement industry accounting for 5% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions alone. These
emissions come from different stages of the cement production – the calcination process of
limestone, combustion of fossil fuels in the kilns, and from power generation1. In the hope of
reducing the carbon footprint of the industry, cement has been partially replaced by other
materials with similar hydration behaviour to OPC. Hyposluge is a byproduct of the paper
industry.This sludge contained 46.20% CaO, 3.30% MgO, 9.00% SiO , 3.60% R2O3, 56.8%
2
Moisture content, 27% Loss on ignescent and 11.1% Acid insoluble. The aim of this project was to
evaluate the effects of hyposildge as a partial cement replacement. 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%
and 0% hyposludge was used in the mix to replace cement. The strength of cement/hyposludge
concrete increased with curing period but above 30% replacement, decreased with increasing
2 2
hyposludge percentage. The highest strength was 31.33 N/mm and 28 N/mm at 28 days for
30% and 0% Hyposludge respectively. The durability studies like Sulphate attack and water
absorption were studied and the results shows 30% replacement of cement was optimum. The
compressive strength and sulphate attack of cement mortar cube also done for 3, 7 and 14 days
curing period. The results indicated that increased with curing period but above 30%
replacement, decreased with increasing hyposludge percentage. The results of the conducted
experiment proved the possibility of hyposludge as replacement in ratios up to 30% without
causing significant effects on the studied properties of cement.
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
TITLES
NO NO
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Solid Waste from Paper Industry 1
I
1.2.1 Hypo Sludge Properties 1
1.2.2 Need for Hypo Sludge Utilization 2
1.3 Objectives 2
Literature Review 3
2.1 Concrete Deterioration Caused By Sulfuric Acid Attack 3
2.2 Sulfuric Acid Attack on Concrete 4
2.3 Resistance of Scoria-Based Blended Cement Concrete against
Deterioration and Corrosion in Mixed Sulfate Environment 5
2.4 Application and Investigate Systems for the Onsite Treatment of Organic
II
Waste 5
2.5 Wood Waste as a Construction 6
2.6 Research Concerning the Use of High Percentages of Recycled Aggregates 7
2.7 Performance of Concrete 7
2.8 Multi-Parameter Study of External Sulphate Attack in Blended Cement
Materials 8
Materials Used 9
3.1 Cement 9
3.2 Aggregate 10
III 3.2.1 Coarse Aggregate 10
3.2.2 Fine Aggregate 11
3.3 Water 11
3.4 Hypo Sludge 11
Properties of Materials 13
IV
4.1 Cement 13
6
4.2 Fine Aggregate 13
4.2.1 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate 13
4.2.2 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate 15
4.2.3. Bulk Density of Fine Aggregate 16
4.3 Coarse Aggregate 17
4.3.1 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate 17
4.3.2 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate 19
4.3.3 Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregate 20
4.4 Water 21
4.5 Hypo Sludge 22
Mix Design 25
5.1 Definition 25
5.2 Objective 25
5.3 Procedure For Mix Design as Per IS: 10262-1982 25
V
5.4 Data 27
5.5 Calculation 27
5.6 Actual Volume of Materials for Change In Condition 29
5.7 Mix Proportions 30
VIII Conclusion 70
IX References 71
7
LIST OF TABLES
8
Table: 7.16 Loss of Weight Due to Sulphate Attack in Concrete
31 58
Cylinder at 28 Days
32 Table: 7.17Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes at 3 Days 60
33 Table: 7.18Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes at 7 Days 61
34 Table: 7.19Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes at 14 Days 62
Table: 7.20Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes after Sulphate
35 64
Attack at 3 Days
Table: 7.21Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes after Sulphate
36 65
Attack at 7 Days
Table: 7.22Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes after Sulphate
37 66
Attack at 14 Days
Table: 7.23Loss of Weight Due to Sulphate Attack in Mortar Cubes at
38 67
3 Days
9
LIST OF FIGURES
SL.N PAGE
O TITLES NO
10
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
G - Specific gravity
W - Weight in grams
FA - Fine Aggregates
CA - Coarse Aggregates
Wc - Weight of cement
Ww - Weight of water
11
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Energy plays a crucial role in growth of developing countries like India. In the context of
low availability of non-renewable energy resources coupled with the requirements of large
quantities of energy for Building materials like cement, the importance of using industrial waste
cannot be under estimated.
During manufacturing of one tones of Ordinary Portland Cement we need about 1-1
tonnes of earth resources like limestone, etc. Further during manufacturing of 1 tonnes of
Ordinary Portland Cement an equal amount of carbon-di-oxide are released into the atmosphere.
The carbon-di-oxide emissions act as a silent Killer in the environment as various forms. In this
Backdrop, the search for cheaper substitute to OPC is a needful one.
Where, this hypo sludge contains, low calcium and maximum calcium chloride and
minimum amount of silica. Hypo sludge behaves like cement because of silica and magnesium
properties. This silica and magnesium improve the setting of the concrete.
12
1.2.2 NEED FOR HYPO SLUDGE UTILIZATION
While producing paper the various wastes are comes out from the various processes in
paper industries. From the preliminary waste named as hypo sludge due to its low calcium is
taken out for our project to replace the cement utilization in concrete. Due to the cement
production green house gases are emitted in the atmosphere. For producing 4million tones of
cement, they emit one million ton green house gases are emitted. Also, to reduce the
environmental degradation, this sludge has been avoided in mass level disposal in land. To
eliminate the ozone layer depletion, production of cement becomes reduced. For this, the hypo
sludge is used as partial replacement in the concrete as high performance concrete. By utilizing
this waste the strength will be increased and also cost reduction in the concrete is achieved.
13
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The sulphide and sulphate resistance of three replicates of eight different reinforced
concrete mixes were investigated in a laboratory study in which one half of the 48 specimens
2t-
were half submerged in a sodium sulphate solution (20,000 ppm SO4 ) and also exposed to
hydrogen sulphide gas (1,000 ppm H2S). The other half of the 48 specimens was subjected to
hydrogen sulphide gas only. The mixes included PC concrete with W/CM ratios of 0.4 and 0.5
and six mixes with cement replacements of slag, fly ash or silica fume, all with
water/cementitious material (W/CM) ratio of 0.4.
After 23 cycles of testing over about 36 months, the electrochemical potential results and
visual inspection of the reinforcing bars indicate that the PC concrete with 0.5 W/CM ratio was
the least resistant against steel corrosion. Corrosion of the concrete was more critical than that of
the steel. All treatments containing silica fume performed much better than PC40. Treatments
that contained fly ash performed worse than plain PC concrete with the same W/CM ratio.
Sulphate resistant cement concrete was more resistant than Type 10 Portland cement concrete, in
both sets of tests. In general the samples that were exposed to hydrogen sulphide and sulphate
corroded at a higher rate then those exposed to the H2S gas only.
In subsequent tests 6 of the 8 mixes were exposed to 7% sulphuric acid for about one
year. Preliminary results indicate the greatest mass loss for the concrete with 0.5 W/CM ratio and
15
very similar amount of loss for the 5 mixes with W/CM ratio of 0.4. The least amount of mass
loss was experienced by the mix with sulphate resistant cement.
2.4 Application and Investigate Systems for the Onsite Treatment of Organic Waste
Dr.S.P.S.Bisht, B.Praveen, Y.Rajesh* And Subhasish Sahoo
Bioconversion is the environmentally sound alternate available for the stabilization and
ultimate disposal of sludge. The main objective of the present study is to contextualize the
knowledge, application and investigate systems for the onsite treatment of organic waste through
16
bioconversion by Vermicomposting. A blend of primary and secondary sludge of 80:20 and
60:40 ratios respectively from integrated pulp and paper mill was used for composting separately
with and without food and nutrients. It was observed that blend in ratio of 80:20 with food and
nutrients proved to be very useful as value added compost. Further bioactivity of these blends
was performed through microbial assay.
17
2.6 Research Concerning The Use Of High Percentages Of Recycled Aggregates
19
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS USED
3.1 CEMENT
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different grades The
classification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement-sand mortar cubes of face
area 50 cm2 composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by weight with a water-
cement ratio arrived at by a specified procedure. The grades are
(i) 33 grade
(ii) 43 grade
(iii) 53 grade
The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand mortar in
N/mm2 at 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure.
20
3.2 AGGREGATE
Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete,
reduce shrinkage and effect economy. One of the most important factors for producing workable
concrete is good gradation of aggregates. Good grading implies that a sample fractions of
aggregates in required proportion such that the sample contains minimum voids. Samples of the
well graded aggregate containing minimum voids require minimum paste to fill up the voids in
the aggregates. Minimum paste will mean less quantity of cement and less water, which will
further mean increased economy, higher strength, lower shrinkage and greater durability.
Aggregate comprises about 55% of the volume of mortar and about 85% volume of mass
concrete. Mortar contains of size of 4.75 mm and concrete contains aggregate upto a maximum
size of 150 mm.
Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone .It should be hard,
strong, dense, durable, clean, and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or
vegetable matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical, or rounded shaped and should have
granular or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy) non-powdery surfaces.Aggregates should be
properly screened and if necessary washed clean before use.
Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica should be rejected.
The grading of coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of IS-383.
After 24-hrs immersion in water, a previously dried sample of the coarse aggregate
should not gain in weight more than 5%.
Aggregates should be stored in such a way as to prevent segregation of sizes and avoid
contamination with fines.
21
3.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE
Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine
aggregate is added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity in mixture. Usually,
the natural river sand is used as fine aggregate. Important thing to be considered is that fine
aggregates should be free from coagulated lumps.
Grading of natural sand or crushed stone i.e. fine aggregates shall be such that not more
than 5 percent shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than 10% shall IS sieve No. 150 not less than
45% or more than 85% shall pass IS sieve No. 1.18 mm and not less than 25% or more than 60%
shall pass IS sieve No. 600 micron.
3.3 WATER
Paper making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. Paper fibers can
be recycled only a limited number of times before they become too short or weak to make high
quality paper. It means that the broken, low- quality paper fibers are separated out to become
waste sludge. All the inks, dyes, coatings, pigments, staples and “stickies” (tape, plastic films,
etc.) are also washed off the recycled fibers to join the waste solids.
The shiny finish on glossy magazine-type paper is produced using a fine kaolin clay
coating, which also becomes solid waste during recycling. This paper mill sludge consumes a
large percentage of local landfill space for each and every year. Worse yet, some of the wastes
are land spread on cropland as a disposal technique, raising concerns about trace contaminants
22
building up in soil or running off into area lakes and streams. Some companies burn their sludge
in incinerators, contributing to our serious air pollution problems.
To reduce disposal and pollution problems emanating from these industrial wastes, it is
most essential to develop profitable building materials from them. Keeping this in view,
investigations were undertaken to produce low cast concrete by blending various ratios of
cement with hypo sludge.
23
CHAPTER 4
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
4.1 CEMENT
PERMISSIBLE
PARTICULARS VALUES TEST VALUES IS CODES
The natural river sand having fineness modules of 2.705 and it corresponds to grading
zone iii of IS:383-1970 grading requirements. The specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.54.the
particle size distribution is in table 3.3.the optimum gradation of fine aggregate is determined
more by its effect on water requirement than on physical packing. It is found that sand with a
fineness modulus below 2.5 give the concrete a sticky consistency. Making it difficult to
compact sand with a fineness of about 3.0 given the best workability and compressive strength.
24
Table 4.2 Sieve Analysis Results of Fine Aggregate
WEIGHT CUMULATIVE
RETAINED % WEIGHT % WEIGHT
IS SIEVE % WEIGHT
RETAINED PASSING
(gm) RETAINED
16mm 0 0 0 100
10mm 0 0 0 100
4.75mm 0 0 0 100
Pan 52 - - -
25
4.2.2 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate
TEST NO 1 2 3
26
4.2.3. Bulk Density of Fine Aggregate
The bulk density of an aggregate gives valuable information regarding the shape and
grading of aggregate. The parameter of density is also used in concrete mix design for converting
the proportions by weight into proportions by volume when weight batching equipments is not
available at the site.
27
RESULT
Loose Compact
The maximum size of aggregate is fixed based on sieve analysis. This influences the
requirement of sand and water in concrete and also the spacing between the reinforcement.
The sample is brought to an air dry condition before weighing and sieving condition. This
is achieved by drying at room temperature. The air dry sample is weighed and sieved on the
appropriate sieves starting with the largest at the top. Each sieve is separately over a clean tray
until not more than.
28
Table 4.6 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate
80mm 0 0 0 100
40mm 0 0 0 100
Pan 6 - - -
29
4.3.2 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate
TEST NO 1 2 3
30
4.3.3 Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregate
31
Result:
Loose Compact
4.4 WATER
It is important to have the compatibly between the given cement and the chemical
material admixtures along with the water used for mixing.
32
It is generally stated in the concrete codes and also in the literature that the water fit for
drinking is fit for making concrete. This may not be true always. For example some water
containing a small amount of sugar would be suitable for drinking, but they are good for cement
concrete, as the sugar would adversely affect the hydration process.
The limits of the content of water have to be determined from the following
consideration.
1 Moisture 56.8
33
Table 4.11 Properties of Hypo Sludge As Cement Ingredient
1 Lime(cao) 62 46.2
2 Silica(sio2) 22 9
3 Alumina 5 3.6
4 Magnesium 1 3.33
34
Table 4.13 Setting Time for Cement and Hypo Sludge
35
CHAPTER 5
MIX DESIGN
5.1 DEFINITION
Mix design is the process of selecting suitable ingredient if concrete and determines their
relative proportions with the object of certain minimum strength and durability as economically
as possible.
5.2 OBJECTIVE
There are attention is mainly directed to the cost of materials. Since the cost of cement is
many times more than the cost of their ingredients, optimum usage of cement is sought for by
designing the mix.
36
2. Target mean strength is determined as
3. The water/cement ratio for the target mean strength is obtained from fig 2 of IS:10262-
1982 and is limited as per table 3 of IS:456-2000
5. Appropriate sand and water content per m3 of concrete are selected as per table 4 and 5
differs in IS:456-2000
6. Adjustment in sand percentage and water content are made as per table 6 if the condition
given for table 4 or 5 differs in IS:456-2000
8. The quantity of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete can be
calculated from the following equation
The mix proportions by weight are computed by keeping cement as one unit
37
5.4 DATA
5.5 CALCULATION
38
Table 5.1 Adjustments of Values
f a = 499.93 kg/m3
39
Calculation of coarse aggregate content
ca =1188.51 kg/m3
40
5.7 MIX PROPORTIONS
41
CHAPTER 6
For ordinary concrete, fine aggregate and cement were weighted and mixed thoroughly:
the coarse aggregate was then added and mixed with the above. The required amount of water
was added and mixed thoroughly to get uniform concrete mass. And compacting the concrete in
the mould by hand compaction as per Indian Standards procedures.
For preparing the specimens for determine the compressive and tensile permanent steel modulus,
of standards size were used. The fresh concrete was filled in the mould. Care should be taken to
see that the concrete was compacted perfectly. All the moulds were remoulded after 24 hours of
casting and cured. They were tested on 14th and 28th day, as per IS 456-2000.
1. 84 no‟s of cube of size 150mm X 150mm X 150mm were casted for the determination
of compressive strength of cement and partially replacement of hypo sludge concrete specimen.
2. 84 no‟s of cylinders of size 150mm Dia &300mm height were casted for the
determination of split tensile strength of cement and partially replacement of hypo sludge
concrete specimen.
3. 63 no‟s of cylinders of size 150mm Dia &300mm height were casted for the
determination of young‟s modulus of cement and partially replacement of hypo sludge concrete
specimen.
4.126 no‟s of cube size 70.6mm X 70.6mm X70.6mm were casted for the determination
of compressive strength of cement and partially replacement of hypo sludge mortar specimen.
42
43
Fig. 6.1 Casting and Curing of Specimen
44
6.3 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE
1. Compressive strength.
2. Split Tensile test.
3. Young‟s modulus test.
4. Bulk density test.
5. Sulphate attack.
6. Loss of weight due to sulphate attack.
2. Sulphate attack
The Compressive strength of concrete is one of the most important and useful properties
of concrete. In most structural applications concrete is used primarily to resist Compressive
stress. In those cases were strength in tension or shear is of primarily impotents, the Compressive
strength is frequently used as a measure for other properties. Compressive strength is also used
as a qualitative measure for other properties of hardened concrete. In practical the Compressive
strength increases as the specimen size decreases.
At least three cubes of 150mm X 150mm X 150mm are cast for each age, usual 7, 14, &
28 days. The specimens are cured for one day and in water for rest of the days. Specimens are
tested in saturated condition. Cubes are placed such a manner in testing machine that they line of
loading is perpendicular to direction was cast. Constant load of 140 kg/cm2/min is applied till
failure.
45
6.6 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
The test specimen shall consist of concrete cylinders of 150mmin diameter & 300mm
long. The same compressive test machine is used for finding tensile strength also.
The specimens should be kept in dry condition for 24 hours before testing. Plywood strip
of 12mm X 3mm is centered along the center of the lower axis is then shock and increased
continuously at rate to produces approximately a splitting tensile stress of 14 to 21 kg/cm2/min
until failure.
2P
Π DL
Where,
P maximum load, N
46
6.7 YOUNG’S MODULUS OF CONCRETE
where lambda (λ) is the elastic modulus; stress is the restoring force caused due to the
deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied; and strain is the ratio of the change
caused by the stress to the original state of the object. If stress is measured in Pascal‟s, since
strain is a dimensionless quantity, then the units of λ are Pascal‟s as well.
Since the denominator becomes unity if length is doubled, the elastic modulus becomes the stress
needed to cause a sample of the material to double in length. While this endpoint is not realistic
because most materials will fail before reaching it, it is practical, in that small fractions of the
defining load will operate in exactly the same ratio.
47
6.8 BULK DENSITY
Bulk density is a property of powders, granules and other "divided" solids, especially
used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, (pharmaceutical)
ingredients, foodstuff or any other masses of corpuscular or particulate matter.
Sulphate attack is a chemical reaction, affecting the concrete in the floor construction of
properties. Sulphates present in contaminated hardcore, together with a source of moisture it
reacts with the cement in the concrete causing it to expand and crack. The expansive force of the
chemical reaction can displace the external and sleeper walls leading to the opening of skirting
board joints, the bouncing of timber floors, cracking and displacement of brickwork as the above
photo and the disruption of concrete floors and sub-floors. It can take anything for 10 to 20 years
for the physical defects mentioned above to manifest themselves. With sulphate attack the
correct solution is to remove all defective concrete and contaminated hardcore and replace both.
This is very disruptive and costs can be substantial. Microscopic view of sulphate crystals
Sulphate attack is not normally covered by buildings insurance as it tends to be excluded by
means of a clause exempting all forms of chemical attack.
However, where it is possible to prove that an escape of water such as a cracked drain has
triggered the reaction the insurance claim may be successful. Alan Wood & Partners have the
expertise to identify the problem, to recover samples and to test the concrete to prove the
presence of sulphate attack. We also are able to advice and co-ordinate any remedial action that
may be required, advising on insurance issues where appropriate.
48
Fig. 6.4 Sulphate attack
49
6.10 CONCRETE WEIGHT LOSS
The level of attack of the concrete by the sulphate solution was determined by measuring the weight
loss of samples with time. Total weight loss over the 28 days exposure period for each mix type is presented in
Table 4. Figure 1, shows a graph of the average weight change with time (of 3 samples) for each of the trial
mixes.
It is a good practice to test the compressive strength of cement in projects which are
planned for longer durations (>12months). The shelf life of Cement is no longer than six months
and it starts losing strength even just after one month of storage. General Construction and Small
Scale Construction works does not need testing if rate of their consumption is within 6 months
.However, testing compressive strength of cement at site is very simple procedure. You just need
to have compression testing machine, a cube mould of uniform dimensions of 7.06cm, cement,
sand (confirm to IS 650:1991), water.
Mix the cement with the sand in the ratio of 1:3 and then add water in the resultant
mixture in the ratio of P/4+3% of combined weight of cement and sand. For practical purposes
one can take the ratio of water between 0.5-0.65 depending on the need of workability and sand
on the site can be used. Put the paste in the mould and prepare three such samples. Initially
moulds are kept under gunny bags for practical purpose of achieving 90% humidity, otherwise
they should be kept under 27±2OC with 90% humidity in humidifier. Then cubes are taken out
from moulds after 24 hours and immersed in water for testing the strength at 3, 7, and 28 days
respectively.
E.g. - for 33 grade 3 days and 7 days strength should not be less than 16MPa and 22MPa
respectively. One can easily get it tested at very nominal rates at certified laboratories. Many
non- destruction techniques are also made available by different companies in market these days.
You can take service from any one such good company to ease off your part of burden.
50
CHAPTER 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
51
Table: 7.2Compressive Strength of Cubes at 14 Days
Partial Number of Ultimate Compressive Strength Ultimate Compressive
replacement in % specimen load in kN in N/mm2 Strength in N/mm2
510 22.67
0 3 505 22.44 22.67
515 22.89
515 22.89
10 3 525 23.33 22.89
505 22.44
510 22.67
20 3 525 23.33 22.96
515 22.89
510 22.67
30 3 550 24.44 23.56
530 23.56
355 15.78
40 3 350 15.56 15.63
350 15.56
330 14.67
50 3 320 14.22 14.44
325 14.44
300 13.33
60 3 295 13.11 13.11
290 12.89
52
Table: 7.3Compressive Strength of Cubes at 28 Days
53
Fig.7.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete – Bar Chart
Discussion
In this research the value of compressive strength for different replacement levels of hypo
sludge (0%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%) at the end of the curing periods (7 days, 14
days and 28 days) are given in the above table. These values are plotted in graph. This shows the
variation of compressive strength with hypo sludge replacement at different curing ages
respectively.
From our research, the compressive strength increase upto 30% hypo sludge replacement
and the 40% replacement in nearly equal to conventional concrete. And the 50% and 60%
replacement of hypo sludge in compressive strength is decreases.
54
Table: 7.4Split Tensile Strength of Cylinder at 7 Days
Partial Number of Ultimate load Ultimate Split Tensile Average Ultimate Split
replacement specimen in kN Strength Tensile Strength
in % in N/mm2 in N/mm2
110 1.56
0 3 105 1.49 1.5
107 1.51
135 1.91
10 3 135 1.91 1.9
125 1.77
135 1.91
20 3 140 1.98 2.0
142 2.01
143 2.02
30 3 145 2.05 2.1
148 2.09
75 1.06
40 3 55 0.78 0.9
65 0.92
65 0.92
50 3 55 0.78 0.8
60 0.85
55 0.78
60 3 50 0.71 0.7
45 0.64
55
Table: 7.5Split Tensile Strength of Cylinder at 14 Days
Partial Number of Ultimate load Ultimate Split Tensile Average Ultimate Split
replacement specimen in kN Strength Tensile Strength
in % in N/mm2 in N/mm2
180 2.55
0 3 175 2.48 2.4
160 2.26
160 2.26
10 3 185 2.62 2.5
190 2.69
190 2.69
20 3 195 2.76 2.8
200 2.83
200 2.83
30 3 205 2.90 2.9
210 2.97
170 2.41
40 3 160 2.26 2.2
140 1.98
160 2.26
50 3 155 2.19 2.1
130 1.84
135 1.91
60 3 140 1.98 1.9
135 1.91
56
Table: 7.6Split Tensile Strength of Cylinder at 28 days
Partial Number of Ultimate load Ultimate Split Tensile Average Ultimate Split
replacement specimen in kN Strength in N/mm2 Tensile Strength in
in % N/mm2
250 3.54
0 3 270 3.82 3.7
260 3.68
260 3.68
10 3 275 3.89 3.9
290 4.10
280 3.96
20 3 290 4.10 4.0
285 4.03
310 4.39
30 3 300 4.25 4.3
305 4.32
250 3.54
40 3 240 3.40 3.5
260 3.68
210 2.97
50 3 230 3.26 3.1
220 3.11
210 2.97
60 3 200 2.83 2.9
205 2.90
57
Fig.7.2 Split Tensile Strength of Concrete – Bar Chart
Discussion
In this research the value of split tensile strength for different replacement levels of hypo
sludge (0%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%) at the end of the curing periods (7 days, 14
days and 28 days) are given in the above table. These values are plotted in graph. This shows the
variation of split tensile strength with hypo sludge replacement at different curing ages
respectively.
From our research, the split tensile strength increase upto 30% hypo sludge replacement
and the 40% replacement in nearly equal to conventional concrete. And the 50% and 60%
replacement of hypo sludge in split tensile strength is decreases.
58
Stress-strain curve
In this research the value of young‟s modulus of concrete for different replacement levels
of hypo sludge (0%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%) at the end of the curing periods (7
days, 14 days and 28 days) are given in the above table. These values are plotted in graph. This
shows the variation of young‟s modulus with hypo sludge replacement at different curing ages
respectively.
From our research, the strain is increase upto 30% hypo sludge replacement and the 40%
replacement in nearly equal to conventional concrete. And the 50% and 60% replacement of
hypo sludge in strain is decreases.
59
Table: 7.8 Bulk Density of Concrete at 7 days
60
Table: 7.9Bulk density of Concrete at 14 days
61
Table: 7.10 Bulk density of Concrete at 28 days
62
Fig.7.4 Bulk Density of Concrete - Bar Chart
Discussion
In this research the value of bulk density of concrete for different replacement levels of
hypo sludge (0%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%) at the end of the curing periods (7 days,
14 days and 28 days) are given in the above table. These values are plotted in graph. This shows
the variation of bulk density with hypo sludge replacement at different curing ages respectively.
From our research, the bulk density increase upto 30% hypo sludge replacement and the
other 40%, 50% and 60% replacement of hypo sludge in bulk density are decreases.
63
Table: 7.11Compression Test of Concrete after Sulphate Attack at 28 days
64
Table: 7.12Comparison of Normal Concrete and Sulphate Attack at 28 Days
Fig.7.5 Compressive Strength of Normal and Sulphate Attack on concrete – Bar Chart
Discussion
In this research the value of compressive strength of concrete for different replacement
levels of hypo sludge (0%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%)are curing into water and
sulphuric acid at the curing periods of 28 days and given in the above table. These values are
plotted in graph. This shows the variation of compressive strength with hypo sludge replacement
at different curing ages respectively. The results are increase upto 30% and decrease above 40%.
65
Table: 7.13Split Tensile Strength Test of Concrete after Sulphate Attack at 28 Days
66
Table: 7.14Comparison of Normal Concrete and Sulphate Attack at 28 Days
Fig.7.6 Split Tensile Strength of Normal and Sulphate Attack on Concrete – Bar Chart
Discussion
In this research the value of split tensile strength of concrete for different replacement
levels of hypo sludge (0%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%)are curing into water and
sulphuric acid at the curing periods of 28 days and given in the above table. These values are
plotted in graph. This shows the variation of split tensile strength with hypo sludge replacement
at different curing ages respectively. The results are increase upto 30% and decrease above 40%.
67
Table: 7.15Loss of Weight Due to Sulphate Attack in Concrete Cubes at 28 Days
68
Table: 7.16 Loss of Weight Due to Sulphate Attack in Concrete Cylinder at 28 Days
69
Fig. 7.7 Comparison of Loss of Weight of Cubes and Cylinder Concrete – Bar Chart
Discussion
In this research the value of loss of weight of concrete cubes and cylinder for different
replacement levels of hypo sludge (0%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%) at the end of the
curing periods (28 days) are given in the above table. These values are plotted in graph. This
shows the variation of loss of weight of concrete cubes and cylinders with hypo sludge
replacement at different curing ages respectively.
From our research, the loss of weight is decrease in all replacement of hypo sludge
compare to conventional concrete.
70
Table: 7.17Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes at 3 Days
71
Table: 7.18Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes at 7 Days
72
Table: 7.19Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes at 14 Days
73
Fig.7.8 Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes – Bar Chart
Discussion
In this research the value of compressive strength of mortar cubes for different
replacement levels of hypo sludge (0%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%) at the end of the
curing periods (7 days, 14 days and 28 days) are given in the above table. These values are
plotted in graph. This shows the variation of compressive strength of mortar cubes with hypo
sludge replacement at different curing ages respectively.
From our research, the compressive strength increase upto 30% hypo sludge replacement
and the other 40%, 50% and 60% replacement of hypo sludge in compressive strength are
decreases.
74
Table: 7.20Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes after Sulphate Attack at 3 Days
75
Table: 7.21Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes after Sulphate Attack at 7 Days
76
Table: 7.22Compressive Strength of Mortar Cubes after Sulphate Attack at 14 Days
77
Fig.7.9 Compressive Strength of Sulphate Attack of Mortar Cubes – Bar Chart
Discussion
In this research the value of compressive strength of mortar cubes for different
replacement levels of hypo sludge (0%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%) are curing in to
water and sulphuric acid at the end of the curing periods (7 days, 14 days and 28 days) are given
in the above table. These values are plotted in graph. This shows the variation of compressive
strength of mortar cubes with hypo sludge replacement at different curing ages respectively.
From our research, the compressive strength increase upto 30% hypo sludge replacement
and the other 40%, 50% and 60% replacement of hypo sludge in compressive strength are
decreases.
78
Table: 7.23Loss of Weight Due to Sulphate Attack in Mortar Cubes at 3 Days
79
Fig.7.10 Loss of Weight in Mortar Cubes at 3, 7 and 14Days – Bar Chart
Discussion
In this research the value of loss of weight of mortar cubes for different replacement
levels of hypo sludge (0%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%) at the end of the curing periods
(7 days, 14 days and 28 days) are given in the above table. These values are plotted in graph.
This shows the variation of loss of weight of mortar cubes with hypo sludge replacement at
different curing ages respectively.
From our research, the loss of weight is decrease in all replacement of hypo sludge
compare to conventional concrete.
80
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
81
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82