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Application of the GT35 industrial gas turbine for the propulsion of fast ferries
ABSTRACT 0135
The paper describes the modifications required to make the 0135 The 0135 is built up of a gas generator and a free power turbine.
industrial gas turbine suitable for use in fast ferries as propulsion The gas generator is of a twin-spool design, with a low-pressure and
machinery. The modifications made to get the unit to meet pitch and a high- pressure compressor driven by a two-stage turbine and a one-
roll requirements are dealt with, as well as the engine support system stage turbine, respectively. The combustor system consists of 7 cans
modifications. exhausting into an uncooled turbine section. The 0135's normal
output is 17 MW, with a maximum continuous rating of 18.3 MW.
The 0135's capability to burn low quality, liquid fuels is discussed,
and a close look is taken at the effect such fuel has on the life of the The GT35 has been used in power generation applications for over
unit and the time between service. 40 years, and for land-based mechanical drive applications for over
25 years. Since it has been designed for long-term use at high output
In order to facilitate power production on the ship, the 0135 has levels, it is ideally suited for fast ferry and cargo ship propulsion.
been equipped with a starting motor which during operation is used
as a shaft driven generator. The generator is driven by the low
pressure rotor. Each generator can produce 500 kW, which means
1000 kW for the ferry. The effect of the arrangement on the rotor
system behavior is described.
At the time of writing this paper ABS has sold 6 GT35 units for
operation in 3 fast ferries. The speed of the ferries varies between 40
knots and 60 knots. At the time of writing this paper, the first of the
two HSS 900 ferries for Siena Line, Sweden, has just completed its
first set of' sea trials.
The ability of the 0135 to bum low-quality fuel means that the COMBUSTORS
economic effect of its slightly higher SFC is more than offset by the When compared with gas fuels, liquid fuels require longer times to
lower fuel cost, ( Figure 2). For Steno Line's HSS 900, the cost of complete combustion. Since the ans is equipped with large
the heavy distillate suitable for the 0T35 was around US$ 40- combustors, there is no danger of flames propagating into the turbine
50/tonne lower than the cost of the fuel quality required for the aero- and reducing component life.
derivative units which were also being considered.
The large combustors are also important because of the need to have
ample space in order to lessen the heat load on the combustor walls.
In a 17 MW gas turbine, around 50 MW of heat is released in the
combustor section. The lumination index for burning a liquid fuel is
much higher than that for gas fuel bunting.
Although the prices of fuels change over time, the relative differences
between the various fuel qualities are usually maintained. Even if
Figure 3: The combustor of the GT35 is considerably
the difference is as little as US$ 50/tonne - e.g., US$ 100/tonne for
larger than that of the aero-derivative gas turbine
the 0135's fuel and US$ 150/tonne for fuel to be used in an aero-
derivative packages for the same power (34 MW) - the savings will The combustion system contributes to another notable feature of
be significant. Taking an aero-derivative package with SFC of 240 the GT35: smoke-free operation on liquid fuel, even at part load.
g/kWh (with no allowance made for any deterioration in this level), This is of particular importance to fast ferry operators. whose vessels
the total fuel cost in a year (6000 operating hours) will be: typically have to maneuver through port areas many times a day.
Figure 4 shows a 0135 unit operating in Barbados, revealing how
0.240 x 34 x 6000 x 150 = US$ 7.34 million, clean the exhaust is despite operation on a heavier type of diesel fuel
0T35 units have also been operating on North Sea oil and gas
production platforms for over 15 years, with no engine failures or
major overhauls. These are dual-fuel units, some of which have spent
significant periods operating on liquid fuels. On BPs Ula platform,
for example, three GT35 generating sets were installed in 1985.
During the first year of operation, liquid fuel of diesel type was used
After the rust year, the units have mainly operated on natural gas,
with diesel used as a standby. When the units had their first major
inspections, after 40,000 hours, no negative effects of the rust year's
liquid fuel operation were found. The deterioration of performance
over the period and before dismantling was proven to be only 1.3 % .
The units have now operated for more than 70,000 hours each, with
over 98% reliability. It is common for gas turbines in offshore
oil/gas installations to spend the first year operating on liquid fuels,
and some offshore operators have seen the lifetimes of their aero-
derivative gas turbines reduced considerably as a result
_AO* MODIFICATIONS
4:egoief It was necessary to make several minor modifications to the GT35 in
order for it to meet the requirements of the marine sector. These
Figure 5: Turbine inlet temperature of various gas
modifications have meant that the 0T35 can now be offered for other
turbines versus fuel efficiency
Rt
it.PitruOczttr
The fuel used for the test runs was normal diesel oil (Heating Oil
No I), which is heavier than the marine gas oil used for aero-
derivative gas turbines, but lighter than the marine diesel fuel that
the HSS 900 will normally use. According to allorwegian
newspaper which reported the trials, the units operated so quietly
that they could not be heard by people standing on the quay next to
the ship, and there was no smoke produced by the engines.
CONCLUSION
The gas turbine has proved to be a competitive alternative to diesel
units for fast ferries. The 0T35 has in its turn proved to be a strong
contender against aero-derivative units. The robustness of the 0135
and its ability to burn less expensive fuels have been the keys to its
success so far. The slightly heavier design of the 0T35 in comparison
with aero-derivative units has not created any major problems for
shipbuilders.