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Nivish George
Joints
Mechanical
Joints
Mechanical Molecular
• Double • Double
rivet rivet
double double
strap strap
(Chain) (Zig Zag)
Department of Mechanical Engineering 10
Important Terminologies
• Pitch (p): Distance between centre of one rivet to the centre of the
adjacent rivet in the same row
• Back pitch (pt): or Transverse pitch is the distance between two
consecutive rows of rivets in the same plate
• Diagonal Pitch (pd): Diagonal pitch is the distance between centre
of one rivet to the centre of the adjacent rivet located in the
adjacent row
• Margin or marginal pitch (m) : Distance between the centre of the
rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate
Caulking Fullering
Narrow blunt tool Thickness equal to the plate
Tool burrs down the plate Superseded Caulking
More damage to the plate Less damage to the plate
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇 , 𝑃𝑆 , 𝑃𝐶
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, η =
𝑝 × 𝑡 × 𝜎𝑡
• Diameter of rivets
• 𝑑=6 𝑡 (Eqn 5.11d)
t > 8mm,
t < 8 mm , find d by 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑃𝐶
σ 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 σ 𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑦ത = 𝑥ҧ =
σ 𝐴𝑖 σ 𝐴𝑖
𝐹
𝐹1′ = 𝐹2′ = 𝐹3′ = 𝐹4′ = Eqn 9.9(a)
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐹 × 𝑒 = 𝐹1′′ 𝑐1 + 𝐹2′′ 𝑐2 + 𝐹3′′ 𝑐3 + 𝐹4′′ 𝑐4
Where, 𝐹1′′ = 𝐶𝑐1 , 𝐹2′′ = 𝐶𝑐2 , 𝐹3′′ = 𝐶𝑐3 , 𝐹4′′ = 𝐶𝑐4
𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑒𝑐1
𝐶= 2 ′′
𝐹1 = 2 Eqn 9.9(d)
(𝑐1 + 𝑐22 + 𝑐32 + 𝑐42 ) (𝑐 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑐 2 )
1 2 3 4
• Width of strap
• 𝐵1 = 𝑑
• Thickness of cotter
• 𝑡 = 𝐵1 /4
Heat Gas
Electric arc
Welding
Forge
Heat and
Pressure Electric
resistance
Department of Mechanical Engineering 54
Thermit Welding
t>20 mm
t>30 mm
Avoid leaking
Department of Mechanical Engineering 60
Fillet Welded Joints
A fillet joint also called as lap joint, is a joint between two overlapping
plates or components
P: Tensile force on
welds
h: throat of butt weld
l: length of weld
𝜎𝑡 : Tensile force on
𝑃 𝑃 weld
𝜎 = Eqn 6.1a 𝜎𝑡 = η: Efficiency of joint
ℎ𝐿 𝑡𝐿
η𝜎𝑡 𝑡𝐿 = 𝑃
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎𝑡 = Eqn 6.2a 𝜎𝑡 = For two welds
0.707ℎ𝐿 1.414ℎ𝐿 Eqn 6.2b
• Nature of stress is complex
• Shear stress+ Tensile stress + bending moment at throat
• Maximum shear stress induced at 67.50
′
ℎ
𝑡 =
(sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)
𝑃 𝑃(sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)
𝜏= ′ =
𝑡𝐿 ℎ𝐿
• Maximum value of θ
𝜕𝜏
tan 𝜃 = 1 𝜃 = 450
𝜕𝜃
𝑃(sin 45 + cos 45) 𝑃
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
ℎ𝐿 0.707ℎ𝐿
Department of Mechanical Engineering 69
Max. Shear stress in transverse fillet weld
• Force = 2P
• Inclination of plane (max stress) = θ
• Width of plane inclined at θ = t’
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠 sin 𝜃 + 𝑃𝑛 c𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑃𝑠 cos 𝜃 = 𝑃𝑛 sin 𝜃
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃 sin 𝜃
′
ℎ
𝑡 =
(sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)
𝑃 𝑃 sin 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)
𝜏= ′ =
𝑡𝐿 ℎ𝐿 𝜕𝜏
• Maximum value of θ tan 2𝜃 = −1 𝜃 = 67.50
𝜕𝜃
𝑃 sin 67.5 (sin 67.5 + cos 67.5) 𝑃
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
ℎ𝐿 0.8284ℎ𝐿
Department of Mechanical Engineering 70
Axially loaded Unsymmetrical Welded Joints
𝑃1 = 0.707ℎ𝐿1 𝜏
𝑃2 = 0.707ℎ𝐿2 𝜏
𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
𝑃1 𝑒1 = 𝑃2 𝑒2
𝐿1 𝑒1 = 𝐿2 𝑒2
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 = 𝑙
Department of Mechanical Engineering 71
Problem 4.12
An ISA 200 X 100 X 10 angle is welded to a steel plate by means of
fillet welds as shown in Figure. The angle is subjected to a static force
of 150kN and the permissible stress for the weld is 70 N/mm2.
Determine the length of weld at the top and bottom
′
𝑃 𝑀𝑟 𝑃𝑒 𝑚2 + 𝑛2
𝜏 = 𝜏 ′′ = =
𝐴 𝐽 2𝐽
Eqn 6.3a Eqn 6.3b
𝑛ℎ𝑡3 ℎ𝑡 𝑛3
𝐼𝑋𝑋 = 𝐼𝑌𝑌 =
12 12
ℎ𝑡 𝑛𝑛2 𝐴𝑛2
𝐽𝐺1 = 𝐼𝑋𝑋 + 𝐼𝑌𝑌 = = Table 6.7
12 12 𝑛 2
2 2
Using parallel axis theorem 𝐺 𝐽 = 𝐽𝐺1 + 𝐴𝑟 1 = 𝐴 + 𝑟1
12
Department of Mechanical Engineering 73
Problem 4.13
A welded connection, as shown in Figure is subjected to an eccentric
force of 7.5 kN. Determine the size of welds if the permissible shear
stress for the weld is 100 N/mm2. Assume static conditions
𝑛ℎ𝑡3 𝑚 2 𝑚 2
𝐼𝑋𝑋 = + 𝑛ℎ𝑡 = 𝑛ℎ𝑡
12 2 2
𝜎𝑏 2
𝜏= + 𝜏1 2
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering 75
Problem 4.14
A bracket is welded to the vertical column by means of two fillet
welds as shown in Figure. Determine the size of the welds, if the
permissible shear stress in the weld is limited by 70 N/mm2