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Experiment Instructions
i
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Intended use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Device description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Device design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1 Connecting or detaching hose or stopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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3 Basic principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Pressure measurement with U-tube manometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Pressure measurement with inclined tube manometer . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Pressure measurement with Bourdon tube manometer . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1 Experiment 1: Positive pressure measurement with U-tube
manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 Experiment 2: Negative pressure measurement with inclined tube
manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Experiment 3: Positive pressure measurement with Bourdon tube
manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4 Experiment 4: Negative pressure measurement with Bourdon tube
manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5 Experiment 5: Positive pressure measurement with U-tube
manometer and Bourdon tube manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.6 Experiment 6: Negative pressure measurement with inclined tube
manometer and Bourdon tube manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
ii
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
5 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2 List of abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.3 List of formula symbols and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.4 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.5 Scope of delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.6 Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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iii
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
1 Introduction
1 Introduction 1
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
1 Introduction 2
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
2 Device description
B
H
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A C D E F G
2 Device description 3
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
pressure.
2 Device description 4
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
2.2 Operation
2 Device description 5
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
NOTICE
Bourdon tube manometers will be damaged by
pressures that are outside the measurement
range.
• Only apply pressures that are in the following
measurement ranges:
Bourdon tube manometer for
positive pressure: 0...60mbar
Bourdon tube manometer for
negative pressure: -60...0mbar
2 Device description 6
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
2 Device description 7
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
2 Device description 8
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
3 Basic principles
Δp = ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Δh (3.1)
Δ p Differential pressure
ρ Density of the sealing liquid
For water: 998,2kg/m3 at 20 °C
Fig. 3.1 U-tube manometer g Gravitational acceleration
9,81m/s2
Δ h Height difference
By simplifying slightly we get the following conver-
sion:
1cm water column corresponds to 1mbar.
3 Basic principles 9
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
= h 2 ⋅ 0 ,866
3 Basic principles 10
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Dial plate Bourdon tube Bourdon tubes are circular curved tubes with an
oval cross-section. The pressure being measured
affects the inside of the tube, whereby the oval
cross-section approaches a circular shape, since
the pressure strives to change the cross-section
of the tube to a circle shape. The curvature of the
Bourdon tube causes cyclic stress, which bends
the spring.
Needle
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3 Basic principles 11
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
4 Experiments
4 Experiments 12
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
NOTICE
• Make sure that the water columns in both
branches of the U-tube manometer do not rise
over the top of the scales.
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4 Experiments 13
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Measurements
Consecutive Positive/ Tube manometer: Bourdon
no. negative 7 U-tube manometer tube mano-
pressure
□ Inclined tube manometer meter for:
applied
with the
□ Positive
pressure
syringe
□ Negative
pressure
Reading Calculation Reading
Left Right
Inclined Δ h 2-1 Δ p 2-1 Δp
branch: branch:tube or or
h1 h2 mano- Δ h 2corr-1 Δ p 2corr-1
meter:
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h2corr
in ml in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mbar in mbar
a
no - 0 0 - 0 0 -
pressure
b
1 with 5 -157 153 - 310 31,0 -
pressure
c
- - - - 310 31,0 -
=b-a
4 Experiments 14
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
• Connector D:
Open
• Connector G:
Closed with a stopper
• Connector H:
Connected to the measuring hose
2. Read off the heights h1 and h2 of the water col-
umns in both branches of the inclined tube
manometer.
3. Draw up the syringe to the "20ml" mark.
4. Screw the syringe onto the measuring hose.
5. Slowly press the syringe plunger to the "15ml"
mark.
NOTICE
• Make sure that the water columns in both
branches of the inclined tube manometer do
not rise over the top of the scales.
4 Experiments 15
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
7. Calculate
• h 2corr , Δ h 2corr-1 and Δ p 2corr-1 in rows "a"
and "b" of the worksheet
• the differential pressure in mm WC and in
mbar in row "c" of the worksheet
Measurements
Consecutive Positive/ Tube manometer: Bourdon
no. negative
pressure
□ U-tube manometer tube mano-
meter for:
7 Inclined tube manometer
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applied
with the
□ Positive
pressure
syringe
□ Negative
pressure
Reading Calculation Reading
Left Right
Inclined Δ h 2-1 Δ p 2-1 Δp
branch: branch:tube or or
h1 h2 mano- Δ h 2corr-1 Δ p 2corr-1
meter:
h2corr
in ml in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mbar in mbar
a
no - 0 -3 -3 3 0,3 -
pressure
b
2 with 5 165 -166 -144 309 30,9 -
pressure
c
- - - - 306 30,6 -
=b-a
4 Experiments 16
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
• Connector E:
Connected to the measuring hose
2. Read off the pressure on the Bourdon tube
manometer for positive pressure.
3. Draw up the syringe to the "20ml" mark.
4. Screw the syringe onto the measuring hose.
5. Slowly press the syringe plunger to the "18ml"
mark.
NOTICE
• Make sure that the pressure in the Bourdon
tube manometer for positive pressure moves
within the 0...60mbar range.
4 Experiments 17
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Measurements
Consecutive Positive/ Tube manometer: Bourdon
no. negative □ U-tube manometer tube mano-
pressure
□ Inclined tube manometer meter for:
applied 7 Positive
with the pressure
syringe
□ Negative
pressure
Reading Calculation Reading
Left Right
Inclined Δ h 2-1 Δ p 2-1 Δp
branch: branch:tube or or
h1 h2 mano- Δ h 2corr-1 Δ p 2corr-1
meter:
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h2corr
in ml in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mbar in mbar
a
no - - - - - - 1
pressure
b
3 with 2 - - - - - 41
pressure
c
- - - - - - 40
=b-a
4 Experiments 18
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
• Connector F:
Connected to the measuring hose
2. Read off the pressure on the Bourdon tube
manometer for negative pressure.
3. Press the syringe plunger to the "0ml" mark.
4. Screw the syringe onto the measuring hose.
5. Slowly draw up the syringe to the "2ml" mark.
NOTICE
• Make sure that the pressure in the Bourdon
tube manometer for negative pressure moves
within the -60...0mbar range.
4 Experiments 19
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Measurements
Consecutive Positive/ Tube manometer: Bourdon
no. negative □ U-tube manometer tube mano-
pressure
□ Inclined tube manometer meter for:
applied
with the
□ Positive
pressure
syringe
7 Negative
pressure
Reading Calculation Reading
Left Right
Inclined Δ h 2-1 Δ p 2-1 Δp
branch: branch:tube or or
h1 h2 mano- Δ h 2corr-1 Δ p 2corr-1
meter:
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h2corr
in ml in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mbar in mbar
a
no - - - - - - 0
pressure
b
4 with -2 - - - - - -57
pressure
c
- - - - - - -57
=b-a
4 Experiments 20
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
• Connectors A and E:
Connected to each other with a hose
• Connector B:
Connected to the measuring hose
• Connector C:
Open
2. Read off:
– the heights h1 and h2 of the water columns
in both branches of the U-tube manometer
– the pressure on the Bourdon tube mano-
meter for positive pressure.
3. Draw up the syringe to the "20ml" mark.
4. Screw the syringe onto the measuring hose.
4 Experiments 21
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
NOTICE
Make sure that
• the water columns in the branches of the
U-tube manometer do not rise over the top of
the scales and
• the pressure in the Bourdon tube manometer
for positive pressure moves within the
0...60mbar range.
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6. Read off:
– the heights h1 and h2 of the water columns
in both branches of the U-tube manometer
– the pressure on the Bourdon tube mano-
meter for positive pressure.
7. Calculate
• Δ h 2-1 and Δ p 2-1 for the U-tube manometer
in rows "a" and "b" of the worksheet
• Δ p for the Bourdon tube manometer in rows
"a" and "b" of the worksheet
• the differential pressure in mm WC and in
mbar in row "c" of the worksheet.
4 Experiments 22
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Measurements
Consecutive Positive/ Tube manometer: Bourdon
no. negative 7 U-tube manometer tube mano-
pressure
□ Inclined tube manometer meter for:
applied 7 Positive
with the pressure
syringe
□ Negative
pressure
Reading Calculation Reading
Left Right
Inclined Δ h 2-1 Δ p 2-1 Δp
branch: branch:tube or or
h1 h2 mano- Δ h 2corr-1 Δ p 2corr-1
meter:
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h2corr
in ml in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mbar in mbar
a
no - 0 1 - 1 0,1 0
pressure
b
5 with 5 -125 123 - 248 24,8 24
pressure
c
- - - - 247 24,7 24
=b-a
4 Experiments 23
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
• Connector D:
Open
• Connectors E and G:
Connected to each other with a hose
• Connector H:
Connected to the measuring hose
2. Read off:
– the heights h1 and h2 of the water columns
in both branches of the inclined tube
manometer.
– the pressure on the Bourdon tube mano-
meter for negative pressure.
3. Press the syringe plunger to the "0ml" mark.
4. Screw the syringe onto the measuring hose.
4 Experiments 24
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
NOTICE
Make sure that
• the water columns in the branches of the
inclined tube manometer do not rise over the
top of the scales, and
• the pressure in the Bourdon tube manometer
for negative pressure moves within the
-60...0mbar range.
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6. Read off:
– the heights h1 and h2 of the water columns
in both branches of the inclined tube
manometer.
– the pressure on the Bourdon tube mano-
meter for negative pressure.
7. Calculate
• h 2corr , Δ h 2corr-1 and Δ p 2corr-1 for the
inclined tube manometer in rows "a" and "b"
of the worksheet
• Δ p for the Bourdon tube manometer in rows
"a" and "b" of the worksheet
• the differential pressure in mm WC and in
mbar in row "c" of the worksheet
4 Experiments 25
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Measurements
Consecutive Positive/ Tube manometer: Bourdon
no. negative
pressure
□ U-tube manometer tube mano-
meter for:
7 Inclined tube manometer
applied
with the
□ Positive
pressure
syringe
7 Negative
pressure
Reading Calculation Reading
Left Right
Inclined Δ h 2-1 Δ p 2-1 Δp
branch: branch:tube or or
h1 h2 mano- Δ h 2corr-1 Δ p 2corr-1
meter:
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h2corr
in ml in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mbar in mbar
a
no - 0 -1 -1 -1 -0,1 0
pressure
b
6 with -5 -139 136 118 257 -25,7 -26
pressure
c
- - - - 258 -25,8 -26
=b-a
4 Experiments 26
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
5 Appendix
Manometer panel
Length x Width x Height 750 mm x 600 mm x 780 mm
Weight 12 kg
Measuring ranges
Bourdon tube manometer for positive pressure 0...60 mbar
Bourdon tube manometer for negative pressure -60...0 mbar
U-tube manometer and inclined tube manometer
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Calibration device
See instruction manual for HM 150.02 Dead-Weight Piston Gauge
Abbreviation Meaning
WC Water column
p Pressure mbar, mm WC
α Angle °
ρ Density kg/m3
5 Appendix 27
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Index Explanation
corr corrected
5.4 Tables
5 Appendix 28
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
5.6 Worksheet
meter:
h2corr
in ml in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mbar in mbar
a
no -
pressure
b
with
pressure
c
- - -
=b-a
a
no -
pressure
b
with
pressure
c
- - -
=b-a
a
no -
pressure
b
with
pressure
c
- - -
=b-a
5 Appendix 29