Abbigale Campbell

Lab #: 4
Date: October 10, 2018

Title: Energetics
Introduction: The enthalpy change of the above reaction cannot be determined experimentally, thus
Hess’s Law will be applied to achieve this objective. Two reactions will be conducted and via Hess’s
Law, the enthalpy change of the above reaction will be determined. Both calcium oxide and calcium
carbonate will be reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid and the enthalpy changes of those reactions
will allow one to achieve the aim of this experiment.
Aim: To determine the enthalpy of the reaction CaO(S) + CO2(g) CaCO3(S)
Apparatus: 50 ml burettes, Styrofoam Cups, Stirrer, Thermometer
Material: Distilled Water, Calcium Oxide, Calcium Carbonate, 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Procedure:
1) Measure 1g of calcium oxide using a suitable weighing vessel and place in a calorimeter.
2) Measure 50cm3 of 1M HCL and allow three minutes to pass and then measure and record its
temperature
3) Pour the acid quickly but carefully into the calorimeter, stir the mixture and use the
thermometer to measure the final temperature.
4) Record the Results
5) Repeat steps 1-3 using calcium carbonate instead of calcium oxide
Results:

Conditions Temperature (C)

Acid used with Calcium oxide 22

Resulting mixture from reaction of calcium 29
oxide and acid
Acid used with Calcium Carbonate 22
Resulting mixture from reaction of calcium 23
carbonate and acid

Treatment of Results:

1) Calculate the number of moles of:

I. Calcium oxide used

Number of moles = mass of substance (g)

Molar mass (g mol-1)
= 1g
56g
= 0.017mol

II. Calcium Carbonate used

 Number of moles = Mass of substance (g)
Molar mass (gmol-1)

= 1g
100g
= 0.01 mol

2) Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction involving

I. Calcium Oxide

Enthalpy = mc T
= 50g x 4.18 Jg-1x 7C
= 1463 J

II. Calcium Carbonate used

Enthalpy = mc T
= 50g x 4.18 x 1 C
= 209 J

Given that the heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 jg-1 C-1 and that 1cm3 of aqueous
solution

3) Using your answers to questions 1 and 2, determine the enthalpy change of reaction
for
I. One mole of calcium Oxide

Enthalpy of one mole CaO = 1463 J

0.017 mol

= - 86058.8 J/mol

II. One mole of calcium Carbonate

Enthalpy of one mole CaCO3 = 209 J

0.01 Mol
= - 20900
 4) Draw an energy cycle for the enthalpy change of the reaction CaO(s)+ CO2(g)
CaCO3(s)
Using the TWO BALANCED chemical equations for the reactions you have
conducted.
H reaction
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

(+2HCL) H1 H2 (+2HCL)

CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

H Reaction + H2 = H1
H Reaction = H1 - H2
CaO + 2HCL CaCl2 + H2O

CaCO3 + 2HCL CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

CaO(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s)

5) Use the energy cycle and yours answers from question 3 to determine the enthalpy
change of the reaction. CaCO(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) for one mole of calcium
carbonate.

H = -20900J/mol – (-86058.8 J/mol)

= + 65158.8 J/mol

Discussion:
The standard enthalpy of reaction ( H) is the change in enthalpy for a given reaction
calculated from the standard enthalpies of formation for all reactants and products. The
change in enthalpy does not depend upon the particular pathway of a reaction, but only upon
the overall energy level of the products and reactants; enthalpy is a state function, and as
such, it is additive. Enthalpy is the heat energy within a system and is denoted by the symbol
H, therefore energy change is known as the enthalpy change ( H).Chemical reaction
involves bond breaking which is endothermic and bond making which is exothermic. When
chemical bonds are formed heat is released and when chemical bonds are broken, heat is
absorbed. H=H (bonds broken in reactants)-H (bonds made in products). Activation
energy is the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules to a
condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation or physical transport
Many chemical reactions release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound. These are
exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions may occur spontaneously and result in higher
randomness or entropy (ΔS > 0) of the system. They are denoted by a negative heat flow
(heat is lost to the surroundings) and decrease in enthalpy (ΔH < 0). In the lab, exothermic
reactions produce heat or may even be explosive. N example of this combustion is the
burning of carbon compound uses oxygen from the air, and produces carbon dioxide, water
and a lot of heat. Combustion of CH4 is seen as follows CH4+ 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O +Heat
There are other chemical reactions that must absorb energy in order to proceed. These are
endothermic reactions. Endothermic reactions cannot occur spontaneously. Work must be
done in order to get these reactions to occur. When endothermic reactions absorb energy, a
temperature drop is measured during the reaction. Endothermic reactions are characterized by
positive heat flow (into the reaction) and an increase in enthalpy (+ΔH).An example of this is
the process of photosynthesis. Plants absorb heat energy from sunlight to convert to carbon
dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen; 6CO2 + 6 H2O+ heat C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Hess’s Law states that the heat change in a reaction is independent of the route the reaction
follows. In other word the laws is saying that regardless of the direction of the route a
chemical reaction takes, whether two or more steps to complete the reaction the overall
enthalpy change will be exactly the same.

Conclusion:
Heat of decomposition of calcium carbonate was found to be +65158.8 J/Mol
Limitations:
1. Not enough solid components were used to get a measurable temperature change.
2. Lack of sensitivity of thermometer