Title: Human Trafficking & Health Professionals: Questions and Answers
Descriptive Summary: This online reading is a informational text provided by the US department of Health & Human Services. This online source is a website that is constructed as a Q & A. This websites has questions that some health professions have based on human trafficking and the department answers there questions. This website also gives scenarios. This is a website that promotes getting victims the help they need. They suggest what “red flags” to look for in order to identify a human trafficker. Being that this information is provided by a regulated department of the US it shows, the information is valid. This reading considers all patient and physician protocols so they are not violated when trying to assist victims. Evaluation Summary: This source rhetorical appeals but not all of them. The two that were utilized were ethos and logos. It lack a pathos appeal because this article is not intended to be emotional, it is meant to inform health profession personnels on what to do if they come across a patient that they suspect is a victim. The ethical side of this electronic write up, is where the information comes from. The website speaks for itself. It is from the US Department of Health & Human Services. Anything that the US post to aid their citizens, is most likely reviewed so that they are not subjected to lawsuits. This whole website explains logos but a couple examples are what nurses or doctors should do when they think they have come across a victim. One question was, “What are some of the signs of human trafficking that I may encounter in a health care setting?” The advice the department gave was to look out for Lack of nutrition, sleep deprivation, physical violence and injury, and mental health complaints due to extreme stresses. Along with these sign they also said to look at Trauma/Musculoskeletal pain A very high number of trafficking survivors report physical injuries, injuries caused by weapons or instruments, and nearly all report either sexual assault or physical violence.1 Repeated physical abuse and torture resulting in fractures, contusions, and burns are common. Injuries around the head, mouth, or genital area as well. Gynecologic, psychological health, substance abuse, and dental are included in the things to look for as well. Some gynecologic complaints, including genital pain, vaginal bleeding, and complications of pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) presenting as vaginal discharge and pelvic pain. HIV, in particular. Repeated visits to providers for previous treatment of STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, and signs of trauma to the genitourinary area from sexual assault are also potential warning signs of sexual exploitation.When concerning dental victims may have or have had a history of Injuries to the face and mouth area including infectious complications due to HIV, and even oral cancers or gingival disease due to substance use or poor access to dental care . Psychological health includes anxiety disorder, depression, suicidal ideation, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , symptoms of hostility, paranoia, and hopelessness. Lens: With a critical race theory in mind I feel as though human trafficking does not discriminate any race but I do feel like human trafficking is targeted to anyone who wants a better life in America. Every person of every race and ethnicity should receive help because no matter who they are genetically, they are all victims of human trafficking. Not to say human trafficking is excluding a particular race but I do feel as though there aren’t many human trafficking cases of caucasian people. Title: Human Trafficking: How Nurses Can Make a Difference Descriptive Summary: There are a number of authors who contributed to this article but cumulatively they have affiliations with Northeastern University, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Forensic Liaison Emergency Department of Brigham and Women’s Hospital.This article asses a real life example of a victim who came to the hospital and was identified as a human trafficking victim by the nurses based on their examinations but was bribe out of getting help by her abuser/trafficker who was the victim’s boyfriend. This reading also gives factual evidence on how human trafficking education could help health care professionals. Including what kind of training should be implemented and who it should start with proves there are improvements that should be made to saving victims. Evaluation Summary: The authors of this article use all three rhetorical appeals to their audience. Being considered a credible source is relied solely on the affiliations the authors of this article has. The affiliations mentioned are all with hospitals or a emergency department. Their way of using pathos is by telling a incident involving a 19 year old girl name Brittany. Brittany was a patient in a hospital and suspected of being a human trafficking victim. Brittany was admitted to the emergency room for a car accident and was being evaluated. Brittany’s history displayed she had a bipolar disorder, tried to commit suicide, had experiences with marijuana and was abused. Brittany was insisting she was pregnant and was worried about the well being of her child but when test were ran she was not pregnant. Despite this discovery Brittany was discharged because she was not a concerning patient, however, Brittany returned to the same hospital a couple hours after getting discharged. When she returned she complained about being depressed and having suicidal thoughts which could have been caused by Brittany finding out she was no longer pregnant. When she was placed on suicide watch, that's when Brittny’s alarming tattoo was discovered.Once that tattoo was found & she was interviewed as a a human trafficking victim, she than admitted to participating in activities that is apart of human trafficking. Although she expressed these things willingly her boyfriend came, persuaded her to leave and when she left she never got follow up care. This is a great example of human trafficking but if nurses had specific training this article later talks about, they would have labeled her as a victim during her first visit . This story can often make the audience feel bad because it kind of gives you that hope, like “oh she’s going to get help” then all of a sudden she doesn’t because of the person controlling her.The part of this article that uses logos is the suggested things health professionals should do to help victims and these suggested ideas are thing that should have been in place so that Brittany didn’t have to go back to what she was clearly trying to escape from. This electronic reading suggested that the human trafficking education healthcare providers get should include elements such as Scoping the problem, HT identification(forensic interviewing techniques and common physical signs and symptoms), Medical treatment that is guided with trauma-informed care (TIC) principles, psychological treatment: role of forensic trained psychiatric nurse practitioners,safety measures (victim risk assessment to include exiting strategies and reacclimating to the nontrafficking environment), resources (access to both inpatient and outpatient HT-specific treatment modalities). I feel as though if these things were apart of health providers training before Brittany’s situation, she would have not left the hospital. It’s also suggested that those who are forensic nurses should be the ones training other since their basic qualifications for their job involves what should be implemented for everyone else. Lens: From a perspective of a marxist, the training suggested probably isn’t set as a qualification because the hospital is probably worried about “Staying on budget”. Even though hospitals are designed to help people they are very picky about what they want to put money into. They rather the employees to do just what they are expected and that’s it. From a feminist view, I feel as though a nurse of the same gender should examine and assess the patient. Title: Diagnosis Codes for Human Trafficking Can Help Assess Incidence, Risk Factors, and Comorbid Illness and Injury Descriptive Summary: Overall this text explains what human trafficking is, different kinds of trafficking, Statistics, and also what to look for. The article provides readers with what test should be ran on victims. Not only do tests provide information without people saying anything but observations does as well such as how a victim is acting and the bruises they have on them if any. This article talks about particular codes that should come into play when evaluating these kind of cases. The main code talked about is the ICD-10-CM which is the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification. This is used in health care to code all diseases, symptoms, abnormal findings, and external cause of injury. The author of this writing is Wendy L. Macias-Konstantopoulos. Macias-konstantopoulos is a medical physician at Massachusetts General Hospital. She specializes in emergency medicine which happens to be where the most human trafficking victims are seen. Sh is also a assistant professor of emergency medicine at Harvard Medical School. Evaluation Summary: This article’s creditibly relies on Konstantopoulos credentials. The information she provides can be viewed as right because she knows what she is talking about. This reading does not have a emotional aspect to it, however, human trafficking in general is a sad topic. The evidence within this reading supports the logical part. The ICD-10-CM code provides the CDC with stasticals values and with that data, that’s how prevention tactics are invented. This particular coding system is verified through the US legislation.This coding system is what sets aspects of what is considered human trafficking. This code is what makes certain things a crime according to law enforcement. A study stated in this article is 88% of trafficking survivors reported have been cared for by a health care professional while being trafficked yet none were assisted in escaping. Lens: I don’t think my view can be bias on this article because it is give facts and it is giving reasoning as to why the ICD-10-CM code is in place, what it does and what it is trying to do in the next year. Although I don’t think I can apply a certain theory article was formatted very well. It gave readers a sense of who says what’s illegal and what’s not and what certain circumstances qualify as human trafficking. Title: Law Enforcement Identification and Response to Human Trafficking Descriptive Summary: This source that is being used is a powerpoint from the law enforcement side. This powerpoint provides facts like everything else but it also tells the audience the dominance about human trafficking, the different kinds to be aware of, characteristics of victims and suspects, the prosecution process, and what can be done on the law enforcement side. This powerpoint was put together by Amy Farrell who is affiliated with the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Northern University. Before partnering with this school she had a long history in the justice system. Farrell truly believes in service justice. Evaluation Summary: Once again, this source credibility relies on the author who is Amy Farrell. Based on her background and her degree, it proves she knows what she is talking about. Farrell's persuasion on what should be done on the law enforcement side is backed up by the statistics provided. Some information given on the characteristics of victims and suspects are 62% of traffickers are younger than 25, 16% are under 18 years old, victims of sex trafficking are younger than labor trafficking victims. Perpetrators tend to be older than their victims, 28.9% of them were in their thirties.Male perpetrators more common than female perpetrators and perpetrators and victims originate from the same countries. This is information only a law enforcer would know because thes investigate these crimes and are the first responders. When these cases are investigated the issues that interfere with a rightful conviction is less than half of sex trafficking cases investigated by local law enforcement led to an arrest; over half of arrests result in prosecution , 43 states have state legislation criminalizing human trafficking, some states have no cases charged under human trafficking statutes and some investigators are reluctance to bring single victim sex trafficking cases forward on federal charges in some districts. All of this evidence is what is giving Farrell probable cause to suggest some changes. Farrell proposes officers enhancing their understanding of the phenomenon of human trafficking (typologies and variations), making recognizing human trafficking part of law enforcement routine like they look for “suspicious” people, and recognizing how trafficking affects local communities. Lens: The lens I am going to looking at this issue through is an activist. This can go under the umbrella of a feminist theory but trafficking happens among ean as well. They all need a advocate. These statistics are staggering and for this world to be like this is sad. Being that every state has their own laws, you can only do but so much but. There are certain safe houses that needs to be in place for these victims, I don’t know how well that would work but its a solution. As a activist everyone of every race and gender should receive mental and physical assistants. The perpetrators and the victims need medical help because although they are in different situations, they all need help. Even though the victims are the ones in trouble we can’t just help the victims and leave the abusers out there to abuse others
In Re Hilda Soltero Harrington, Debtor. Estancias La Ponderosa Development Corporation v. Hilda Soltero Harrington and Rafael Durand Manzanal, 992 F.2d 3, 1st Cir. (1993)