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Annotated Bibliography Essay 2

Title: Human Trafficking & Health Professionals: Questions and Answers


Descriptive Summary: This online reading is a informational text provided by the US
department of Health & Human Services. This online source is a website that is constructed as a
Q & A. This websites has questions that some health professions have based on human
trafficking and the department answers there questions. This website also gives scenarios. This is
a website that promotes getting victims the help they need. They suggest what “red flags” to look
for in order to identify a human trafficker. Being that this information is provided by a regulated
department of the US it shows, the information is valid. This reading considers all patient and
physician protocols so they are not violated when trying to assist victims.
Evaluation Summary: This source rhetorical appeals but not all of them. The two that were
utilized were ethos and logos. It lack a pathos appeal because this article is not intended to be
emotional, it is meant to inform health profession personnels on what to do if they come across a
patient that they suspect is a victim. The ethical side of this electronic write up, is where the
information comes from. The website speaks for itself. It is from the US Department of Health &
Human Services. Anything that the US post to aid their citizens, is most likely reviewed so that
they are not subjected to lawsuits. This whole website explains logos but a couple examples are
what nurses or doctors should do when they think they have come across a victim. One question
was, “What are some of the signs of human trafficking that I may encounter in a health care
setting?” The advice the department gave was to look out for Lack of nutrition, sleep
deprivation, physical violence and injury, and mental health complaints due to extreme stresses.
Along with these sign they also said to look at Trauma/Musculoskeletal pain A very high number
of trafficking survivors report physical injuries, injuries caused by weapons or instruments, and
nearly all report either sexual assault or physical violence.1 Repeated physical abuse and torture
resulting in fractures, contusions, and burns are common. Injuries around the head, mouth, or
genital area as well. Gynecologic, psychological health, substance abuse, and dental are included
in the things to look for as well. Some gynecologic complaints, including genital pain, vaginal
bleeding, and complications of pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) presenting as
vaginal discharge and pelvic pain. HIV, in particular. Repeated visits to providers for previous
treatment of STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease, and signs of trauma to the genitourinary area
from sexual assault are also potential warning signs of sexual exploitation.When concerning
dental victims may have or have had a history of Injuries to the face and mouth area including
infectious complications due to HIV, and even oral cancers or gingival disease due to substance
use or poor access to dental care . Psychological health includes anxiety disorder, depression,
suicidal ideation, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , symptoms of hostility, paranoia, and
hopelessness.
Lens: With a critical race theory in mind I feel as though human trafficking does not
discriminate any race but I do feel like human trafficking is targeted to anyone who wants a
better life in America. Every person of every race and ethnicity should receive help because no
matter who they are genetically, they are all victims of human trafficking. Not to say human
trafficking is excluding a particular race but I do feel as though there aren’t many human
trafficking cases of caucasian people.
Title: Human Trafficking: How Nurses Can Make a Difference
Descriptive Summary: There are a number of authors who contributed to this article but
cumulatively they have affiliations with Northeastern University, Massachusetts General
Hospital, and the Forensic Liaison Emergency Department of Brigham and Women’s
Hospital.This article asses a real life example of a victim who came to the hospital and was
identified as a human trafficking victim by the nurses based on their examinations but was bribe
out of getting help by her abuser/trafficker who was the victim’s boyfriend. This reading also
gives factual evidence on how human trafficking education could help health care professionals.
Including what kind of training should be implemented and who it should start with proves there
are improvements that should be made to saving victims.
Evaluation Summary: The authors of this article use all three rhetorical appeals to their
audience. Being considered a credible source is relied solely on the affiliations the authors of this
article has. The affiliations mentioned are all with hospitals or a emergency department. Their
way of using pathos is by telling a incident involving a 19 year old girl name Brittany. Brittany
was a patient in a hospital and suspected of being a human trafficking victim. Brittany was
admitted to the emergency room for a car accident and was being evaluated. Brittany’s history
displayed she had a bipolar disorder, tried to commit suicide, had experiences with marijuana
and was abused. Brittany was insisting she was pregnant and was worried about the well being of
her child but when test were ran she was not pregnant. Despite this discovery Brittany was
discharged because she was not a concerning patient, however, Brittany returned to the same
hospital a couple hours after getting discharged. When she returned she complained about being
depressed and having suicidal thoughts which could have been caused by Brittany finding out
she was no longer pregnant. When she was placed on suicide watch, that's when Brittny’s
alarming tattoo was discovered.Once that tattoo was found & she was interviewed as a a human
trafficking victim, she than admitted to participating in activities that is apart of human
trafficking. Although she expressed these things willingly her boyfriend came, persuaded her to
leave and when she left she never got follow up care. This is a great example of human
trafficking but if nurses had specific training this article later talks about, they would have
labeled her as a victim during her first visit . This story can often make the audience feel bad
because it kind of gives you that hope, like “oh she’s going to get help” then all of a sudden she
doesn’t because of the person controlling her.The part of this article that uses logos is the
suggested things health professionals should do to help victims and these suggested ideas are
thing that should have been in place so that Brittany didn’t have to go back to what she was
clearly trying to escape from. This electronic reading suggested that the human trafficking
education healthcare providers get should include elements such as Scoping the problem, HT
identification(forensic interviewing techniques and common physical signs and symptoms),
Medical treatment that is guided with trauma-informed care (TIC) principles, psychological
treatment: role of forensic trained psychiatric nurse practitioners,safety measures (victim risk
assessment to include exiting strategies and reacclimating to the nontrafficking environment),
resources (access to both inpatient and outpatient HT-specific treatment modalities). I feel as
though if these things were apart of health providers training before Brittany’s situation, she
would have not left the hospital. It’s also suggested that those who are forensic nurses should be
the ones training other since their basic qualifications for their job involves what should be
implemented for everyone else.
Lens: From a perspective of a marxist, the training suggested probably isn’t set as a qualification
because the hospital is probably worried about “Staying on budget”. Even though hospitals are
designed to help people they are very picky about what they want to put money into. They rather
the employees to do just what they are expected and that’s it. From a feminist view, I feel as
though a nurse of the same gender should examine and assess the patient.
Title: Diagnosis Codes for Human Trafficking Can Help Assess Incidence, Risk Factors, and
Comorbid Illness and Injury
Descriptive Summary: Overall this text explains what human trafficking is, different kinds of
trafficking, Statistics, and also what to look for. The article provides readers with what test
should be ran on victims. Not only do tests provide information without people saying anything
but observations does as well such as how a victim is acting and the bruises they have on them if
any. This article talks about particular codes that should come into play when evaluating these
kind of cases. The main code talked about is the ICD-10-CM which is the International
Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification. This is used in health care to
code all diseases, symptoms, abnormal findings, and external cause of injury. The author of this
writing is Wendy L. Macias-Konstantopoulos. Macias-konstantopoulos is a medical physician at
Massachusetts General Hospital. She specializes in emergency medicine which happens to be
where the most human trafficking victims are seen. Sh is also a assistant professor of emergency
medicine at Harvard Medical School.
Evaluation Summary: This article’s creditibly relies on Konstantopoulos credentials. The
information she provides can be viewed as right because she knows what she is talking about.
This reading does not have a emotional aspect to it, however, human trafficking in general is a
sad topic. The evidence within this reading supports the logical part. The ICD-10-CM code
provides the CDC with stasticals values and with that data, that’s how prevention tactics are
invented. This particular coding system is verified through the US legislation.This coding system
is what sets aspects of what is considered human trafficking. This code is what makes certain
things a crime according to law enforcement. A study stated in this article is 88% of trafficking
survivors reported have been cared for by a health care professional while being trafficked yet
none were assisted in escaping.
Lens: I don’t think my view can be bias on this article because it is give facts and it is giving
reasoning as to why the ICD-10-CM code is in place, what it does and what it is trying to do in
the next year. Although I don’t think I can apply a certain theory article was formatted very well.
It gave readers a sense of who says what’s illegal and what’s not and what certain circumstances
qualify as human trafficking.
Title: Law Enforcement Identification and Response to Human Trafficking
Descriptive Summary: This source that is being used is a powerpoint from the law enforcement
side. This powerpoint provides facts like everything else but it also tells the audience the
dominance about human trafficking, the different kinds to be aware of, characteristics of victims
and suspects, the prosecution process, and what can be done on the law enforcement side. This
powerpoint was put together by Amy Farrell who is affiliated with the School of Criminology
and Criminal Justice at Northern University. Before partnering with this school she had a long
history in the justice system. Farrell truly believes in service justice.
Evaluation Summary: Once again, this source credibility relies on the author who is Amy
Farrell. Based on her background and her degree, it proves she knows what she is talking about.
Farrell's persuasion on what should be done on the law enforcement side is backed up by the
statistics provided. Some information given on the characteristics of victims and suspects are
62% of traffickers are younger than 25, 16% are under 18 years old, victims of sex trafficking
are younger than labor trafficking victims. Perpetrators tend to be older than their victims, 28.9%
of them were in their thirties.Male perpetrators more common than female perpetrators and
perpetrators and victims originate from the same countries. This is information only a law
enforcer would know because thes investigate these crimes and are the first responders. When
these cases are investigated the issues that interfere with a rightful conviction is less than half of
sex trafficking cases investigated by local law enforcement led to an arrest; over half of arrests
result in prosecution , 43 states have state legislation criminalizing human trafficking, some
states have no cases charged under human trafficking statutes and some investigators are
reluctance to bring single victim sex trafficking cases forward on federal charges in some
districts. All of this evidence is what is giving Farrell probable cause to suggest some changes.
Farrell proposes officers enhancing their understanding of the phenomenon of human trafficking
(typologies and variations), making recognizing human trafficking part of law enforcement
routine like they look for “suspicious” people, and recognizing how trafficking affects local
communities.
Lens: The lens I am going to looking at this issue through is an activist. This can go under the
umbrella of a feminist theory but trafficking happens among ean as well. They all need a
advocate. These statistics are staggering and for this world to be like this is sad. Being that every
state has their own laws, you can only do but so much but. There are certain safe houses that
needs to be in place for these victims, I don’t know how well that would work but its a solution.
As a activist everyone of every race and gender should receive mental and physical assistants.
The perpetrators and the victims need medical help because although they are in different
situations, they all need help. Even though the victims are the ones in trouble we can’t just help
the victims and leave the abusers out there to abuse others

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