B-Stad CH 05 PDF

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
Boylestad
BJT AC Analysis
Chapter 5
Ch.5 Summary
BJT Transistor Modeling

A model is an equivalent circuit that represents
the AC characteristics of the transistor.
A model uses circuit elements that approximate
the behavior of the transistor.
There are two models commonly used in small
signal AC analysis of a transistor:
re model
Hybrid equivalent model
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Boylestad Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Ch.5 Summary
The re Transistor Model

BJTs are basically
current-controlled
devices; therefore the re
model uses a diode and a
current source to
duplicate the behavior of
the transistor.
One disadvantage to this
model is its sensitivity to
the DC level. This model
is designed for specific
circuit conditions.
Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Configuration
The diode re model
can be replaced by
the resistor re.
Ie    1 Ib  Ib
26 mV
re 
Ie
Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Configuration
Input impedance: Zi  re
Output impedance:
Zo  ro  
Voltage gain:
RL
AV  
re
Current gain:
Ai   ro 
Ch.5 Summary
Common-Base Configuration
Input impedance:
26 mV
re  Zi  re
Ie
Output impedance:
Zo  
Voltage gain:
RL RL
AV  
re re
Current gain:
Ai    1
Ch.5 Summary
Common-Collector Configuration
Input impedance:
Zi  (  1)re
Output impedance:
Zo  re || RE
Voltage gain:
RE
AV 
RE  re
Current gain:
Ai  β  1
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory Ie    1 Ib  Ib © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Ch.5 Summary
The Hybrid Equivalent Model

Hybrid parameters are developed and used for modeling the
transistor. These parameters can be found on a transistor’s
specification sheet:
hi = input resistance
hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo)  0
hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)
ho = output conductance
Ch.5 Summary
Simplified General h-Parameter Model
hi = input resistance
hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)
Ch.5 Summary
h-Parameter vs. re Model

Common-Emitter
hie  βre
hfe  βac
Common-Base
hib  re
hfb  α  1
Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias
Configuration
The input is applied to the base
The output is taken from the
collector
High input impedance
Low output impedance
High voltage and current gain
Phase shift between input and
output is 180
Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter
Fixed-Bias
Configuration
AC equivalent
re,model
Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter
Fixed-Bias
Calculations
Zi  RB || βre
Input Zi  βre RB 10βre
impedance:
Ai  β ro 10RC , RB 10βre
Zo  RC||rO Current gain:
Output
impedance: Zo  RC ro 10 RC
Vo (R ||r )
Av   C o
Vi re Zi
Voltage gain: Current gain Ai   AV
RC from voltage gain: RC
Av   ro 10 RC
re
Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias
re model requires you to

determine , re, and ro.
Ch.5 Summary
Current gain
Common-Emitter Io R ro
Ai  
I i (ro  RC )(R   re )
Voltage-Divider Bias I R 
Ai  o 
Calculations r 10R
I i R   re o C
Io
Input impedance Output impedance Ai    ro 10RC , R 10 re
Ii
R   R1 || R2 Zo  RC || ro Current gain from Av
Zi  R  || βre Zo  RC ro 10RC Zi
Ai   Av
RC
Voltage gain
Vo  RC || ro
Av  
Vi re
Vo R
Av   C ro 10RC
Vi re
Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Emitter-Bias
Configuration
Ch.5 Summary
Impedance Calculations
Input impedance:
Zi  RB || Zb
Zb  re  (   1)RE
Zb  (re  RE )
Zb  RE
Output impedance:
Zo  RC
Ch.5 Summary
Gain Calculations
Voltage gain:
Vo R
Av   C
Vi Zb
Vo RC
Av   Z b (r e  RE )
Vi re  RE
Vo R
Av   C Z b   RE
Vi RE
Current gain: Current gain from Av:

Io RB Zi
Ai   Ai   Av
Ii RB  Zb RC
Ch.5 Summary
Emitter-Follower Configuration
This is also known as the common-collector configuration.

The input is applied to the base and the output is taken from the emitter.
There is no phase shift between input and output.
Ch.5 Summary
Impedance
Calculations
Input impedance:
Zi  RB ||Z b
Zb  βre  (β  1)RE
Zb  β(re  RE )
Zb  βRE
Zo  RE||re
Output impedance: Zo  re RE re
Ch.5 Summary
Gain Calculations
Voltage gain:
Vo RE
Av  
Vi RE  re
Vo
Av  1 RE re , RE  re  RE
Vi
Current gain:
βRB
Ai  
RB  Zb
Zi
Current gain from voltage gain: Ai   Av
RE
Ch.5 Summary
The input is applied to the emitter
The output is taken from the

collector
Low input impedance.

High output impedance
Current gain less than unity
Very high voltage gain
No phase shift between input

and output
Ch.5 Summary
Calculations
Input impedance:
Zi  RE || re
Output impedance:
Zo  RC
Voltage gain:
Vo RC RC
Av   
Vi re re
Current gain:
Io
Ai     1
Ii
Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Collector Feedback

Configuration
• A variation of the common-emitter fixed-bias configuration

• Input is applied to the base
• Output is taken from the collector
• There is a 180 phase shift between the input and output
Ch.5 Summary
Calculations
re
Zi 
Input impedance: 1 RC

β RF
Output impedance: Zo  RC || RF
Vo R
Voltage gain: Av   C
Vi re
Current gain:
Io βRF
Ai  
Ii RF  βRC
Io R
Ai   F
Ii RC
Ch.5 Summary
Two-Port Systems Approach
With Vi set to 0 V:
ZTh  Zo  Ro
The voltage across

the open terminals is:
ETh  AvNLVi
where AvNL is the no-

load voltage gain
Ch.5 Summary
Effect of Load Impedance on Gain
This model can be applied

to any current- or voltage-
controlled amplifier.
Adding a load reduces the
gain of the amplifier:
Vo RL Zi
Av   AvNL Ai   Av
Vi RL  Ro RL
Ch.5 Summary
Effect of Source Impedance on Gain
The amplitude of the

applied signal that
reaches the input of
the amplifier is:
RiVs
Vi 
Ri  Rs
The internal resistance of the signal source reduces the overall

gain:
Vo Ri
Avs   AvNL
Vs Ri  Rs
Ch.5 Summary
Combined Effects of RS and RL on

Voltage Gain
Effects of RL:
Vo RL AvNL
Av  
Vi RL  Ro
Ri
Ai   Av
RL
Vo Ri RL
Avs   AvNL
Vs Ri  Rs RL  Ro
Effects of RL and RS: Rs  Ri
Ais   Avs
RL
Ch.5 Summary
Cascaded Systems
• The output of one amplifier is the input to the next
amplifier
• The overall voltage gain is determined by the product of
gains of the individual stages
• The DC bias circuits are isolated from each other by the
coupling capacitors
• The DC calculations are independent of the cascading
• The AC calculations for gain and impedance are
interdependent
Ch.5 Summary
R-C Coupled BJT Amplifiers
Voltage gain:
RC || R1 || R2 || Re
Av 1 
re
RC
Av 2 
re
Av  Av 1Av 2
Input impedance,
first stage:
Output impedance,
Zi  R1 || R2 || Re Zo  RC
second stage:
Ch.5 Summary
Cascode Connection
This example is a CE–CB

combination. This arrangement
provides high input impedance
but a low voltage gain.
The low voltage gain of the

input stage reduces the Miller
input capacitance, making this
combination suitable for high-
frequency applications.
Ch.5 Summary
Darlington Connection
The Darlington circuit provides

very high current gain, equal to the
product of the individual current
gains:
D = 1 2
The practical significance is that

the circuit provides a very high
input impedance.
Ch.5 Summary
DC Bias of Darlington Circuits

Base current:
VCC  VBE
IB 
RB  DRE
Emitter current:
IE  (D  1)IB  DIB
Emitter voltage:
VE  IE RE
Base voltage:
VB  VE  VBE
Ch.5 Summary
Feedback Pair
This is a two-transistor circuit that operates like a Darlington
pair, but it is not a Darlington pair.
It has similar characteristics:

• High current gain
• Voltage gain near unity
• Low output impedance
• High input impedance
The difference is that a Darlington uses a pair of like

transistors, whereas the feedback-pair configuration uses
complementary transistors.
Ch.5 Summary
Current Mirror Circuits

Current mirror
circuits provide
constant current in
integrated circuits.
Ch.5 Summary
Current Source Circuits

Constant-current sources can be built using FETs, BJTs, and
combinations of these devices.
VZ  VBE
I  IE  IE  IC
RE
Ch.5 Summary
Current Source Circuits
VGS = 0V
ID = IDSS = 10 mA
Ch.5 Summary
Fixed-Bias
Input impedance:
Zi  RB || hie
Output impedance:
Zo  RC || 1/ hoe
Voltage gain:
Vo h R || 1/ ho e  Io
Av    fe C Ai   hfe
Vi hie Current gain: Ii
Ch.5 Summary
Voltage-Divider Configuration
Input impedance:
Zi  R || hie
Output impedance:
Zo  RC
Voltage gain:
hfe RC || 1/hoe 
Av  
hie
hfeR 
Current gain: Ai  
R   hie
Ch.5 Summary
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Input impedance:
Zb  hfeRE Z b  h feR E
Z i  R o || Z b
Zi  Ro || Zb
Output impedance:
hie
Zo  RE ||
hfe
Voltage gain: hfe RB

Ai 
Vo RE RB  Z b
Av   Current gain:
Vi RE  hie / hfe Zi
Ai   Av
RE
Ch.5 Summary
Input impedance:
Zi  RE || hib
Output impedance:
Zo  RC
Voltage gain:
Vo h R
Av    fb C
Vi hib
Current gain:
Io
Ai   hfb  1
Ii
Ch.5 Summary
Troubleshooting
Check the DC bias voltages
 If not correct, check power supply, resistors,

transistor. Also check the coupling capacitor
between amplifier stages.
Check the AC voltages
 If not correct check transistor, capacitors and

the loading effect of the next stage.

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

BJT Transistor Modeling

The re Transistor Model

The Hybrid Equivalent Model

Simplified General h-Parameter Model

h-Parameter vs. re Model

Common-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias

re model requires you to

Current gain: Current gain from Av:

This is also known as the common-collector configuration.

The output is taken from the

Low input impedance.

Current gain less than unity

Very high voltage gain

No phase shift between input

Common-Emitter Collector Feedback

• A variation of the common-emitter fixed-bias configuration

Two-Port Systems Approach

The voltage across

where AvNL is the no-

Effect of Load Impedance on Gain

This model can be applied

Effect of Source Impedance on Gain

The amplitude of the

The internal resistance of the signal source reduces the overall

Combined Effects of RS and RL on

R-C Coupled BJT Amplifiers

This example is a CE–CB

The low voltage gain of the

The Darlington circuit provides

The practical significance is that

DC Bias of Darlington Circuits

It has similar characteristics:

The difference is that a Darlington uses a pair of like

Current Mirror Circuits

Current Source Circuits

Current Source Circuits

Voltage gain: hfe RB

 If not correct, check power supply, resistors,

Check the AC voltages

 If not correct check transistor, capacitors and

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