Brakes

&
Braking system
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
BRAKES

• Principle
• Braking distance
• Braking efficiency
• Weight transfer
• Wheel skidding
• Principle and working of various types of brakes
• Anti-lock Brake systems (ABS)
 Braking requirements:

It MUST

•Stop the vehicle within smallest possible distance.

• Act instantaneously in case of an emergency.
• Strong enough to sustain sudden braking force.
• Neither slip nor should cause any skid the vehicle.
•Brake lining should have longer life.
• Operate with the least effort.
Frictional Resistance and Coefficient of Friction

The value of Coefficient of friction depends on several factors:

•Road surface condition.

• Tyre tread pattern.
• Inflation pressure (Correct, over or under –inflated.)
• Material of road surface.
Braking Efficiency

Let aBr = Braking retardation

g = Acceleration due to gravity

Highly efficient brakes produce greater deceleration (retardation)

which may cause

• Injury to passenger due to their sudden forward shifting.

• Goods collide among themselves, or collide with driver’s cabin.
• Rapid wear of tyre tread.
• Faster wear of the brake linings and the brake drum.
• Driver to lose control of the vehicle.

As per international standard braking function term is use which is

equal to
Stopping distance
Braking Effect : Weight transfer
Example:
A Maruti car moving at 80kmph takes 32 m to stop when the brakes are applied
on it under standard test conditions. How much is its braking efficiency? Also
determine the retardation produced during braking.

Ans: v=22.2 m/s

BE =87.2 %
deceleration =8.55 m/s2
Climbing- up a inclined road
Brakes applied to front wheels only
Brakes applied to rear wheels only
Brakes applied on all the four-wheels
Daewoo car has kerb weight of 970 kg and wheelbase of 2520mm. Its CG is 1250
mm in front of the rear axle and 655 mm above the level road. The coefficient of
road-wheels adhesion is 0.6. If the car is moving upward on a road inclined at an
angle of 25 deg with horizontal, calculate the load distribution on the front and rear
axles, the acceleration or retardation, and the stopping distance when, while
moving at 60kmph (1) the front brakes are applied (ii) rear brakes are applied and
(iii) all the four-brakes are applied. The seating capacity of the vehicle is for 5
passengers including driver. Take weight of each person as 600 N.
Ans.
1. RF= 6.76 kN, RR = 5.23kN, Deceleration = 7.28 m/s2, distance = 19.086 m
2. RF= 6.49 kN, RR = 5.01kN, Deceleration = 6.47 m/s2 , distance = 21.47 m
3. RF= 7.50kN, RR = 4.0kN, Deceleration = 9.48 m/s2, distance = 14.656 m
 Types of brakes

I. On the basis of purpose served

1. Main (Service or primary) operational brakes
2. Parking (or secondary ) brakes
II. On the basis of location in the vehicle
1. Wheel mounted brakes
2. Transmission mounted brakes
III. On the basis of driver’s Ergonomics
1. Foot brakes
2. Hand brakes
IV. On the basis of Actuating method
1. Mechanical brakes
2. Hydraulic brakes
3. Pneumatic brakes (a) Compressed air brakes (b) vacuum brakes
4. Electric brakes
V. On the basis of construction
1. Drum brakes
2. Disc brakes
3. Band brakes
VI. On the basis of application of braking effort
1. Manual brakes
2. Servo (power-assisted) brakes
3. Power (power-operated) brakes
VII. On the basis of action of brake shoes
1. Internal expanding brakes
2. External contracting brakes
VIII. On the basis of combinations
1. Drum and disc combination brakes
2. Mechanical and hydro combination brakes
IX. On the basis of speciality
1. Engine exhaust gas operated brake
2. Pneumatic-hydro brake
3. Hill-holding brake
Drum brakes : Construction and working
Types of drum brakes
Types of drum brakes

Floating expander, fixed and

floating anchor type

Articulate anchored type

Disc brakes
Types of Disc brakes

Swinging caliper type Sliding caliper type

 Description Description

1 Life of friction material 9 Temperature effect

10 Self energizing action
2 Visibility of wear from outside
3 Heat dissipation 11 Brake pedal efforts
4 Replacement of friction materials 12 Behavior of hydraulic system in
released state
5 Weight
13 Force needed to apply brake
6 Cooling
14 Nature of wear
7 Water and duct collection
15 Shape of friction lining
8 Braking effect
 Description Drum brake Disc brake

1 Life of friction material Reasonable Reasonable

(about 1500 km) (about 2500 km)
2 Visibility of wear from outside Not possible Can be seen at a
glance
3 Heat dissipation Inferior Better
4 Replacement of friction materials Troublesome and time Easy and rapid
taking
5 Weight Bulky Lighter
6 Cooling Very slow Efficient
7 Water and duct collection Accumulates Self cleaning
8 Braking effect Generally inconsistent Consistent
 Description Drum brake Disc brake

9 Temperature effect Severe Unaffected

10 Self energizing action Exists absent
11 Brake pedal efforts Higher Proportional to
retardation
12 Behavior of hydraulic system in Some pressure No hydraulic pressure
released state always exists on piston
13 Force needed to apply brake Comparatively less More, since brakes are
not self energizing
14 Nature of wear Non uniform Uniform
15 Shape of friction lining Curved Straight
Mechanical brakes
Hydraulic brakes
Master cylinder

Types of Master Cylinder

1. Single cylinder
(a) For drum brakes (b) for disc brakes
2. Double master cylinder
3. Tandem master cylinder
Tandem Master cylinder
Working
Responses when fluid is leaking
 Conventional braking system Axle by axle split system

Upper and lower wheel cylinder system Diagonal split system

Pneumatic brakes
Braking limitations
Stopping Distance

Sudden Braking
Braking on Slippery surface
 Antilock Braking System

http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/problems/equipment/absbrakes/page1-doom-04-26-2013.html
http://www.drivingfast.net/technology/abs.htm