2. What is minimum fluidization velocity? Draw pressure loss vs.

linear gas velocity curve

and explain modes of fluidization.

The particle will remain stationary when a fluid flows upward through a packed bed
of catalyst particle at a low velocity and as the fluid velocity increases, the pressure drop will
be increase. Upon further increases in velocity, a balance of pressure drop times the cross-
sectional area equals the gravitational forces on the particles’ mass. Then the particles begin
to move. This is the minimum fluidisation velocity.
 5. Refer FCC type configuration diagram and explain.

Two different configurations of the commercial FCC processes exist depending on the
positions of the reactor and the regenerator: they can be side by side or stacked, where the
reactor is mounted on top of the regenerator. Major licensor companies that offer FCC
processes with different configurations include Kellogg Brown & Root, CB&I Lummus,
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, Shell Global Solutions International, Stone & Webster
Engineering Corporation, Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP), and UOP. Another modification
to FCC plants could be the installation of a catalyst cooler, which may provide better control
of the catalyst/oil ratio; the ability to optimize the FCC operating conditions, increase
conversions, and process heavier residual feedstocks; and better catalyst activity and
catalyst maintenance [3].