MAHALAKSHMI

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHIRAPALLI-621213.

Department: Mechanical Sem ester: III

Subject Code: ME2202 Subject Name: ENGG. THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT - 1

1. 1 kg of gas at 1.1 bar, 27oC is compressed to 6.6 bar as per the law pv1.3 = const.

Calculate w ork and heat transfer, if

(1) When the gas is ethane (C2H6) w ith molar mass of 30kg/k mol and c pof2.1 kJ/kg K.
(2) When the gas is argon (Ar) w ith molar mass of 40kg/k mol and c pof 0.52 kJ/kg K.
(AUC DEC ’05)
Given: Polytropic process

Mass (m) = 1kg

Pressure (P1) = 1.1bar

=1.1×100

=110KN/m2

Temperature (T1) = 27°C

=27+273

=300K

Pressure (P2) = 6.6bar

=6.6×100

=660KN/m2

Molar mass of ethane (m) =30Kg/K mol

Cp of ethane = 2.1KJ/K mol

Molar mass of argon = 40Kg/K mol

Cp of argon = 0.52KJ/Kg.K

PV 1.3 = C

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 1

To Find:

1. Work Transfer (W)

2. Heat Transfer (Q)

Solution:

Step:1

Case:1 (Ethane)

Work transfer (W) =

Where,

P1V 1 = mRT1

V 1=

V1 =

V 1 = 680.2363m3

Where,

P1V 1n = P2V 2

V2 =

V 2 = 802.2438m3

Work transfer (W) =

W = -1515516.892KJ

Heat transfer (Q) = W ×

= -1515516.892

Q = -378879.223KJ

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 2

Case:2 (Argon)

Work transfer (W) =

Where,

P1V 1 = mRT1

V 1=

V1 =

V 1 = 906.9818m3

Where,

P1V 1n = P2V 2

V2 =

V 2 = 1166.0760m3

Work transfer (W) =

W = -2232807.207KJ

Heat transfer (Q) = W ×

= -2232807.207

Q = 558201.8018KJ

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 3

2. In an air compressor, air flow s steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/sec. At entry to the compressor,
air has a pressure of 105kPa and specific volume of 0.86 m3/kg and at exit of the
compressor those corresponding values are 705 kPa and 0.16 m3/kg. Neglect Kinetic and
Potential energy change. The internal energy of air leaking the compressor is 95 kJ/kg
greater than that of air entering. The cooling w ater in the compressor absorbs 60kJ/sec. of
heat from the air. Find pow er required to derive the compressor. (AUC MAY ’06)
Given:

Mass (m) = 0.5 kg/s

Entering velocity (C1) = 7 m/s

Entering Pressure (P1) = 100 KPa = 100 KN/m2

Entering volume (V 1) = 0.95 m3/Kg

Leaving velocity (C2) = 5 m/s

Leaving Pressure (P2) = 700 KPa = 700 KN/m2

Leaving volume (V 2) = 0.19 m3/Kg

Change in internal energy (U2- U1) = 90 KJ/Kg

Heat absorbs (Q) = 58 KW

To Find:

1. Compute the rate of shaft w ork input to the air in KW (or)

Work input

2. Ratio of inlet pipe to outlet pipe ( )

Solution:

Step:1

m (P1V 1 + +Z1.g) + Q = m ((U2- U1)+P2V 2 + +Z2.g) + W

Assume Z1= Z2

0.5 ((100×0.95)+ ) + 58 = 0.5 (90+(700×0.19) + )+ W

47.51225+58 = 111.50625 + W

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 4

 W = 105.51225-111.50625

W = 5.994KW

Note;

“-“ sign indicates that the w ork is done on the system

Step:2 To find ratio of inlet to outlet dia ( )

From continuity equation

= =

=3.57

= 3.57

= 3.57

= √3.57
The ratio of inlet to outlet dia of the pipe( ) = 1.8894

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 5

3. In an isentropic flow through nozzle, air flow s at the rate of 600 kg/hr. At inlet to
the nozzle, Pressure is 2 MPa and temperature is 127oC. The exit pressure is 0.5 MPa. Initial air
velocity is 300 m/s determines (i) Exit velocity of air (ii) Inlet and exit area of nozzle.
(AUC DEC ’06)

Given:

Mass of flow rate (m1) = 600Kg/hr

=600÷3600

=0.1666Kg/sec

Inlet pressure (P1) = 2MPa×10^6 N/m2

Inlet temp (T1) = 127°C + 273

=400K

Outlet pressure (P2) = 0.5MPa×10^6 N/ m2

Inlet air velocity (C1) = 300m/s

To Find:

1.Exit velocity of air (C2)

2. inlet and exit area (d1,d2)

Solution:

Step:1

= ( )^

= 1.4859

T2= 1.4859× T1

T2= 1.4859×400

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 6

 T2= 594.3977 k

Step:2

C2 = √{2×m[Cp(T2-T1) + ]

C2 = √{2×0.1666[1.005(594.3977-400) + ]

C2 =282.4937m/s

Step:3

Inlet mass flow rate (m) =

Where,

P1V 1 = mRT1

V 1=

V 1=

V 1 = 0.0574 m3/Kg

M1 =

A1 =

A1 =

A 1 =3.1876×10^-5

A1 = ×d1^2

3.1876×10^-5 = ×d1^2

d1 = √

d1 = 0.0063m×1000

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 7

 d1 = 6.3706mm

Step:4

Where,

= ( )^

= ( )^

= 2.692

V 2 = 2.692 V 1

V 2 = 2.692×0.0574

V 2 = 0.155m3/Kg

A2 =

A2 =

A 2 = 3.1410×10^-5

×d2^2 = 3.1410×10^-5

d2^2 =

D2 = 0.01078m ×1000

D2 = 10.7883mm

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 8

4. A centrifugal pump delivers 2750 kg of w ater per minute from initial pressure of 0.8 bar
absolute to a final pressure of 2.8 bar absolute. The suction is 2 m below and the delivery is5 m
above the centre of pump. If the suction and delivery pipes are of 15 cm and 10 cm diameter
respectively, make calculation for pow er required to run the pump. (AUC DEC ’06)
Given:

Mass (m) = 2750 Kg/min = 2750÷60

= 45.8333Kg/s

Initial pressure (P1) = 0.8bar ×100

= 80KN/m2

Final pressure (P2) = 2.8bar ×100

= 280 N/m2

Z1 = -2m (below the centre of pump)

Z2 = 5m (above the centre of pump)

Dia , d1 = 15cm÷100

=0.15m

d2 = 10cm÷100

=0.1m

To Find:

Pow er (P) or Work (W)

Solution:

Step:1

The steady flow energy equation is,

m[ + +P1V 1] = m [ + + P2V 2] + W

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 9

 W= m[ + +(P1V 1- P2V 2)]

Where,

M= ×d12×C1×ρ

C1 =

C1 = 2.5936m/s

C2 =

C2 = 5.8356m/s

Step:2

W = 45.83 [ + +(80×1000 -280×1000)]

W =[-0.06867-0.01366-200×10^3]

W = 9166003.773KJ/Kg

W=

W = 91.6600KJ/Kg

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 10

6. A blow er handles 1 kg/sec of air at 293 K and consumes a pow er of
15kw .Theinletandoutletvelocitiesofairarel00 m/sec and 150 m/sec respectively. Find the exit air
temperature, assuming adiabatic conditions. Take Cp of air as 1.005 kJ/kg-K. (AUC DEC ’07)
Given:
Mass(m) = 1Kg/s

Temp (T1) = 293K

Pow er (P) or Work (W) = 15 KW

Inlet velocity (C1) = 100m/s

Outlet velocity (C2) = 150m/s

Cp = 1.005KJ/Kg.k
To Find:

Exit air temp (T2)

Solution:

Step:1

m (h1 + +Z1.g) + Q = m (h2 + +Z2.g) + W

Note;

Neglect datum head (Z 1) = (Z2) = 0

Q = 0 (Adiapatic process

m (h1 + ) = m (h2 + )+W

1 (h1 + ) = 1 (h2 + ) + 15

(h1 – h2) =[ ] + 15

(h1 – h2) =21.25

Cp(T1 – T2) = 21.25

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 11

 1.005(293 – T2) = 21.25

293 – T2 =

293 – T2= 21.1442

293 –21.1442 =T2

T2 = 271.8557K

7. A room for four persons has tw o fans, each consuming 0.18 kW pow er and three 100W
lamps. Ventilation ant at the rate of 0.0222 kg/sec enters w ith an enthalpy of 84 kJ/kg and
leaves w ith an enthalpy of 59 kJ/kg. If each person puts out heat at the rate of0.175 kJ/sec,
determine the rate at w hich heat is to be removed by a room cooler, so that a steady state is
maintained in the room. (AUC DEC ’07)
Given:

No of person(np) = 4

No of fan (nf) = 2

(Wf) = 0.18KW (each)

(Wl ) = 0.1KW (each)

Mass of air (m) = 80Kg/hr

=80÷3600

=0.022Kg/s

Enthalpy of air entering (h1) = 84KJ/Kg

Enthalpy of air leaving (h2) = 59KJ/Kg

Heat (Qp) = 630KJ/hr

=630÷3600

=0.175KJ/s

To Find:

Rate of heat is to be removed

Solution:

Step:1

Rate of energy increase = Rate of energy in flow - Rate of energy out flow

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 12

 Q1 = -Ƞp Qp

Q1 = -(4×0.175)

Q1 = - 0.7KJ/s or KW

Step:2

=M(h1- h2)

=0.022(84- 59)

=0.55KJ/s

Step:3

W = electrical energy input

W = Ƞf Wf + Ƞl Wl

W = (2×0.18)+( 3×0.1)

W = 0.66KW

Step:4

Rate of heat is to be removed (Q)

Q = Q1 – 0.55 – W

Q = - 0.7 – 0.55 – 0.66

Q = - 1.916KW

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 13

8. One liter of hydrogen at 273 K is adiabatically compressed to one half of its initial volume. in
the change in temperature of the gas, if the ratio of tw o specific heats for hydrogen is 1.4.
(AUC DEC ’07)

Given: adiabatic process

Initial volume (V 1) = 1lit = 1÷1000

= 0.001m3

Temp (T1) = 273K

Initial volume (V 2) = one half of it’s Initial volume

(V 2) = 0.001÷2 = 0.0005 m3

To Find:

Change in temp of gas (T2 – T1)

Solution:

Step:1

= ( )^( )

= ( )^( )

= 1.3195

T2 = 1.3195×T1

T2 = 1.3195×273

T2 = 360.2256K

Step:2 To find change in temp (T2 – T1)

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 14

 = T2 – T1

= 360.2256 – 273

T2 – T1= 87.2256K

9. The velocity and enthalpy of fluid at the inlet of a certain nozzle are50 m/sec and2800
kJ/kg respectively. The enthalpy at the exit of Nozzle is 2600 kJ/kg. The nozzle is
horizontal and insulated so that no heat transfer takes place from it' Find
(1) Velocity of the fluid at exit of the nozzle

(2) Mass flow rate, if the area at inlet of nozzle is 0.09 m2

(3) Exit area of the nozzle, if the specific volume at the exit of the Nozzle is 0.495 m3/kg.
(AUC DEC ’07)
Given:

Inlet velocity of nozzle (C1) = 50m/s

Inlet enthalpy of nozzle (h1) = 2800KJ/Kg

h1 = 2800×10^3J/Kg

no of heat transfer take place (Q) = 0

exit enthalpy (h2) = 2600KJ/Kg

h2 = 2600×10^3J/Kg

To Find:

1. C2

2. m

3. A 2

Solution:

Step:1 To find velocity of the fluid at exit of the nozzle (C2)

C2 =√[2 (h1 - h2) + C1^2]

C2 =√[2 (2800 - 2600)×1000 + 50^2]

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 15

 C2 = 634.4288m/s

Step:2 Tofind mass flow rate (m)

m=

Where,

V 1 = Specific volume is not given so it is assumed to be

V 1 = 1m3/Kg

m= =

m = 4.5Kg/s

Step:3 To find exit area of nozzle (A 2)

A2 =

A 2 = 0.0035m2

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 16

10. A w ork done by substance in a reversible non-flow manner is in accordance w ith V = (15/p)
3
m , w here p is in bar. Evaluate the w ork done on or by the system as pressure increases from
10 to 100 bar. Indicate w hether it is a compression process or expansion process. If the change
in internal energy is 500kJ, calculate the direction and magnitude of heat transfer. (AUC MAY
’08)

Given: reversible non-flow manner

V = (15/p) m3

Pressure (P1) = 10bar

Pressure (P2) = 100bar

Change in internal energy (Δu) = 500KJ

To Find:
The direction and magnitude of heat transfer (Q)

Solution:
Step:1
Heat transfer (Q) = W+ Δu

Where,

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 17

 Work done = ʃ V dp

= ʃ 15/p dp

=15 ʃ 1/p dp

= 15 [log p ]

= 15 [log 100- log 10]

= 15 [2-1]

=15 [1]

W = 15KJ

Direction:

W = 15

Positive sign indicates the expansion process

Step:2

By first law of thermodynemics,

Q = W+ Δu

Q = 15+ 500

Q = 515KJ

Q = 515 KJ

Positive sign indicates the expansion process

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 18

11. In a Gas turbine installation, the gases enter the turbine at the rate of 5 kg/sec w ith a
velocity of 500 m/sec and enthalpy of 900 kJ/kg and leave the turbine w ith 150 m/sec, and
enthalpy of 400 kJ/kg. The loss of heat from the gases to the surroundings is 25kJ/kg. Assume
R = 0.285 kJ/kg.K, Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg.K and inlet conditions to be at 100 Kpa and
27oC.Determine the diameter of the inlet pipe. (AUC MAY ’08)

Given:
Mass flow rate (m) = 5Kg/s

Inlet velocity (C1 ) = 50m/s

Inlet enthalpy (h1 ) = 900KJ/Kg

Outlet enthalpy (h1 ) =400KJ/Kg

Outlet velocity (C1 ) = 150m/s

Heat loss (Q) = -25KJ/Kg

R = 0.285KJ/Kg

Cp = 1.004KJ/Kg

Inlet pressure (P1 ) = 100KPa ×1000 = 100000KN/m2

Inlet temperature (T1 ) = 27°C + 273 = 300K

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 19

To Find:
Work done (W)

Dia of the inlet pipe (d1 )

Solution:
Step: 1

m (h1 + +Z 1.g) + Q = m (h2 + +Z 2.g) + W

Where,

 Z2 = Z1
 m (h1 + ) + Q = m (h2 + )+W

 5 (900 + ) - 25 = 5 (400 + )+W

 4481.25 = 2056.25 + W
 4481.25 – 2056.25 = W

W = 2425KW

Step: 2 To find dia of the inlet pipe (d1 )

m=

Where,

V1 =?

P1 V1 = mRT1

V1 =

V1 =
2
V1 = 4.2875 m /s

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 20

 m=

A1 =

A1 =

A1 = 0.4275 m2

A1 = ×d12
2
d1 =

d1 = √

d1 = √

0.7377m = d1

d1 = 0.7377m ×1000

d1 = 737.7736mm

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 21

12. A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 2 kg of nitrogen at 100 Kpa and 300 K.
Nitrogen is now compressed slow ly according to the relation PV 1.4 = C until it reaches a final
temperature of 360 K. Calculate the w ork input during this process. (AUC DEC ’09)

Given: Polytropic process

Molecular weight of nitrogen (m) = 28

Ɣ = 1.4

Inlet pressure (P1 ) = 100KN/m2

Inlet temperature (T1 ) = 300K

Outlet temperature (T2 ) = 360 K

PV1.4 = C

To Find:
Work input (W)

Solution:
Step: 1

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 22

W=

Where,

Gas constant (R) =

= = 0.297KJ/ Kg.K

W=

W=

W = -89.1KJ

Direction:

W = -89.1KJ
Negative sign indicates that the work is done on the system.

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 23