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No. 02
CONTENTS
Analog Circuits 03 – 22
Analog Circuits
Class Room Practice Solutions 5V
5K
01.
Sol: 1V V0 = 1V
(1–2)
D1
1V 2V
3V
2V D2 (1–3)
Vo
3V D3 D2 & D3 are reverse biased and ‘D1’ is
forward biased.
i.e., D1 only conduct
5k
Io 5 1
I0 = = 0.8mA
5K
(1–3)
03.
1V Sol: Let diodes D1 & D2 are forward biased.
2V V0 = 3V
(2–3) V0 = 0 volt
10 0
3V I2 = = 2mA
5K
5K 0 (10)
I0 I3 = = 1mA
10K
Apply KVL at nodes ‘V0’:
D1,D2 are reverse biased and D3 is –I1 + I3 – I2 = 0
I1 = –(I2–I3) = –1mA
forward biased.
+10V
i.e., D3 only conducts.
5k
I0 = 3/5K = 0.6mA
Vo
I1 I2
02.
Sol:
+5V
I3 10k
Io 5k
–10V
D1
1V Vo So, D1 is reverse biased & D2 is forward
2V D2 biased
3V
5K
20 V0
I A
15k
10K –5V 2V 5V Vin
–10V
05.
20 Sol:
V0 10k 10
15k R
V0 = 3.33V +
+
Vin Vo
04. – 2V –
Sol:
2V
+ –
+ For Vi < – 2Volt, Diode ON
+ +
Vin Vx Vo
RL V0 = – 2Volt
– – –
For Vi > – 2Volt, Diode OFF
Apply KVL to the loop: V0 = Vi
Vin – 2 – Vx = 0
Vx = Vin–2 ----- (1) V0
Given, Vin range = –5V to 5V
+5V
Vx range = –7V to 3V [∵ from eq (1)]
Diode ON for Vx > 0V t
V0 = Vx –2V
Diode OFF for Vx < 0V –5V
V0 = 0 V
V0 range = 0 to 3V 06.
Sol: Consider a half wave peak detector the
Output wave form: calculate average value for triangular
waveform
V0 charges discharges
3V
Vx 0
–2 t
+
Vin R 100
–7V – C= 100C
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VP 9.3
(d) I R =
R 100
10V Total ID(max) = IC+IR
Vx Vy
9.3V 9.3
8.77 V 4
100
0.7V = 4.093 A
–10V 07.
Sol: For positive half cycle diode Forward
T=1/f msec biased and Capacitor start charging towards
peak value.
When diode is OFF, the capacitor
discharges through the resistor VC = Vm= 5V
Vy Vx e t RC t T V0 = Vin – VC = Vin – 5
1m
Vy 9.31 = 8.37 V Vin range = – 5V to +5V
100 100
Ripple amplitude, Vr = Vx–Vy V0 range = – 10V to 0V
= 9.3 – 8.77 = 0.93 V
V0
0 t
0.93 (ripple)
–5V
9.3V
Area 8.37V –10V
1msec
08.
1 Sol: For +ve cycle, diode ‘ON’, then capacitor
9.3(1m) (0.93)(1m)
Area 2 starts charging
(a) VAvg
Base 1m VC = Vm – 7 = 10 – 7 = 3V
0.93 Now diode OFF for rest of cycle
9.3 = 8.84V V0 = –VC +Vin
2
10 Vr = Vin –3
(b) Tan Vin range : –10V to +10V
T 4 t
V0 range: –13V to 7V
10 0.93
V0
0.25m t
t = 0.023 msec
7Volts
V
(c) I C ( avg ) C
t
–3Volts t
0.93
100
0.023m
–13Volts
IC ( avg ) 4A
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:6: Analog Circuits
09. 11.
Sol: For +ve cycle, diode ON, then capacitor Sol:
+10V
starts charging VC = VP + 9
= 12 + 9 = 21V 4.7K
Now diode OFF for rest of cycle.
V0 = VC + Vin 4V
= 21 + Vin = 100
Vin range: –12 to +12V
V0 range: 9V to 33V
3.3K
V0
Given,
33V VB = 4V
VBE = 0.7
21V VB–VE = 0.7
t
VE = VB –7= 3.3V
9V 3.3
IE = = 1mA
3.3K
Let transisotr in active region
10. IC = /(+1) . IE = 0.99mA
Sol: During positive cycle, IB = IC/ = 9.9A
D1 forward biased& D2 Reverse biased.
VC = 10 – 4.71030.9910-3 = 5.347V
V
+ C– VC >VB
+ Transistor in the active region.
Vin
– 12.
Sol:
+10V
VC1 = Vin = 6volt
4.7K
During negative cycle,
D1 reverse biased & D2 forward biased. 6V
+
+6V – 0.7 6–0.7=5.3V
– –
+ 3.3K
6V VC2
+ –
VC2 = – 6 – 6 = –12V
VE = VB – VBE = 6 – 0.7 = 5.3V
Capacitor C2 will charge to negative voltage 5.3
IE = = 1.6mA
of magnitude 12V 3.3K
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+
VB= 6V –10V
0.2 V = VCE
–
VE=5.3 V VE = 0.7V [∵ VB = 0V]
10 5.5 10 0.7
IC = = 0.957mA IE = = 1.86mA
4.7K 5K
IB = 1.6 – 0.957 = 0.643mA Let transistor in active region.
I C 0.957 mA
= =1.483 IC = I = 1.84mA
I B 0.643 mA 1 E
forced < active VC = –10 + 1K 1.84m
VC = –8.16V
13. VEC = VE – VC = 8.86V
Sol: +10V VEC > VEB
Transistor in active region
4.7K
15.
Sol: +10V
1K
VE= –0.7V
+
3.3K 0.7
– = 100
VE = –0.7V
Transistor in cut off region 5K
IC = IB = IE = 0A
VCE = 10V –10V
VE = 0V
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:8: Analog Circuits
1K IE
IB Apply KVL to the base emitter loop:
0.7 + + VE = (VB+0.7)
10K – 5 – 10K. IB – 0.7 – 1K. (1+)IB = 0
0.2
4.3
– V = (V +0.5) IB =
c B (101)K 10K
10K
IC = 38.73A
IC = 3.87mA
–5V IE = 3.91mA
VE = V0 = IE(1k) = 3.91 V
IE = IC+IB
5 (VB 0.7) (V 0.5) 5 VB VC = 5V
= B
1k 10k 10k
VB = 5 – 10 k (IB) = 4.61 V
10(5–VB–0.7) = VB+0.5+5+VB
43–10VB = 2VB+5.5
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18. +12V 1
Sol: Zeq
1
sC
r sL
r sL
9K 4K 3.3K
srC s 2 LC 1
Vc1 r jL
3V Q1 Q2 (1 2 LC) jrC
Vc2 Q3
Zeq
(r jL) 1 2 LC jrC
3K 2.3K
4K
Q4
V0 1 LC rC
2 2 2
2.3k
VC1 12V 4 103 1 10 3 8V Equate Imaginary terms:
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: 10 : Analog Circuits
4.7k 4.7 k
Vo
Vo
4V
Vi 25
+ –
Vin 3.3k CE
– 3.3 k
Ri = RB || re 24.
Ri = 1.116k Sol: V0 = –icRC
Vi ic
i v R R ie ic = V0
AI 0 0 i AV i re
ii R L vi RL
10k 10k
39.5 1.116 103 V
= –22.322 V0 i R C
2 103 re
Ro = RC = 2k V0 R C
Vi re ie
23.
Sol: Given IE = 1mA re = 25
+12V
25mV
re 25
1mA
20k R ~ Vi
AV = C
re
10k // 10k 5000
CB AV 200
25 25
CE R 0 R C 10k
+ Vo Ri = re = 25
Vi 20k 8k
i v R
– AI 0 0 i
ii R L vi
R 200 25
AV i 0.5
Apply KVL at input Loop: RL 10 4
6 – 10k (IB) – 0.7 – 8 k(1+)IB = 0
25.
6 0.7 Sol: For the given differential amplifier,
IB = 6.47 A
10 k 8 k 101 IE = 1mA
IE = 0.65 mA V
re T 25
V 25 IE
re = T 38.5 V R c 3000
I E 0.65 Ad 0 (or) –gmRc
Vi re 25
Apply small signal analysis Ad = –120
V RE 26.
Av = 0 = 0.995
Vi re R E Sol: Io
Ri = RB || R E Total 3k
0 12
I1 1mA 1mH
12k
0 VB –1000
I1
3K Leq
VB = –3V
VB – VE = 0.7 1mH
L eq 1H
VE = VB – 0.7 1 1000
VE = –3.7 Volt
1F
3.7 12
I0 –106
8.3k
I o 1mA Ceq
I E 0.5mA
C eq 1F 1 10 6 1F
25mV
re 50
0.5mA 30.
R C 2000 Sol: Maximum power across the Transistor will
Ad
re 50 be at the middle of active region
V
A d 40 Ideally at VCE CC
2
27. VCE = 12V
Sol: Voltage shunt feedback amplifier and 24 12
IC 1.5mA
8k
V0 R f 10k
10 PTmax = VCE IC
Vin RS 1k = 12 1.5
= 18mW
28. 31.
Sol: Current – series feedback amplifier and R
R C 4.7k Sol: V0 1 f Vi
AV 1.4242 R1
RE 3.3k
2k
V0 1 2
29. 3k
Sol: 10
V0 volt
1k 3
2k
–100 3k
I2
Req Vo
+ Io I1
using millers effect, 1k
2V
1k
R eq 9.9
1 100
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V0 10 V01
I1 mA & I 2 V02
1k 3 1
10 V01 I 2 V02
2
V 2 3 2
I2 0 mA I1 I 2 V02
2k 2k 3
I 0 I1 I 2 4mA V02 (I1 I 2 ) volt
I01 I1 I x
32. V01
R2 I01 I1 V01 I x 1
Sol: V0 Vin
R1
I01 V01 I1
33. 1k
I01 2I1 V01 I1
Sol: I 02 I 2 I x
I02 I 2 V01
+ Io
Iin V0
I02 I1 I 2 A
– + 0.5k
IL 2k
V0 = –Iin 1K 35.
I 1K Iin Sol: 0.5k
IL i I1 2k
2K 2
I0 + Iin+ IL = 0 Va Vb
3k V
b
+ Vo
I 1mA
I0 Iin in 0 I2
2 1k
2I0 2Iin Iin = 0
Apply KCL at Va :
2I0 = –3Iin
Va Vb Va Vb
I0 3 1m
= –1.5 2k 3K
Iin 2
3Va 3Vb 2Va 2Vb
1m
6k
34.
Sol: 6 = 5Va – 5Vb
1 6
Va – Vb =
+ 1
I1 1 5
– + I01 V01 +
Ix I2 Va Vb 1.2Volt
– + I02 V02
Va Vb 1.2
I1 0.6mA
V01 = –I1 2k 2k
Apply KCL: 1.2
I2 0.4mA
0 V02 3k
Ix I2
1 Vb = 0.4m 1k = 0.4 Volt
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: 14 : Analog Circuits
Vb V0 39.
I1
0.5k Sol: SR= 2fmax V0max
0.4 V0 SR
0.6m V0 max
0.5k 2f max
0.3 = 0.4 – V0 106
7.95Volt
V0 = 0.1 Volt 2 20 103
V
V0 A Vi Vi 0 79.5mV
36. A
I 10 10 3
Sol: VC .t = 0.5 10 3 40.
C 10 6 Sol:
C
VC = –5Volt R2
R1 L
37.
+ Vo
Sol: Given open loop gain = 10 Vin
– +
Rf
1
V0 R 1
1 R2
Vi R 1 z2 = R2|| =
1 1 f sC sCR 2 1
R1 A0L
z1 = R1 + sL
V0 1 3 R2
Vi 1 4 V0 sCR 2 1
10
Vi R1 sL
4
V0 Vi V0 R2
4
1 Vi (sCR 2 1)(R1 sL)
10
2 4 It represent low pass filter with
V0 5.715Volt
4 R
1 D.C gain = 2
10 R1
38. 41.
Rf
V0 R1 Sol: (i)
Sol:
Vi
1
1 R f / R 1
A OL
V0 9 Ii Vi
Vi +
Vi 10 I1 20k
1
10 Vx
V0 9 Ii 10k
I2 5k
Vi 2 Ri
.V0 = –4.5Volt
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Apply KCL at Vx : R 2 R1 R 2
Ix =
Vx
Ii I1 R 2 R s R1R 2
5k
Vx Vi Vx Vi Vx 1 Rs R2
R0 R1
5k
10k
20k I x R1 R 2
Vx 3Vi 3Vx
5 20 42.
3 Sol: VE = Vin
Vx = Vi
7 VCE = VC – VE
V Vx VCE = 15 – Vin
Ii = i given Vin 0 to 5 Volt
10k
3 Transistor is in active region
Vi Vi Vin 15 17
Ii = 7 IE = I0 = 1.7 A [Vin = 2V ]
10k 10 10
Vi I0 1.7
17.5 k IB = = A
Ii 1 100
VB = Vin + 0.7 = 2.7V
(ii) V VB
Vp
IB = op
R1 Ix 100
Vp
+ Vp Vop 2.7 1.7
I1 100 100
R2
Vop = 4.4 Volt
RS + 1V
–
43
Sol:
1 (a) n-stage
R0 =
Ix
Rs K K K
Vp =
R2 Rs
K
LPF single stage gain =
1 Vp 1 Vp f
Ix = 1 j
R2 R1 fc
n
1 1
Ix = (1–Vp) K
R 2 R1 For n stages gain = f
1 j
R s R1 R 2 fc
Ix = 1
R 2 R s R1R 2 3dB cut-off frequency (f3dB) is given by
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: 16 : Analog Circuits
n
1M
f 3dB 100kHz , f3dB = 100kHz(for
10
n K
K single stage)
2
2 1 f 3dB
f 9k
c 9k
1k
f3dB = fc 21/ n 1 –
– V0
1k +
K +
K
2
1
f
f3dB ft = Kf3dB Overall BW = f3dB 21/ 2 1
= 100k (0.04)
(b) Gain = 40dB = 100, ft = 1MHz = Gain BW = 64 kHz
f 106
BW f 3dB t 10kHz 44
Gain 100 Sol:
(a)
R2=1M
100
R1
100 –
2
+ V0
+
10kHz 1MHz Vin
f –
99k
V0 1M
– Gain= 1 100 R 1 10.1k
1k Vin R1
+
IB
1M
10.1k
–
IB oV 100 V0
I=0 +
(c)
Gain=10 Gain=10
ft=1MHz ft=1MHz
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V0=IB(1M) 1
100nA1M
=100nA(1M) 10
= 0.1V = 0.01V
(b) (d)
op-amp draws current R2
op-amp CKT the curve doesn’t pass
through ‘0’ (transfer characteristics) R V0
1
–
1M +
10.1k R2//R
–
100nA +
+ Vo
–s
+
V0s=1mV
– V0 V0 Offset Voltage V0 Bios current
= 0.1 + 0.01
V0 V0 Bios current V0 Offset Voltage = 0.11
R 45.
1MI B 1 2 Vos Sol: Given
R1
R1 = R3 = 10k
= 1M (100nA) +100(1mV)
R2 = R4 = 1M
= 0.2V
(c) R2 R2
Vin1 R1
–
R1 Vin2 V0
– +
R3
+
R4
Rcomp = R1//R2 R2
+ V0 Vin 2 Vin1
R1
Vin 1M
– Vin 2 Vin1
10k
Rcomp = R1//R2, then V0 = (IB1 – IB2) R2
Given Vos = 4mV
= Ios R2
IB = 0.3 A
V0 = (IB1 –IB2) R2
Ios = 50 nA
= Ios R2
= 1/10 (IBR2)
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: 18 : Analog Circuits
R2 1
=
1
[3 SCR ]
R1 SCR
–
1
= (S = j)
+ 1
3 j RC
+ RC
Vos
– Rx
R
R3 R4
Vo
+
R Vf
V0 1 2 Vos I os R 2
R1
1M V0 R
1 4mV 50nA1M A= = 1+ x
10k Vf R
46. A = 1
Sol:
Vx R Vf Rx 1
1+ = 3 + j RC
1/sC + R RC
+
V0 R 1/sC Vf
Equate img. parts
–
– 1
0 = RC –
RC
KCL
1
2 =
Vx V0 Vx Vx Vf R C2 2
= 0 -------(1)
(1 / SC) R R 1
f= frequency of oscillation
2RC
Vf Vx Vf
= 0 -------(2)
R (1 / SC)
Equate A=3
Rx
From (1) and (2) eliminate Vx 1+ 3
R
Vf SCR = 1/3
= = 2 2 2 Rx = 2R
V0 [S C R 3SCR 1]
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47. 96
Vth – VC = 2103I I
Sol: 0 =
1
3 k
LC
Vth – VC = 2 V
VF 0.5 k VC = Vth – 2 = 4 V
V0 R x 0.5 1
Vtrigger = VCC = 3 V
9k 3
A = 1 10
1k VC = 3 V to 4 V
A = 1 for sustained oscillations
0.5 k 50.
10 1 Sol:
R x 0.5 k + 4V –
Rx = 4.5 k +
+
Vi RL Vo
48. –
1 –
Sol: Given =
6 Vi = 8 sint V
R During –Ve cycle, Zener is Forward
A = 1 2
R1 biased and act as short circuit.
A = 1 for sustained oscillations V0 = Vi
R2 1 During + Ve cycle,
1 . 1
R 1 6 For 0 < Vi < 4, Zener OFF Since
R2 Zener is not in break down
=5
R1 V0 = 0
R2 = 5 R1 For Vi > 4, Zener is in break down.
V0 = Vi – 4
Vi
49.
Sol: 8
+9V
4
R1=3k
VCC
Threshold
R2 =2k
Output
trigger
–8
Discharge
V0
+ 3k
VC 4
–
2 2
Vth = VCC = 9 6 V –8
3 3
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: 20 : Analog Circuits
51. 30 10
Sol: I z max 0.22A I L min 0A
90.9
I 300
+ Pz = Vz Izmax
+ + Pz = 10 0.22
VS 10V 1K Vo Pz = 2.2W
– –
–
53.
+18V
Iz = 1mA to 60mA Sol:
Vs Vz I1
I 300
300
Vs min 10 +
V0
I min _______(I) Iz 10
300 – RL 1k
Vsmax 10
I max _____(II)
300
VB = 10volt
V VE = 10 – 0.7 = 9.3volt
Imin = Izmin + IL I L z 10mA
1k
IE = 9.3mA
Imin = 1mA + 10mA = 11mA IE 9.3mA
IB 92.07A
Imax = 60mA + 10mA = 70mA 1 101
I1 1k 100
+
The current in the diode is minimum when + –
the load current is maximum and vs is 10V
–
minimum. VP
V Vz I1 5k
R s s min Vp = 10volt
I z min I L max
10
20 10 I1 2mA
Rs 5k
10 100mA V0 = (6k) I1=12V = VE
Rs = 90.9 VC = 30volt
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: 22 : Analog Circuits
57. I DS V 1
Sol: DC Equivalent (ii) gm = 2I DSS 1 GSQ
VGS VP VP
VDD
0.607 1
2(1.65 mA) 1
Rd 2 2
IG = 0 = 1.149 ms
+
VGS ID (iii) VG = VGS + IDSRS = 0
RG – R – 0.607 + 0.8 mA(RS) = 0
S
0.607
RS = 758.75
0.8 mA
AC Equivalent
(iv) Voltage gain (AV) = – gmRd
+
V0 Gain (db) = 20 log AV
Rd
20 = 20 log AV
+ – AV = 10
Vin RG
– 10 = gmRd
10 = (1.149 m)Rd
Device equation Rd = 8.7 k
2
(i) IDS = IDSS 1 VGS
VP
2
0.8 mA = 1.65 mA 1 VGS
2
VGSQ = – 0.607 V
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