Prof. Dr. Ir.

Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
BSD City, Indonesia Atas nama:
(1) Himpunan Ahli Teknik Tanah Indonesia (HATTI)
TINJAUAN GEMPA PALU 2018
DARI PERSPEKTIF
GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING (2) Pusat Stude Gempa Nasional (PuSGeN)
Masyhur Irsyam*,
Andhika Sahadewa, Rahma Hanifa, Dandung Sri Harninto, Agus Muntohar, Didiek Djarwadi, Wijoyo Prakoso, D.H.
Natawijaya, Hamzah Latief, M. Asrurifak, L. Faizal, Sigit Pramono, M. Daryono, R/ Nazir, Mahdi Tanjung, D. Hutabarat
*President - Indonesian Society for Geotechnical Engineering
*Coordinator - National Research Center for Earthquake
*Chair - Team for Updating of Sesimic Hazard Maps of Indonesia 2010 and 2017 (3) Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
*Member - Indonesian Academy of Sciences

Mengucapkan Terima kasih kepada:

Panitia Penyelenggara

Part of this material has ben presented in:

Reconnaisance Survey
1st Survey

The National Research Center for

Earthquake
Seminar Nasional 10 Nov 2018:
“Menguak Gempa, Tsunami, Likuifaksi Palu
untuk Kesiagaan Gempa-Gempa Indonesia”
Indonesian Society for
Geotechnica
Engineering

“Presentasi dan Diskusi Teknis Hasil Survey Geoteknik

Reconnaisance Survey R Gempabumi dan Likuifaksi Palu”
Pasca Bencana
2nd Survey Rabu 9 Januari 2019

University of
National Research Center Indonesian Society for ITB University of University of Parahyangan
for Earthquake Geotechnica Engineering Indonesia Tadulako

Geotechnical Extreme University of University of

Events Reconnaissance California, Berkeley Washington

Diskusi Teknis dengan Prof. Ishihara, Prof. Kokusho dan Prof. Yashuda

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 1

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Preliminary Survey of Geotechnical Team-PUSGEN

Purposes:
1. To conduct geotechnical reconnaissance survey and provide preliminary
ground evaluation on site.

2. To conduct site visit in areas that were affected by extreme ground

displacements in Petebo, Balaroa, Airport, Sigi, and Sibalaya.

3. To preliminary investigate geotechnical conditions at areas affected by

extreme ground displacement.

4. To preliminary investigate the root causes of extreme ground

displacement, which triggers liquefaction, landslide and lateral spreading.

5. To determine the types and locations of relevant required soil

investigation.

21 Maret 2019 21 Maret 2019

Indonesia Convention Exhibition Indonesia Convention Exhibition
BSD City, Indonesia BSD City, Indonesia

Content:
• Palu-Koro Fault Palu-Koro Fault
and
• Ground Motion and Earthquake Resistance Design Rupture Displacement
• Typical Soil Condition
• Ground Cracking, Liquefaction, Ground
Movement, Landslide, and Lateral Spreading
• Conclusions

PHILIPINE PLATE

PASIFIC PLATE

12 cm/year
Palu

6 cm/year

INDO AUSTRALIA PLATE

Major Tectonics around Indonesia (Bock et al., 2003)

• There are 4 major tectonic plates in this region: Eurasia, Indoaustralia, Pacific and Hazard Maps 2010: 81 active fault lines
Philipine.
• Indoaustralia and Philipine/pacific plates subduct beneath the Eursia plate with the rate
Hazard Maps 2017: 295 active fault lines
of 6cm/year and 12 cm/year

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 2

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Active Faults in Sulawesi in the 2017 Hazard Maps of Indonesia

Palu-Koro Fault

Pemutakhiran data sumber gempa berdasarkan studi sesar aktif terkini dengan
Active Faults in The 2010 National Hazard Maps memanfaatkan geo electric survey, trenching, dan carbon dating dalam studi
paleoseismologi yang dilakukan oleh tim Geologi.
2. Aceh
3. Tripa
4. Renun 8. Sumpur

1.Seulimeum 5. Toru 9. Sianok 77. Manokwari trench

57. Gorontalo 74. Sorong 75. Ransiki
12. Siulak 54. Batui thrust
72. Sula-Sorong 70. Yapen
6. 13. Dikit 50. Palu-Koro
Angkola
7. Barumun 14. Ketaun
53. Poso Palu
10. Sumani 18.Semangko
11. Suliti 15. Musi 51. Matano
31. Baribis 73. Sorong-Maluku
58. Lawanopo
34. Wetar back arc 78. Lowland
33. Semarang 52. Walanae
16. Manna 55. Tolo thrust
71. Tarera-Aidun
17. Kumering
30. Bumiayu 76. Membrano thrust tbelt Trenching and Dating
19.Sunda 34. Jogja 36. Flores back arc
32. Cimandiri 79 Highland thrust belt

Geo electric survey

FACE1
FACE1
ST-7
ST-24
T2-5
TOP ST-26 CARBON
L2-4
ST-26
T2-6

ST-7 ST-33
50CM ST-30
ST-24
T2-5
ST-29 TOP ST-26 CARBON
ST-28
L2-4
ST-26
T2-6
ST-31 ST-25 ST-33
50CM ST-30
T2-18
ST-32

ST-29 ST-8
ST-28
G
ST-31 ST-25
T2-18
ST-32

ST-8
G
F
EAST
A C F
EAST B D E

(Daryono, 2018) FACE2

FACE2
A C B D E

ST-45
T2-3
ST-44

ST-11
T2-7

FACE3 102pMC (1909?) ST-42

ST-46
T2-2

ST-34
ST-3 T2-20

ST-4
ST-11 CARBON

ST-44
T2-7

ST-10 ST-15
T2-3

AD1285-1390
ST-43
T2-16 ST-1
ST-17
ST-45
ST-35
50CM ST-12
T2-2 ST-3 T2-20
ST-41
ST-4
ST-42
ST-36
ST-46
ST-9 ST-34 T2-17
ST-10 ST-13
50CM ST-40 T2-1 ST-39
ST-43
ST-20 ST-37 ST-1
ST-5 ST-23
ST-35
50CM ST-14
T2-14
T2-15
ST-41

T2-13 ST-36

EAST ST-18
ST-9
ST-40 T2-1
ST-5
ST-39
ST-38
ST-21 UP
ST-21 DOWN
ST-37
ST-6

Estimated rupture displacement = 4cm x 130 = 5.2m

EAST ST-19
ST-22 UP
G
ST-22 DOWN

EAST T2-19
ST-16 ST-38

ST-6
F
F G AD1415-1460
C
AA B C T2-19

B D E
E F G
AB C D

E
D
FACE4
T2-12
T2-10 T2-11

50CM T2-9
CARBON ST-24
T2-8

Indication of cycle period of 130 years

EAST
A

B C
D E
F G

? ? 1907&1909 2012 & ???

1285 1415

5.5±1.5m

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 3

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Surface Rupture Offset of 5.2m at the Palu-Koro Fault Line

Palu-Koro Fault

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 4

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Jarak aman dari Sesar?

• Berapa jarak minimum dari sesar yang direkomendasikan
yang masih bisa dibangun?

Usulan PuSGeN:
Jarak aman yang digunakan untuk Sesar Aktif Palu Koro adalah 100m
disetiap sisi nya (atau total 200m) dari Surface Deformasi lapangan

Identifikasi Posisi Akurat dg RTK-GPS

Saat Pematokan

Sebelum Setelah Pematokan

Pematokan

Pengamatan
RTK-GPS

Data Lydar

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 5

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
BSD City, Indonesia

Tsunami

Donggal, house slided

(Hamzah Latief 2018) Port Wani 2

Donggala, Road
Tondo Maboro
Shoulder was
eroded

Affected Area by Tsunami Citra land

Lolipesua

Buluri
Landslide Talise Beach

(Hamzah Latief 2018) Wood and car Subduction/ Reverse fault → significant Tsunami Palu-Koro fault is Strike-slip
transported by Tsunami

Datokarama Beach

Landslide Potential

Mosque in front of the Gas Station Yellow Bridge

(Hamzah Latief, 2018)

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 6

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

TONDO
WANI

PANTOLOAN

TONDO

TONDO

TALISE

TALISE

(Hamzah Latief, 2018)

SEMINAR 25 Januari 2019

JEMBATAN KUNING
“REHABILITASI DAN MITIGASI Universitas Parahyangan
PASCA BENCANA GEMPA PALU 2018” Bandung
Liquified SAND

Indonesian Standard SNI

BH-
and
03
Ground Motion

Peraturan Beton Indonesia 1966 Peraturan Muatan Indonesia 1970

281 gal EW
Peraturan Perencanaan Tahan Gempa Indonesia Standar Perencanaan Ketahanan Gempa untuk
untuk Gedung 1983 Struktur Bangunan Gedung SNI 1727-2002 (Gempa 500 thn)

203 gal NS

335 gal UD
Peta Gempa Indonesia 2010 (Gempa 500 thn) Peta Gempa Indonesia 2017 (Gempa 500 thn)

For SD PGA= 0.36g

For SE PGA= 0.44g
42
(Sigit Pramono, 2018)

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 7

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Near Fault
Canterbury Earthquake
(Bradley, 2014)
Deterministic Uniform Hazard Spectra (Site Class-C) Deterministic Uniform Hazard Spectra (Site Class-C)
M = 7.4 and R = 1.1 Km M = 7.4 and R = 1.1 Km
2.5 2.5
Boore-Atkinson (2016) NGA West-2 Boore-Atkinson (2016) NGA West-2
Attenuation Functions for Campbell-Bozorgnia (2016) NGA West-2
Campbell-Bozorgnia (2016) NGA West-2
2017 National Hazard Maps Chiou-Youngs (2016) NGA West-2
2.0 Chiou-Youngs (2016) NGA West-2 2.0 Mean
Spectral Acceleration (g)

Mean+1SD

Spectral Acceleration (g)

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0
Mean
0.5 0.5 Fault Normal

Palu
0.0 0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Period (sec) Period (sec)

The National Hazard Maps Have been Implemented in

Earthquake Resistance Building and Infrastructure Design Codes in Indonesia
Design and Recorded Response Spectra at Palu
Buildings
Return period of earthquake 2,500 yrs
and 1% risk of collapse in 50 yrs Bridges
Return period of earthquake 1,000 yrs
Spectra Acceleration (g)Period (second)

2.50 Response spectra of ground motion MCE in the Building Code SNI 1726-2012
Metro Tunnels R
1,000 yrs
2.00
Design response spectra in the Building Code SNI 1726-2012
1.50
Palu UD
Palu NS
1.00 Palu EW
(Sigit Pramono)
Response spectra of recorded ground motions at Palu Geophysics Station
0.50

0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Dams: 2,500-10,000 yrs Railway Bridges: 500-1000 yrs Period (second)
Offshore Platforms: 2,500 yrs

PGA for Indonesian Earthquake Bridge Code 2016

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 8

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
BSD City, Indonesia

Typical Soil Condition Balaroa

Petebo

Jono oge

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 9

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Yellow Bridge BH-02 21 Maret 2019

Indonesia Convention Exhibition
0m 30m BSD City, Indonesia
Loose to Mediun dense gravelly SAND
N=5-17

Dense gravelly coarse SAND

N=37-24

Very dense grey SAND

N>50

Very dense gravelly coarse SAND

Ground Cracking
N>50

Medium dense gravelly SAND Stiff grey CLAY

N=20-30 N=20-25

Stiff to very stiff grey CLAY

N=14-21 Very dense SAND
N>50

30m 70m

Ground Cracking at Palu Airport

Soil Investigation at Palu Airport by Angkasa Pura 1

Fill material
Loose brown gravelly SAND
N=6-10

Medium dense brown

Silty GRAVEL with sand
N=13

BH- Loose brown gravelly SAND

02 CPTu-01
N=4-5

BH-
Stiff brown sandy SILT
05 CPTu-03 N=10

BH-
BH- BH- 08
06 BH- 01
09 CPTu-02 Medium to dense brown
Silty GRAVEL with sand
N=12-29

BH-
07

Medium dense brown

Silty Clayey SAND with gravel
N=18-44

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 10

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Balaroa
21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
BSD City, Indonesia
1.1km

Petebo
7.2km

Liquefaction, Landslide, and 6.7km

Jono oge

Lateral Spreading
Palu-Koro Main Fault
Secondary Fault

Sibalaya

Jono Oge
Petobo
Sigi

Hasil observasi lokasi Patahan Palukoro serta Lokasi likuifaksi (warna biru) GROUND DISPLACEMENT (Valkaniotis et al., 2018)
Daryono,2019

Liquefaction Susceptibility
Compositional criteria
Necessary Conditions for Liquefaction:
1. Sands (and Silty Sands and Clayey Sands),
if fine content < 15% (other say 35%)
1. Potentially liquefiable soil (soil type, condition)
2. Silt:
2. Saturation Low Plasticity (PI < 15%)
Higher Plasticity
3. Undrained loading:
3. Clays:
– Earthquake
1. Fraction finer than 0.005 mm < 15%
– Blasting
2. Liquid limit, LL < 35%
– Pile driving
3. Natural water content > 0.9 LL
– Trains, etc

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 11

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Kriteria Likuifaksi Bray & Sancio (2006)

Tanah plastis berbutir halus, terutama dengan nilai PI < 20 dan ratio Wc/LL > 0.8
memiliki kerentanan terhadap cyclic softening, yang menyebabkan likuifaksi
Hutabarat, 2019

Sand Boil, Gas Station, Sigi

Hutabarat, 2019

Soil investigation including cyclic triaxial is currently being conducted

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 12

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
Jono oge
BSD City, Indonesia (Youtube, 2018)

Liquefaction, Landslide, and Lateral

Spreading:
Jono Oge

Average = 2.50

Jono Oge

21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
BSD City, Indonesia

Liquefaction, Ground Movement, and

Lateral Spreading:
Sigi

Jono Oge

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 13

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Liquefaction, Ground Movement, Lateral Spreading at SIGI

(Hutabarat, 2019)

Paleo Liquefaction

Hutabarat, 2019

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 14

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

PREDIKSI LIKUIFAKSI DARI PENYELIDIKAN TANAH

t
Cyclic Stress Ratio= CSR= CSR atau CRR
sn'
FS < 1.0
Percepatan gempa Kandungan butir halus Liquefied

Muka air tanah CRR

FS = CRR
Liquefied CSR
Kedalaman yg ditinjau FS > 1.0
Non-Liquefied
Magnitude Gempa
CSR
Non-Liquefied

N
N-SPT
Nilai SPT (setelah dikoreksi)

Robertson and Wride 1996 Boulanger and Idriss 2016

21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
Petobo
BSD City, Indonesia (Youtube, 2018)

Liquefaction, Landslide, and Lateral Spreading:

Petobo

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 15

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Average Slope = 2.40

Schematic Examples of
Liquefaction-Induced Global Site SOIL INVESTIGATION AT PETEBO
Instability and/or “Large” Displacement
Lateral Spreading CPT-
(Seed et al., 2001) PETOB0
P3A
(a) Edge Failure/Lateral Spreading by Flow CPT- BH-
P6A CPTu- P3A
BH- A6
P6A CPTu-
CPTu- A5
A8
CPT-
P4B
CPTu- BH- BH-P1
CPT- A7 P4B
(b) Edge Failure/Lateral Spreading by Translation P7A CPTu-
C2
CPT-
CPT-
BH- P8C
CPTu- P2B
P7A BH-
P1
P2B
CPT- CPTu-
P5A B3
BH- CPTu-
(c) Flow Failure P5A D2
CPTu-
P2

BH-P2
BH-
P8A

(d) Translational Displacement

PETEBO
Flow Liquefaction

Soil Boring
In the Airport area
Closest to Petobo affected area
N=4-13

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 16

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

DATA – DATA PENELITIAN

No Earthquake

1 2011 M = 9.0 Tohoku - March 11

2 2010 M = 7.1 Darfield - Sept 4
3 2011 M = 6.2 Christchurch
Petobo: 4 1995 M = 6.9 Hyogoken Nambu - Jan 16
Liquefiable material 10.0m 5 1999 M = 7.5 Kocaeii - Aug 17
6 1989 M = 6.9 Loma Prieta - Oct 18
7 1983 M = 7.7 Nihonkai Chubu - May 26
8 1983M = 6.9 Borah Peak - Oct 28
9 1987 M = 6.6 Edgecumbe, NZ - Mar 2
10 1964 M = 7.6 Niigata - June 16
11 1976 M = 7.6 Tangshan - July 27
12 1968 Inanghua, New Zealand - May 23
13 1975 M = 7.0 Haicheng - Feb 4
14 1979 M = 6.5 Imperial Valley - Oct 15
15 1980 M = 6.3 Victoria (Mexicall)- June 9
16 1981 M = 5.9 WestMorland - April 26
17 1987 M = 6.2 Supersitions Hills 01 - Nov 24

Hutabarat, 2019

Toe of Petobo
0.6

0.5 8-10m

0.4
CSR / CRR

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 50 100 150 200 250

qclncs

Puspitasari, 2019

Balaroa
21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
BSD City, Indonesia Balaroa
1.1km

Petebo
7.2km

Jono oge
6.7km

Liquefaction and Landslide:

Balaroa Palu-Koro Main Fault
Secondary Fault

Sibalaya

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 17

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Mean slope = 2.60

Max slope = 7.40

Balaroa
Balaroa

SIBALAYA

SIBALAYA

400m

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 18

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

SIBALAYA

Before

Rice field

After
+400m
Translational displacement/ Lateral spreading

Hutabarat, 2018 Hutabarat, 2018

Houses have moved approximately 400m

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 19

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
BSD City, Indonesia

PusJatan PUPR 2018

Water-Film Theory /
Void Redistribution

The Water-Film Theory of Soil Flow Balaroa

Boulanger, R. W. and S. P. Truman (1996) and Kokusho, T. (1999) 1.1km

Petebo
7.2km

Jono oge
6.7km

Liquefaction occurs here.

Perlu melakukan penelitian yang
Palu-Koro Main Fault
Pore water flows upward but cannot go across clay/silt. ekstensif dan detil termasuk trenching
Secondary Fault
Water remains below this less pervious layer and forms water film/layer.
Because there is no friction or shear strength in the water film, the
untuk lokasi terdampak ekstrim di Palu
overlying soil layer can move downward freely.
Water-film induced flow is possible if the less pervious layer extends
sufficiently in the horizontal direction. Sibalaya
Towhata, 2018

New Utah fault data: Working Groups (Petersen, 2008)

Paleo Liquefaction

Wasatch megatrench (NEHRP) Wasatch fault parameters

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 20

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Trench in Japan RECENT AND PALEO-TSUNAMI SEMEULUE ISLAND

Sand
26 Dec 2004
Soil
Sand

Soil 1907 ?

(Source : ITST . Turkeys Team : Prof.Dogan and Prof. Sukru,

Russian Team: Victor Kaystrenko, N.Razygeva, Y.Korolev
Busung Bay Simeulue Island)
Gegar-ITST2 (Latief, 2005)

21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
BSD City, Indonesia

Usulan PuSGeN kepada PUPR:

Melakukan trenching dan dating untuk studi Present dan Paleo Liquefaction,
Palu adalah laboratorium alam terlengkap untuk studi likuifaksi.

Lokasi yang urgen untuk Present Liquefaction study:

Petobo, Balaroa, Sigi, Jono Oge

Sand blows are the smoking guns that prove the occurrence of
past large earthquakes (Petersen, 2008)

21 Maret 2019
Indonesia Convention Exhibition
BSD City, Indonesia Conclusions:
• The National Research Center for Earthquake and Indonesian Society for
Geotechnical Engineering have conducted a preliminary field survey.

• The rupture offset was found as large as 4-6 meters horizontal sinistral offset and
about half meter vertical offset.

• Recorded PGA at Palu range from 200-350 gal. Motion in the direction of Fault
Normal shows larger value of spectral acceleration at higher period similar to what
has been recorded in Canterbury earthquake for near fault.
Conclusions • The geotechnical aspects observed after the earthquake are mainly related to
liquefaction and lateral spreading.

• Liquefaction has resulted in extreme flow liquefaction and lateral spreading.

• Soil investigation including cyclic triaxial is currently being conducted.

• Extensive study on Palu Liquefaction is urgently required by Indonesian

geotechnical engineer, it is recommended to add with Trenching and Dating

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 21

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam HATTI-PuSGeN 21 Maret 2019

Thankyou for the continuous support from:

Ministry of
Transportation

IABI

Universitas
Indonesia

T0:

Pekan SDM Ahli Jasa Konstruksi LPJKN 22