Design Strength of Bolts in Tension Bolts in Tension in Beam Column Connection

• When a beam is connected to flange of column through the T-

Design Strength of bolt due to yielding of gross section portion Sections (i.e. Half portion of I-Section) at top and bottom using
f yb Asb the bolts.
Tdbg  • Moment is developed at the connection due to fixity at joint
 m0
Design Strength of Bolt due to Rupture of Net Section

0.9 f ub Anb
Tdbn 
 mb
Where, fub = Ultimate Tensile Strength of Bolt
fyb = Yield Strength of Bolt
Anb = Net area of Bolt
Asb = Shank area of Bolt

Bolts in Tension in Beam Column Connection
• Due to Moment developed at the connection
• Compression at joint at bottom flange of beam
• Tension at connection at top flange of beam
• Bolts in in top flange connection in Tension
• Tensile Force in bolts, depends on Flexibility of Flange of T-
Section
• Two cases:
• Case 1: When Flange of T-Section is Rigid
• Case 2: When Flange of T-Section is Flexible
• In Case I, due to flexibility of T-section, additional force is
developed in bolts, called ‘Prying Force’
Bolts in Tension: When T-Section Flange is Rigid
• In Rigid Flange, due to applied loads:
• Gap is developed between girder and the Flange of T-
Section
• If applied Force is T, force in each bolt = T/2
• In High Strength bolts, larger external force is required to
develop prying forces (compared to black bolts)
• Therefore, No additional (Prying Force) is considered in
bolts in case of Rigid Flanges

Bolts in Tension: T-Section Flange is Flexible Prying Forces in High Strength (Pre-tensioned Bolts)
• In Flexible Flange, due to applied loads: Bending of flange • In case of members connected
using High Strength bolts:
• Ends of T-section flange strikes the flange of girder/column
because of flexible flanges • A compressive force (N0) is
developed between the flanges
• A Reaction force ‘Q’ is developed at contact point (contact surfaces)
• Due to this reaction force, additional force (Q) in bolt • Due to applied Tension force,
• This additional force is called ‘Prying Force’ (Q) • First this compressive force
is released and
• on subsequent loading,
separation of flanges takes
place
• Behavior of connection depends whether flanges are rigid or
flexible
• For Flexible Flanges is considered while it is significant in
Rigid flanges (as mentioned earlier)

1
Determination of Prying Force
At ultimate, plastic hinges may be formed
• In bolts only (if flange thickness is more than required)
• In bolts as well as in flange (flange thickness is just
adequate)

• If plastic hinges are assumed at the bolt line as well as in root

of flange (assuming minimum flange thickness is used in
design), Additional force ‘Q’ in the bolt due to Prying action is
calculated as
 l    f 0 be t 4 
Q   v  Te  
 2l e   27 le lv2 

In the expression for Q, The second term in the expression for Q is usually relatively
 l    f 0 be t 4  small and hence may be neglected to yield the formula
Q   v  Te  
 2l e   27 le lv2 
 l    f 0 be t 4  Telv
lv = Distance from the bolt center line to the half the Q   v  Te  2  
root radius of a rolled section (mm)  e 
2 l 27 l l
e v  2l e
 = 2 for non-tensioned bolt and
= 1 for pre-tensioned bolt,
 = 1.5,
be = Effective width of flange per pair of bolts in mm
f0 = proof stress in consistent
t = thickness of the end plate in mm.
le = distance between prying force and bolt center line (mm)

   f0  
   and End Distance 
le  Max. of 1.1t
 fy 
   

Minimum thickness of end plate to avoid yielding of the plate For economical design, Moment at ‘A’ and ‘C’ must be equal,
may be obtained by equating the moment in the plate at the bolt Hence,
center line (at distance lv) to the plastic moment capacity of the For M A  M C
plate MP M C  M A  Te lv
Moment developed at ‘A’ due to prying Telv
force ‘Q’ M C  M C  Te lv  M c 
2
M A  Q le Telv
Hence, M A  M c 
Moment developed at ‘C’ due to prying 2
force ‘Q’ and bolt force Thus, if plastic hinge is developed at ‘A’ as well as at ‘C’, then

M c  Te  Q lv  Q le  lv 

moment at A and C is equal to Mp.

 Te lv  Q le  Te lv  M A M A  MC 
Telv
Mp
2
M C  M A  Te lv

2
The minimum thickness required to develop Plastic hinge at WELDED BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS
root may be determined as moment capacity of plate may be
Types of Welded Connections:
determined as
Similar to bolted connection, Three Types of welded Connections
Telv  f  b t 2

M A  MC   M p   y   e  • Seat connections
2  1.10   4  • Un-stiffened Seat Connections
• Stiffened Seat Connections
4.40 M p 2.20 Te lv
t  tmin   • Framed Connections
f y be f y be • Type-I Framed Connections
Moreover, in order to develop the plastic hinge at bolt line, the • Type-II Framed Connections
additional force (prying force) Q may be obtained as • Type-III Framed Connections
Mp
M A  Q le  M c  M p  Q  • Bracket Connections
le • Type-I Bracket Connections
Further,
If the Total Force in the Bolt (= T + Q) • Type-II Bracket Connections
> Tensile capacity of the bolt,
Increase the thickness of the end plate

Un-stiffened seat connections Stiffened seat connections

• Beam is supported on an assembly of two plates where a seat
• Same as the bolted un-stiffened seat connections
plate (horizontal) rests on stiffening (vertical) plate and forms a
• Angle is connected to column Flange using welds
T-shape
• Welds is designed for shear
• Alternatively beam may rest on Stem of I-Section (i.e. half T-
Section)
• Weld between column and stiffening plate is subjected to shear
and bending stresses

Welded Framed connections Type – II Connections

May be of three types: • Web of beam is connected
• Type – I Connections to Flange of Column
• Type – II Connections through two plates
• Type – III Connections
• Weld between plate and
Column Flange
Type – I Connections • Shear Stress only
• Web of beam directly • Weld between plate and
connected to Flange of Beam Web
Column • Shear Stress and
• Weld between beam and torsional stress
column
• Welds are subjected to
• Shear stress and
• Flexural stress

3
Type– III Connections
Bracket connections –Type I
• Web of beam is connected to Flange of Column through
two angles
• Weld between Angle and Column Flange
• Shear and Flexural stress
• Weld between Angle and Beam Web
• Shear and Torsional Stress
• Due to rigidity of joint
• Moment is developed at connection
• Compression at top and Tension at bottom
• Since, contact area in compression is more, NA lies near top flange
• NA is assumed at (d/6) from top

Bracket connections –Type II DESIGN OF UN-STIFFENED-SEAT CONNECTIONS

Load is transferred through the seat angle only
Check for Angle Section for bearing (Same as in bolted Connections)
R  mo
b . Where, R = Reaction
b = Length of angle = Width of beam
t w f yw
b1  b  t f  R1 
R1 = Root Radius of beam flange
tf = thickness of beam flange

b2  b1  c  ta  Ra 
Ra = Root Radius of beam flange
ta = thickness of beam flange

Moment Developed in Angle, M = (R/b1)b2(b2/2)

Moment capacity of angle leg, Mz = 1.2 Ze(fy/m0)
fy
Shear capacity of outstanding leg , Vdp  B ta
3  m0
Stress in the weld (between the Seat angle and column)
<= Strength of Weld
Or, Load carrying capacity of weld  2  Lw tt
f uw
 Reaction Force
3  mw

DESIGN OF STIFFENED SEAT CONNECTIONS DESIGN OF Welded Bracket Connection Type-I

Load transferred through Stiffened seat angle
Vertical shear Stress per unit length in the weld
• No Bending in Angle
• Shear & Moment Transferred to weld Load P
q1  
Stresses Transferred in weld are Effective area of weld 2a  d  t t
• Bending Stress and Torsional moment at CG of weld, T  P e0
• Shear Stress Shear stress in the weld due to torsional
Resultant Stress in the weld (between the Seat angle and column) moment, q2 may be determined as
<= Strength of Weld T q2 T r P e0 r
  q2  
Resultant Stress in weld , Ip r Ip Ip
Where, Ip = Polar Moment of Inertia = Ix + Iy
tt f u
q  f sh2  qsv2  ;
3  mw  1.25 qR  q12  q22  2q1 q2 Cos 
My R  fu 
where, f sh  and qsv   f wd   
I area of welds  3  mw 

4
Design of Welded Bracket Connection Type-II
May be of two types: Depth of bracket plate (i.e. weld
• Fillet weld length) may be estimated as
• Butt weld
For Fillet Weld 6 ( M / 2)
d 0.8 f u
where, f wd 1 
3  mw 1.25
tt f wd 1

Load P
Vert. stress in weld, q1, cal  
Effective area of weld 2 Lw tt

Moment My P e0  Lw 2  3P e0
Bending stress in weld, q2, cal    
Section Modulus I  t L3  tt L3w
2   t w 
 12 
 fu 
Combined stress in the fillet weld, f e  q12, cal  q22, cal  f wd   
 3  mw 

For Groove (Butt) Weld

6M
Depth of Bracket Plate, d(i.e. length ofweld , lw ) 
t fb
fy
where, f b  and t  Size of butt weld
 m0
Vertical shear stress, q1, cal
Load P
 
Effective area of weld 2 Lw t
Load P e  L 2  6 P e0
q2, cal   0 3w 
t Section Modulus  t Lw  t L3w
 
 12 
Combined stress in the butt weld,
 f 
f e  q12, cal  3 q22, cal  f b   y 
  m0 
Butt Weld

DESIGN OF WELDED FRAMED CONNECTION WITH ANGLES Design of Weld B (between angle and column, Field Weld)
• Welding between Angle and Beam Web (say weld A)
• Shop Welded
• Welding between Angle and Column Flange (say weld B)
• Field Welded

Weld B

Weld A

1 5   2 d 2 5d  R
  d  qvh          e1
2 6  3 6 3 6  2
5 2 Re Re
Weld B
qvh d  d  1  qvh 1.8 21
12 3 2 d
Weld A V R fu
qvs   qe  qvs2  qvh
2

d 2d 3  mw

5
Design of Weld A (between angle and Beam, Shop Weld

Bending Moment , at CG of weld

R
 V  e2   e2
2
T r V e2 r Weld B
Horizontal Shear Stress, qvh   Weld A
J J
V V
qvs  
Effective area of weld d . t1  2.a. t1

fu
qe  qvs2  qvh
2

3  mw
Ultimate Method:
• Similar to bolted connection
• Rotation point lies out of connection
• Trial and error