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BACTERIA

Bacteria are microscopic single –celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments, they can
live within soil, in the ocean and inside the human gut. Bacteria are prokaryotes, the entire
organism consists of a single cell with a simple structure unlike eukaryotic DNA which is neatly
packed into cellular compartment called the nucleus, bacterial DNA floats free in a twisted thread
like mass called the nucleoid. They also contain separate, circular pieces of DNA called plasmids.
Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, specialized cellular structures that are designed to
execute a range of cellular functions from energy production to the transport of proteins.
NUTRITION
Bacteria exhibit different modes of nutrition on this basis, broadly two types of bacteria can be
recognized autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria.

 Autotrophic bacteria
These are bacteria which are able to synthesize their own organic food from inorganic
substances. They use carbon dioxide for obtaining carbon and utilize hydrogen sulphide (H2S),
ammonia or hydrogen as the source of hydrogen to reduce carbon .these can be distinguished
further into two types. Photo autotrophic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria.
Photoautotrophic: These poses phototrophic pigments in membrane bound lamella and utilize
solar energy, the bacteria photosynthesis is different from that of green plants since here water
is not used as a hydrogen donor and Chemosynthetic bacteria: these are bacteria which
manufacture organic compounds from inorganic raw materials utilizing energy liberated form the
oxidation of organic substances.

 Heterotrophic bacteria
These are bacteria which are unable to manufacture their own food and hence are dependent
on external source and these can be distinguished into three groups; saprophytic bacteria,
symbiotic bacteria and parasitic bacteria.
REPRODUCTION
The most common and important method of reproduction in bacteria is transvers binary fission.
This is an asexual mode of reproduction (reproduction without the fusion of gametes).The
process proceeds by macromolecular synthesis .nutrients taken up by the bacteria are converted
into new cell substances e.g. RNA, DNA, proteins, enzymes and other micromolecules.the cell
mass and size increases and new cell wall substances are synthesized .Reproduction then begins
with the formation of the transverse cell wall (septum) in the bacteria cell followed by division of
the cytoplasmic membrane . Cross wall (septum) formation is complete, the process of binary
fission is then initiated and the cell divides to form two new cells capable of growth and cell
division.
FUNGI
The fungi (singular, fungus) include several thousand species of eukaryotic, spore bearing
organisms that obtain simple organic compounds by absorption .the organisms have no
chlorophyll and reproduce by both sexual and asexual means. The fungi are usually filamentous,
and their cell walls have chitin .together with bacteria, fungi are the major decomposers of
organic materials in the soil. They degrade complex organic matter into simple organic and
inorganic compounds; in doing so they help recycle carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other
elements for reuse by other organisms.
Two major groups of organism make up the fungi .the filamentous fungi are called molds, while
the unicellular fungi are called yeast.

 Mold consist of long, branching filaments of cells called hyphae (singular hypha) A tangled
mass of hyphae visible to the unaided eye is a mycelium (plural mycelia) examples include
mushrooms.
 Yeasts are microscopic ,unicellular fungi with with a single nucleus and eukaryotic
organelles .they reproduce asexually by a process of budding .in the process ,a new cell
forms at the surface of the original cell, enlarges, and then breaks free tom assume an
independent existence .
Some species of fungi have the ability to shift from the yeast form to the mold form and
viceversa.these fungi are termed as dimorphic.
NUTRITION
Most fungi are saprophytic (obtaining nutrients from dead organic matter) fungi grow best at
Acidic Ph of about 5 although some species grow at lower and higher Ph. levels. Most fungi
Grow at about 25oc (room temperature) except for pathogens, which grow at 37oc (body)
Temperature).most species are aerobic, except for the fermentation yeast that grow in both
aerobic and anaerobic environments.
REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction occurs in the fungi when spores form by mitosis. Here one spore will
Germinate independently to establish a new mycelium .in sexual reproduction, compatible
Nuclei unite within the mycelium and form sexual spores, sexually opposite cells may unite
Within a single mycelium or different mycelia may be required Fungal spores are important in
The identification of the fungus, since the species are unique in shape, color, and size .A single
Spore is capable of germinating and reestablishing the entire Mycelium
ALGAE
Algae are generally microscopic organisms, are usually thought of as simple aquatic plants which
do not have roots, stems or leaves and have primitive methods of reproduction.
They are carbon fixing and oxygen generating organism’s .however some algae display primitive
animal features such as motility while blue-green algae differ markedly from plants and all other
algae in that they have cellular structure and function that is common to the bacteria than the
plant kingdom.
Algae live in aide range of aquatic environments and a natural component of most of aquatic
ecosystems .Additionally, a great many are also terrestrial, living in soil, snow or in association
with other organisms. Aquatic algae are found in both large kelp to those visible under
microscope.
NUTRITION
Algae are autotrophic. They synthesize their food from inorganic materials such as
carbondioxide,water and minerals by means of photosynthesis.chrollophyl is the most common
pigment in all the algae though many the green color of the algae of the plastids is marked by
other pigments such as fucoxanthin a yellow pigment which dominates in brown algae whereas
phycoery thin and phycocyanin a yellow pigment which dominates in brown algae whereas
phycoerythin and phycocyanin pigments are found in red and blue green algae respectively.
Reproduction
Reproduction in algae is of three main kinds, vegetative, asexual and sexual.

 Vegetative reproduction
It occurs by fission, fragmentation, budding, propagation, hormogenia, protonema, tubes,
akinetes, bulbils etc. such algae include diatoms.

 Asexual reproduction
It takes place by the formation of various types of sporangia. The spore escape from the parent
plant, undergo germination and give rise to new plants .All kinds of spores, with the exception of
Zoospores, are non-motile. The common types of asexual spores found in algae include
zoospores, aplanospores, auto spores, carpospores, monospores, tetra spores and paraspores.

 Sexual reproduction
It is also known as game tic reproduction, since it involves fusion between haploid gametes to
form diploid zygote. Three major kinds of sexual reproduction can be recognized among algae
namely; isogamy, awisogany or heterogenic.
REFFERENCES

 N.J.Butterfield (2000).Bungiomorphapubescens.gen.nsp.implication for the evolution of


Sexmulticellularity and the mesoproterozoic.

 Talaro K & Talaro A (1996): Foundation in microbiology,2nd edition, Times Minor Higher
Education Group.kerper Boulevard, Dubuque.

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