S P EC I A L RE P O R T

Transforming to the
Next-Generation
Cable Network
SPONSORED BY

Reprinted with revisions to format from BTR. Copyright 2019 by Endeavor Business Media
 S PECIAL REP O RT

How operators can increase

agility, scalability and cost
savings with a software-
based cable access solution
By Asaf Matatyaou, Harmonic
Today’s cable operators face an unprecedented
number of challenges. They must deliver an
ever-increasing amount of data and video,
including over-the-top (OTT), ultra high
definition high dynamic range (UHD HDR),
and data-intensive applications such as virtual
reality and the Internet of Things (IoT), to
subscribers. There’s more competition than ever
from high-speed data providers and a growing
demand for higher bandwidth and new value-
added services. new software-based cable access technologies.
This article will examine the challenges
The equipment needed to process and deliver
operators face with using traditional cable
these services is expensive and takes up a lot
access network hardware and the benefits
of space in the headend. Traditional solutions
of a software-based approach, including
for cable access infrastructure — specifically
increased flexibility, scalability and shorter
the CMTS, edgeQAM and Converged Cable
development cycles.
Access Platform (CCAP) — are purpose-built
systems and by necessity have been hardware-
based. Yet, the emergence of the CableLabs Key Drawbacks of Traditional
Remote PHY standard enabled the separation Cable Access Solutions
of the hardware-bound physical layer and RF Because of the physical-layer characteristics of
components from the software-suitable higher the cable architecture, cable-specific platforms
layers, paving the way for the introduction of have been developed for the delivery of data,

2 B T R S p e c i a l Re p o r t : Tr a n s fo r m i n g to t h e N ex t- G e n e r a t i o n C a b l e N et wo r k S P O N S O RE D BY
 Figure 1. A software-based CCAP architecture, showing both distributed and centralized deployment
options.
video and voice services. Through the years,
the packet processing and networking layers
in the cable network, including the uppermost
layers where cable-specific applications such
as PacketCable and DOCSIS Set-top Gateway
are processed, also have unique requirements.
Historically, whenever the industry updated or
created new cable access standards, purpose-
built hardware platforms were designed to
support these standards. Typically, the only
way to deliver more advanced services and
features to subscribers, as well as increased
capacity, was to continue to develop hardware-
based platforms.
Hardware-based access technologies are not
ideal for a number of reasons: they lengthen
development cycles, inhibit the vendor
ecosystem and limit capacity and scalability.
What’s more, flexibility is limited as hardware-
based CMTS implementations are generally
optimized to meet anticipated business
objectives rather than being adaptable to
unforeseen requirements. Hardware-based
4 B T R S p e c i a l Re p o r t : Tr a n s fo r m i n g to t h e N ex t- G e n e r a t i o n C a b l e N et wo r k
CMTS also comes with high operational
expenses. In addition to high power costs,
operators need to consider the regularly
occurring cost of refreshing hardware, both in
terms of labor and capital cost of the equipment.
These costs can be greatly reduced with
software running on commercial off-the-shelf
(COTS) servers.
The Benefits of a Software-
Based Cable Access
Solution are Plentiful
By disaggregating CCAP functionality with a
software-based approach, cable operators can
mitigate many of the challenges associated with
traditional hardware architectures and benefit
from a more flexible and scalable deployment
model (Figure 1).
A software-based approach offers much shorter
and cost-effective development cycles in
comparison with hardware-based technologies
using application-specific integrated circuits
S P O N S O RE D BY
 (ASICs) and field-programmable gate arrays
(FPGAs), as well as the option to take advantage
of open-source or third-party software when
available. Given that some of the newly
proposed features will be available for earlier
proof-of-concept implementation, the time span
between standardization and multi-vendor
interoperability can be reduced as well.
There are aspects of the access network
that remain dependent on physical layer
development, such as RF, that still require
hardware and can’t be implemented in software.
But, where feasible, a software-based approach
enables operators to enjoy faster responsiveness
for defect resolution, much higher feature
velocity and a faster rate of innovation
(see Table).
Moreover, a software-based and disaggregated
cable access approach, which operates partially
on COTS servers, provides a whole new
dimension of scalability. Operators can start
with a single 1 rack unit (RU) server and add
new capabilities with software upgrades and
more capacity in 1RU increments as business
requirements dictate. By contrast, a hardware-
5 B T R S p e c i a l Re p o r t : Tr a n s fo r m i n g to t h e N ex t- G e n e r a t i o n C a b l e N et wo r k
based cable access approach takes up much
more real estate and requires a much higher
initial investment, especially for small-scale
deployments. It also won’t scale effectively when
the operator requires more capacity. When a
chassis reaches its capacity limits, operators
either need to install another chassis or replace
the chassis with a denser version.
In today’s rapidly changing world, flexibility is
important. A software-based and disaggregated
cable access solution enables operators to
expand features and services quickly. Moreover,
it gives operators the potential opportunity to
run multiple applications on a single server
or across a cluster of servers. Distribution of
software functions is not restricted to a single
box or location. Cable operators can flexibly
distribute software functions in the most cost-
effective and operationally efficient manner,
with the promise of using spare CPU resources
for different applications.
Additional benefits of software-based cable
access solutions include faster industry
standardization cycles, richer vendor innovation,
S P O N S O RE D BY
 Figure 2. CMTS functionality that can be virtualized in a software-based implementation.
a more robust and competitive vendor
ecosystem and increased scalability for meeting
competitive capacity speeds. Investments
are continuously being made to Intel compute
platforms and their associated components,
including network interface cards (NICs),
facilitating cable operators’ move to a software-
based and network functions virtualization
(NFV) model.
When evaluating total cost of ownership (TCO)
of a cable access solution, operators need to
know how quickly a product or service can be
monetized, as well as its responsiveness to
operator requirements. The penalty for getting
the design or implementation wrong in a
hardware-based approach is dramatically higher
than in software.
Software running on general-purpose Intel CPUs
can be put on faster platforms as they become
available. The software does not need to be
customized or refactored for custom hardware.
This distinction results in faster time-to-
market and more frequent product releases
6 B T R S p e c i a l Re p o r t : Tr a n s fo r m i n g to t h e N ex t- G e n e r a t i o n C a b l e N et wo r k
with increased performance and scale. Over
time, this characteristic also reduces the level
of investment required and increases the cost-
effectiveness of a software-based approach.
How to Make a Seamless
Migration from Hardware
to Software
Software-based cable access solutions offer a lot
of promise and potential, and operators easily
migrate to the new architecture in a series of
steps. The first step involves supporting legacy
services with operational familiarity in today’s
centralized deployment architecture, including
MPEG video delivery, out-of-band (OOB)
signaling systems for MPEG video delivery
and leakage detection. An end-to-end solution
may not only include the CMTS core, but also
video engine and OOB engine devices. With
a software-based cable access architecture,
the transport between cores/engines and PHY
devices is Ethernet and standards based. As
legacy services diminish, the need for video
and OOB engine devices is reduced, with the
S P O N S O RE D BY
 software-based CMTS core eventually feeding
all data, voice and video services over IP.
Software-based solutions should co-exist with
existing hardware-based systems. This will
enable operators to take advantage of immediate
power and space savings, as well as capacity
headroom. This type of hybrid approach
involves running a software-based CMTS core
on COTS Intel servers and a PHY shelf, which
can be installed in an existing headend or hub
(Figure 2).
The next step in the migration path is to push
the PHY devices out of the headend and hub
and move them further out in the network.
Remote PHY delivers additional power and
space savings. Relying on a distributed access
architecture that leverages the benefits of digital
fiber over analog, operators can support longer
distances, more wavelengths and better cost
efficiencies.
Today’s hardware-based cable access
implementations have separate devices for
each of the legacy services, but transport of
the services is over RF and analog optics,
preventing the ultimate convergence of all
services over IP. Coupling a software-based
approach with a Remote PHY architecture
enables operators to fully transition to
digital and IP.
A cluster of 1RU servers can serve many
distributed Remote PHY nodes, and the servers
can be further centralized into a data center.
Eventually, the data-center-located servers can
evolve to elastically support other applications
beyond the CMTS application and can
7 B T R S p e c i a l Re p o r t : Tr a n s fo r m i n g to t h e N ex t- G e n e r a t i o n C a b l e N et wo r k
dynamically allocate CPU resources based on
actual use, providing significant efficiencies and
improving network flexibility.
Using a software-based cable access approach,
operators also can transition from traditional
CLI- and SNMP-based configuration and
management to a software-defined networking
(SDN) based approach to optimize the
orchestration of services.
Conclusion
Numerous cable operators around the world
have successfully deployed a software-based
cable access solution in a variety of deployment
architectures, migrating from hardware-based
products to realize improved functionality,
agility and scalability. The benefits of a
software-based architecture running on COTS
Intel servers are clear compared with hardware-
based systems, which are expensive, purpose
built and capacity limited.
By deploying COTS equipment and a
software-based, disaggregated cable access
solution, operators have virtually unlimited
potential in terms of applications, location
and capacity. Whether cable operators choose
to deploy software either in a centralized or
distributed architecture, they can drastically
improve scalability and agility, while reducing
opex and capex.
Asaf Matatyaou is vice
president, solutions and product
management, within the Cable
Access Business at Harmonic.
S P O N S O RE D BY
 S PECIAL REP O RT

CCAP video and

DAA migration
By Linas Underys, ATX Networks
Entering 2019, most cable operators are either
planning out their adoption strategies or actively
migrating to a distributed access architecture
(DAA) that will allow them to push fiber
deeper into their network and realize business-
enhancing performance and operational
benefits. But some of these infrastructure
migration initiatives are facing setbacks due
to lingering limitations around encryption
licensing and interoperability associated with A QAM-to-IP pass-through solution also saves
the installation of CCAP video cores. MSOs time and reduces complexity by allowing
them to proceed with DAA migrations without
Migrating video streams previously handled
having to integrate and reconfigure muxes
by edge QAM resources to a CCAP video core
and broadcast lineups in the CCAP video
is in most cases a prerequisite to moving to a
core. Instead, cable operators can continue to
distributed architecture. But limitations around
use existing back-office tools, systems and
the encryption capabilities of CCAP video cores
procedures. And by enabling MSOs to sidestep
are threatening to delay the move to DAA, as
encryption issues associated with CCAP
well as the resulting benefits. Overcoming this
migrations, an RF R-PHY gateway provides
roadblock, at least until some of these issues
cable operators with greater freedom in the
are ironed out, requires a QAM-to-IP video
selection of a CCAP supplier by eliminating the
engine, also known as an RF R-PHY gateway,
potential of compatibility issues between the
that allows operators to leverage already in-place
CCAP and installed base of set-top boxes.
edge QAM resources to pass encrypted video
to IP-based CCAP video cores, which then feed Not only does the RF R-PHY gateway provide
the encrypted video streams to R-PHY Devices MSOs with the opportunity to migrate to RPD-
(RPDs) through the Converged Interconnect based nodes while they build out their CCAP
Network (CIN). video cores, it can also serve as a substitute
for a full-blown CCAP video core for cable

8 B T R S p e c i a l Re p o r t : Tr a n s fo r m i n g to t h e N ex t- G e n e r a t i o n C a b l e N et wo r k S P O N S O RE D BY
 operators that are likely to transition their
video services to IP in the near future. This is
a particularly attractive option for MSOs with
fewer QAM input-only legacy set-top boxes
in the field and that are focusing their DAA
transformations on data delivery components,
like a CCAP-based CMTS that facilitates both
data and IPTV video delivery via DOCSIS. In
these instances, the RF R-PHY media gateway
offers a cost-effective alternative to building
out a CCAP core. The RF R-PHY video engine
would function as a transitional CCAP video
core, delivering RF QAM video services from
existing edge QAMs directly to the CIN and
RPDs (with DEPI encapsulation). In-service edge
QAMs and the stand-in video core could then
be decommissioned as soon as the MSO is in a
position to cost effectively replace or eliminate
all QAM-based set-tops in its network.
Moving to a distributed architecture for
most MSOs means reaping significant cost,
performance and complexity benefits associated
with the replacement of RF and analog optic-
9 B T R S p e c i a l Re p o r t : Tr a n s fo r m i n g to t h e N ex t- G e n e r a t i o n C a b l e N et wo r k
based transport links with high-speed digital
transport links and the pushing of the optical-
to-RF conversion deeper into the network.
Digital links between headends and RPDs will
drive performance and capacity increases by
accommodating more wavelengths over longer
distances. Similarly, cable operators can deliver
better performance with less complexity through
the coaxial portion of their networks by reducing
or eliminating the number of amplifiers at the
far end of their infrastructures. But these and
other benefits associated with a migration
to DAA remain outside the grasp of MSOs
that are currently beset by CCAP video core
encryption issues.
By solving those issues, a RF R-PHY video
engine offers the innovation that will enable
MSOs to start enjoying the benefits of a
distributed architecture today.
Linas Underys is VP of Media Gateway
Products at ATX Networks.
S P O N S O RE D BY
 ARRIS is a global leader in entertainment, communications and networking
technology. Our innovations combine hardware, software and services to enable
advanced video experiences and constant connectivity across a variety of
environments—for service providers, commercial verticals, small enterprises, and
the billions of people they serve.

Our three core business units:

— Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), featuring access devices such as video

set-tops and gateways, and broadband modems, gateways, and routers

— Network & Cloud, combining broadband and video infrastructure with cloud-
based software solutions

— Enterprise Networks, incorporating the newly acquired Ruckus Wireless and

ICX Switch business and focusing on wireless and wired connectivity

Together, we are redefining connectivity.

LINKS:

Access network evolution framework

Addressing capacity and performance challenges with fiber deep

architecture and the ARRIS pod methodology

Executive brief: Planning for next gen DOCSIS

Fiber deep solutions

Distributed access architecture

10 B T R S p e c i a l Re p o r t : Tr a n s fo r m i n g to t h e N ex t- G e n e r a t i o n C a b l e N et wo r k S P O N S O RE D BY
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chi
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lude:

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chbot
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tream bandwi
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nas
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eser
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egr
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tream
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Net
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ngont
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erv
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grat
ions
trat
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WEB
ar
ris
.com
BLOG
ar
ris
.com/
arr
isever
ywher
e
3 Copyr
ight2019ARRI
SEnt
erpr
isesLLC.Al
lri
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eser
ved
Anal
ter
nat
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trum r
ecl
amat
ion.
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ideos
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t
per
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l
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fas
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ngt
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ai
m mor
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trum.

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rom anal
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act
icest
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ect
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l
ltheybeabl
etoc
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pec
tat
ionsands
ucc
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nahi
ghl
ycompet
it
ivemar
ket
.

F
ormor
einf
ormat
ion,
ple
asev
istar
i ris
.com.

WEB
ar
ris
.com
BLOG
ar
ris
.com/
arr
isever
ywher
e
4 Copyr
ight2019ARRI
SEnt
erpr
isesLLC.Al
lri
ghtr
eser
ved