1.

0 INTRODUCTION

Drainage consideration and planning are vital for any new development projects to avoid
flooding and loss of properties and lives. Failing to consider the existing condition and predict
the outcome of the planning may cause catastrophic. These irreversible actions will pose a
permanent feature to generations to come. Before development, when precipitation occurs and
reach the ground, runoff is infiltrated into the soil or intercepted by surface obstructions but will
eventually reach the ground. When the soil is saturated, excess precipitation remains on the
surface which is called runoff. As volume of runoff increase, this runoff, due to gravity, will flow
to a lower ground level. This is accomplished by shallow ditches, also called open drains. The
shallow ditches discharge into larger stream which may also connected from other smaller
streams. The streams will merge and form larger stream or river. The discharge will eventually
reach the lower ground level and into the sea.

Once an area is urbanised, disturbed or misplaced natural drainage must be replaced with
artificial drainage to accommodate the total runoff in the area. Any drainage installation is sized
according to the probability of occurrence of an expected peak discharge during the design life of
the installation which relates to the intensity and duration of rainfall events occurring not only in
the direct surrounding area of the structure, but also upstream of the structure. Runoff rate and
volume generally increase after urbanization. We pave the watershed with asphalt and houses
and straighten and shorten flow paths by conveying runoff through drainage systems. If the
downstream channel capacity is exceeded, flood will occur over the floodplain. With less storage
capacity for water in urban basins and more rapid runoff, urban streams rise more quickly during
storms and have higher peak discharge rates than do rural streams.

In this project, we are required to find a piece of forested land with a maximum size of
0.80 km2 or it can be less than that. Our propose area is 0.80 km2 0.80 hectare but our developed
area only covers a total of 0.63 km2 or 63.0052 hectare. In this piece of land, we should propose a
sustainable Sport Academy Complex for the local community to venture and appreciate the
nature. It is going to be built in Bukit Galing, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. The location has the
latitude of 3°50’06.39” North, 103°19’03.99” East. The proposed site is located South-West
from the peak of Bukit Galing. The main sources which is watershed area is Sungai Galing
which is located near it. The Sport Academy Complex consist of stadium (football field, track),

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swimming pool, indoor arenas (badminton and basketball court), hostel, cafeteria, gymnasium,
mosque and parking lot. This location can be accessed from Jalan Indera Mahkota on the West of
proposed site. The proposed site is chosen because it is easy to access from the main road as it
has less traffic. Besides, the location is situated near to town and housing areas therefore will
attract many visitors. Geographically, the location of site is a bit challenging for athlete trainees
and visitors to come at our Sport Academy Complex because it is located at the hill of Bukit
Galing.

In order to mitigate flash flood in urban area, a conventional drainage system has been
designed to provide the fastest possible transport of storm water runoff out of the catchments into
the receiving water. Drainage planning requires the total runoff in order to design the suitable
drain size. We designed our drains based on the Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Malaysia, MSMA 2nd Edition for ultimate 100 years ARI. MSMA provide detail necessary
design methods and procedures on relevant stormwater facilities. In this project, we used
guidelines based on MSMA Chapter 2: Quantity Design Fundamentals and Chapter 14: Drains
and Swales. In Chapter 2, we used the Rational Method and RHM to calculate the total runoff.
For drainage design, we used a software called HEC-HMS version 4.3.

2.0 DATA DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURE

2.1 Selection of Location and Watershed area

The forested land at Bukit Galing, Kuantan, Pahang was chosen for the sustainable Sport
Academy Complex. The maximum size area is 0.80 km2 and our proposed area is also 0.80 km2.
Our developed area only covers a total of 0.63 km2. We obtained the details of the proposed
location from Google Maps and the topography map from Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia
(JUPEM). Contour plan is obtained by transferring the hardcopy topographical plan to softcopy
using autoCAD. Then, we also used autoCAD to transfer the contour that we have been created
to make the layout of Sport Academy Complex before designing the drainage.

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 Figure 2.1 : Location selected from Google Map

2.2 Plan layout, outlet, catchment characteristic data

In our Stadium Academy Complex, we proposed development of a stadium (football

field, track), swimming pool, indoor arenas (badminton and basketball court), hostel, cafeteria,
gymnasium, mosque and parking lot. The watershed area is divided into 4 subcatchments.
Catchment 1 include swimming pool, indoor arenas and gymnasium while catchment 2 include
cafe and hostel. For catchment 3 is stadium and catchment 4 is mosque and parking lot. In this
projct, we decided to design the drainage and outlet based on the natural drainage. In our
proposal there are 2 outflows at all catchments which are at catchment 1 and catchment 4. We
conducted runoff calculations on all these four catchments because they were affected the
development of the area.

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 Figure 2.2 : Before development layout of Sport Academic Complex

Figure 2.3 : Complete layout and outlet point of Sport Academic Complex

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Figure 2.4 : Complete layout, outlet point and drainage size of Sport Academic Complex

Figure 2.5 : Legend for our layout

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10 YEAR ARI

CATCH CATCHM. LANDUSE AREA (HA) RUNOFF

MENT AREA COEFFICIENT,

(HA) C

UNDEV. DEV. UNDEV. DEV. UNDEV DEV.

C1 26.0254 Forest cover Commercial 5.0 11.7585 0.3 0.9

Forest cover Bush cover 9.2669 0.35

C2 16.1161 Forest cover Apartment 3.0 9.5933 0.3 0.8

Forest cover Bush cover 3.5228 0.35

C3 15.0274 Forest cover Sport fields 2.0 9.7321 0.3 0.3

Forest cover Bush cover 3.2953 0.35

C4 23.7971 Forest cover Grass cover 7.9608 15.8363 0.3 0.4

Table 2.1: Characteristic of the drainage catchments for 10 year ARI.

50 YEAR ARI

CATCH CATCHM. LANDUSE AREA (HA) RUNOFF

MENT AREA COEFFICIENT,

(HA) C

UNDEV. DEV. UNDEV. DEV. UNDEV DEV.

C1 26.0254 Forest cover Commercial 5.0 11.7585 0.3 0.95

Forest cover Bush cover 9.2669 0.45

C2 16.1161 Forest cover Apartment 3.0 9.5933 0.3 0.85

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 Forest cover Bush cover 3.5228 0.45

C3 15.0274 Forest cover Sport fields 2.0 9.7321 0.3 0.4

Forest cover Bush cover 3.2953 0.45

C4 23.7971 Forest cover Grass cover 7.9608 15.8363 0.3 0.5

Table 2.2: Characteristics of the drainage catchments for 50 year ARI.

100 YEAR ARI

CATCH CATCHM. LANDUSE AREA (HA) RUNOFF

MENT AREA COEFFICIENT,

(HA) C

UNDEV. DEV. UNDEV. DEV. UNDEV DEV.

C1 26.0254 Forest cover Commercial 5.0 11.7585 0.3 0.95

Forest cover Bush cover 9.2669 0.45

C2 16.1161 Forest cover Apartment 3.0 9.5933 0.3 0.85

Forest cover Bush cover 3.5228 0.45

C3 15.0274 Forest cover Sport fields 2.0 9.7321 0.3 0.4

Forest cover Bush cover 3.2953 0.45

C4 23.7971 Forest cover Grass cover 7.9608 15.8363 0.3 0.5

Table 2.3: Characteristics of the drainage catchments for 100 year ARI.

2.3 List of formulae and methods

Calculation of the total runoff before development for each catchment is done by using Rational
Method as accordance to MSMA 2nd Edition.

Sample calculation for Catchment 2 before development for 50 year ARI.

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 STEP 1: Delineate the catchments as shown in Table 2.4 below. The catchment for the
mini park are identified as C1, C2, C3, C4.

CATCH CATCHM. LANDUSE AREA (HA) RUNOFF

MENT AREA COEFFICIENT,

(HA) C

UNDEV. DEV. UNDEV. DEV. UNDEV DEV.

C1 26.0254 Forest cover Commercial 5.0 11.7585 0.4 0.95

Forest cover Bush cover 9.2669 0.45

C2 16.1161 Forest cover Apartment 3.0 9.5933 0.4 0.85

Forest cover Bush cover 3.5228 0.45

C3 15.0274 Forest cover Sport fields 2.0 9.7321 0.4 0.4

Forest cover Bush cover 3.2953 0.45

C4 23.7971 Forest cover Grass cover 7.9608 15.8363 0.4 0.5

Table 2.4: Characteristics of Drainage Catchment for 50 year ARI.

STEP 2: Calculate the catchment areas for catchment 2. The area for catchment C2 is
16.1161ha.

STEP 3: Select runoff coefficient (c) based on the Table 2.5 in MASMA. The c value
for catchment 2 are 0.4 for undeveloped forest cover and 0.85 for developed apartment
area and 0.45 for developed bush cover.

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STEP 4: Calculate Cavg values.

(0.85x9.59)+(0.45x3.52)
Cavg= = 0.65
(9.59+3.52)

STEP 5: Determine overland sheet flow path length, Lo for the flow paths in every
catchment to calculate the time of concentration of each catchment.

For catchment 2, Lo=584 m

STEP 6: Determine the slope of overland surface in percent (%)

(150−100)
S= x 100 =8.56%
584

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STEP 7: Calculate 𝑡𝑜 . Use the Horton’s n* value (use n*=0.06 from Table 2.2 in
MASMA) n=0.06 because the is a forested area.

1
107𝑛∗𝐿 3
𝑡𝑜 = 1
𝑆5

107(0.060)(584)1/3
= 8.561/5

=34.93min

STEP 8: Determine channel length, Ld for the channels in every catchment.

For catchment 2, Ld=1409 m.

STEP 9: Calculate area of the channel. The depth of the channel is assumed at 1.2m and
width=.0.6m.

A=1.2 x 0.6 =0.72𝑚2

STEP 10: Calculate wetted perimeter of the channel (P).

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P=2(1.2) + 0.6 =3.0m

STEP 11: Calculate hydraulic radius by, R=A/P

R=0.72/3=0.24m

STEP 12: Determine the friction slope of the channel, s (m/m) by dividing the different
elevation by the length of channel.

(150−100)
S= = 0.04
584

STEP 13: Calculate travel time in channel, 𝑡𝑑 (use n=0.015 from Table 2.3 in
MASMA)

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 𝑛𝐿
𝑡𝑑 = 2 1
60𝑅 3 𝑆 2

0.015(584)
= 2 1
60(0.24)3 (0.04)2

=4.56 min

STEP 14: Calculate time concentration by using equation below.

𝑡𝐶 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑

=34.93+ 4.56

=39.49min

STEP 15: Calculate Peak Discharge, Q.

From Table 2.B2 in MASMA,

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 No.13, 3930012, Sungai Lembing PCC Mill
λ (lambda) κ (kappa) θ (theta) η (eta) T D
45.999 0.21 0.074 0.59 50 0.473

Rainfall intensity, i

𝜆 𝑇𝑘 45.999(50)0.210
i= (𝑑+ 𝜃)𝑛 =(0.47+0.074)0.59 =149.81mm/hr

𝐶.𝑖.𝐴 0.30(149.81)(16.12)
Q = 360 = =4.43𝑚3 /𝑠
360

2.4 Result and data outcome

The time of concentration and peak flow rate of each sub-catchment is calculated for ARI of 10,
50 and 100 years for before and after development of Sport Academy Complex. Table 2.5 and
Table 2.6 have summarized all the results for different situations.

Before development:

Sub-catchment 1 Sub-catchment 2 Sub-catchment 3 Sub-catchment 4

ARI 10 50 100 10 50 100 10 50 100 10 50 100

Total area
(ha) 26.03 26.03 26.03 16.12 16.12 16.12 15.03 15.03 15.03 23.80 23.80 23.80
Runoff
coefficient
Forest
cover 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Area (m²)
Forest
cover 26.03 26.03 26.03 16.12 16.12 16.12 15.03 15.03 15.03 23.80 23.80 23.80
Cavg 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10
Lo (m) 732 732 732 584 584 584 571 571 571 905 905 905
So (%) 6.83 6.83 6.83 8.56 8.56 8.56 17.51 17.51 17.51 16.57 16.57 16.57
To (min) 39.4 39.4 39.4 34.93 34.93 34.93 30.05 30.05 30.05 35.42 35.42 35.42
Ld (m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
Ad (m²) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

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 0.00 0.00 0.00
P (m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
R (m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
Sd ( m/m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
Td (min) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tc (min) 39.4 39.4 39.4 34.93 34.93 34.93 30.05 30.05 30.05 35.42 35.42 35.42
i (mm/hr) 106.84 149.81 173.28 106.84 149.81 173.28 106.84 149.81 173.28 106.84 149.81 173.28
Q (m³/s) 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.71 0.71 0.71
Table 2.5: Drainage Details of Sub-catchments for ARI of 10, 50 and 100 years before
Development of Sport Academy Complex

After development:

Sub-catchment 1 Sub-catchment 2 Sub-catchment 3 Sub-catchment 4

ARI 10 50 100 10 50 100 10 50 100 10 50 100

Total area
(ha) 26.03 26.03 26.03 16.12 16.12 16.12 15.03 15.03 15.03 23.8 23.8 23.8
Runoff
coefficient
Forest
cover 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.3 0.4 0.4
Sport field 0.30 0.40 0.40
Commercial
& Business 0.90 0.95 0.95

Grass cover 0.4 0.5 0.5

Flat &
apartment 0.80 0.85 0.85
Bush cover 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.35 0.45 0.45
Area (m²)
Forest
cover 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 7.96 7.96 7.96
Sport field 9.73 9.73 9.73
Commercial
& Business 11.76 11.76 11.76
Open Space
(Grass
cover) 15.84 15.84 15.84
Flat &
apartment 9.59 9.59 9.59
Bush cover 9.27 9.27 9.27 3.52 3.52 3.52 3.3 3.3 3.3
Cavg 0.59 0.65 0.65 0.61 0.66 0.66 0.31 0.4 0.4 0.37 0.43 0.43

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Lo (m) 732 732 732 584 584 584 571 571 571 905 905 905
So ( %) 6.83 6.83 6.83 8.56 8.56 8.56 17.51 17.51 17.51 16.57 16.57 16.57
To (min) 39.40 39.40 39.40 34.93 34.93 34.93 30.05 30.05 30.05 35.42 35.42 35.42
Ld (m) 3084 3084 3084 1409 1409 1409 1573 1573 1573 2309 2309 2309
Ad (m²) 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72
P (m) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
R (m) 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
Sd ( m/m) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07
Td (min) 14.12 14.12 14.12 4.56 4.56 4.56 4.16 4.16 4.16 5.65 5.65 5.65
Tc (min) 53.52 53.52 53.52 39.49 39.49 39.49 34.21 34.21 34.21 41.07 41.07 41.07
i (mm/hr) 106.84 149.81 173.28 106.84 149.81 173.28 106.84 149.81 173.28 106.84 149.81 173.28
Q (m³/s) 4.56 7.04 8.14 2.92 4.43 5.12 1.38 2.5 2.89 2.61 4.26 4.93
Table 2.6: Drainage Details of Sub-catchments for ARI of 10, 50 and 100 years after
Development of Sport Academy Complex

2.5 Result comparison undevelopment and development

CATCHMENT BEFORE DEVELOPMENT AFTER DEVELOPMENT (m3/s)

(m3/s)

ARI 10 ARI 50 ARI 100 ARI 10 ARI 50 ARI 100

CATCHMENT 1 0.46 0.65 0.75 4.56 7.04 8.14

CATCHMENT 2 0.29 0.40 0.47 2.92 4.43 5.12

CATCHMENT 3 0.18 0.25 0.29 1.38 2.50 2.89

CATCHMENT 4 0.71 0.99 1.15 2.61 4.26 4.93

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3.0 PROCEDURE OF SOFTWARE (HEC-HMS Software)

3.1 List of methods

STEP 1: Create new project for before development

STEP 2: Select basin model manager

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STEP 3: Create new basin model

STEP 4: Create 2 basin model

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STEP 5: Select sink creation tool and create a new sink element and description for outlet

STEP 6: use the arrow tool and connect the downstream

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STEP 7: Create a new arrow downstream for sub basin 1 to outlet 1

STEP 8: Create a new arrow downstream from sub basin 2 to outlet 1

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STEP 9: Enter the value of area for subcatchment 1

STEP 9 : change the unit method

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STEP 10: Select graph type and fill in the value of lag time in min

STEP 11: Select graph type and fill in the value of lag time in min and repeat the step for sub
basin 2

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STEP 12: Select the meteorologic model

STEP 13: Select the set to default

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STEP 14: Create a new control specification

STEP 15: Create a new control specification

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STEP 16: Select the time interval for time-series gauge for gauge 1

STEP 17: Select the time interval for time-series gage for gage 2

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STEP 18: Select the time series 20 minutes

STEP 19: Select the time window date and time for gauge 1

25
STEP 20: Edit the table and collect the data

STEP 21: Repeat the same step for gauge 2

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STEP 22: Select the control 1 and put the control sectional start time and end time

STEP 23:Create compute for simulation run

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STEP 24: Enter the number of run

STEP 25: Compute the current run

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STEP 26: Compute the current run and the project run 100%

STEP 27: The result show in the table BEFORE development

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Result before development from software

Result after development from software

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Layout software

31
3.2 Result and data outcome using software hec-hms

BEFORE DEVELOPMENT

HYDROLOCIC DRAINAGE PEAK TIME OF PEAK VOLUME

ELEMENT AREA (MI2) DISCAHARGE (MM)
Sub basin 1 0.0150400 0.8 25DEC2018 11:50 8.123
Sub basin 2 0.0115831 0.5 25DEC2018 11.20 7.366
outlet 0.0266231 1.4 25DEC2018 11:20 7.874
Sub basin 3 0.032100 1.3 25DEC2018 12:00 5.842
Sub basin 4 0.0307722 1.8 25DEC2018 12:00 6.096
Outlet 2 0.0628722 3.1 25DEC2018 11.50 6.096

AFTER DEVELOPMENT

HYDROLOCIC DRAINAGE PEAK TIME OF PEAK VOLUME

ELEMENT AREA (MI2) DISCAHARGE (MM)
Sub basin 2 0.1500000 8.3 25DEC2018 11:50 42.42
Sub basin 1 0.1100000 5.2 25DEC2018 11.20 33.27
outlet 0.0811787 13.3 25DEC2018 11:20 38.35
Sub basin 3 0.0611443 3.6 25DEC2018 12:00 57.59
Sub basin 4 0.0375758 5.2 25DEC2018 12:00 44.96
Outlet 2 0.0987201 7.5 25DEC2018 11.50 40.39

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4.0 COMPARISON BETWEEN MANUAL (MSMA) AND SOFTWARE HEC-HMS

Q CATCHMENT 1 CATCHMENT CATCHMENT 3 CATCMENT 4

v 2
al UNDEV DEVE UNDE DEV UNDE DEVEL UNDEV DEVEL
u ELOP LOP VELO ELO VELO OP ELOPM OP
e P P P ENT
A 0.46 4.56 0.29 2.92 0.25 1.38 0.71 2.61
R
I
1
0
A 0.65 7.04 0.40 4.43 0.29 2.50 0.99 4.26
R
I
5
0
A 0.75 8.14 0.47 5.12 1.38 2.89 1.15 4.93
R
I
1
0
0
H 0.8 8.3 0.5 5.2 1.3 3.6 1.8 5.2
E
C
-
H
M
S

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Drain size to be built
CATCHMENT 1 0.6m X 0.5m
CATCHMENT 2 0.6m X 0.4m
CATCHMENT 3 0.6m X 0.5m
CATCHMENT 4 0.6m X 0.7m

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5.0 DISCUSSION

In this project, we have chosen forested area at Bukit Galing, Pahang. The reason of
choosing this place is because of the strategic location which is near the urban area of Indera
Mahkota and Kuantan to develop the Sport Academy Complex. The area of the chosen place is
0.79km2 and we have divide the area to four sub-catchments which 26.0254ha, 16.1161ha,
15.0274ha and 23.7971ha. In this piece of land, we have made the proposal layout by using
Autocad software and Google Earth Pro and design the drainage master plan for the area chosen
for ultimate 100 years ARI. We used Hec HMS to calculate the flow before and after
development of the chosen area and also do manual MASMA calculation to make comparison.
The highest slope on contour is 200 and the lowest slope on contour is 50.

For manual MASMA calculation, we have calculated the discharge flow, Q for 10, 50
and 100 years in sub-catchment 1,2,3 and 4. The results before development for all years in sub-
catchment 1 is 0.46m3/s, for sub-catchment 2 is 0.29m3/s, for sub-catchment 3 is 0.18m3/s and
for sub-catchment 4 is 0.71m3/s. The results after development for a sub-catchment 1 for 10,50
and 100 years are 4.56m3/s, 7.04m3/s and 8.14m3/s. The results after development for a sub-
catchment 2 for 10,50 and 100 years are 2.92m3/s, 4.43m3/s and 5.12m3/s. The results after
development for a sub-catchment 3 for 10,50 and 100 years are 1.38m3/s, 2.50m3/s and
2.89m3/s. The results after development for a sub-catchment 4 for 10,50 and 100 years are
2.61m3/s, 4.26m3/s and 4.93m3/s.

After that, we uses the hec-hms software to compare the result between masma and
software. For hec-hms calculation, we get the result before development and after development.
The result before development for all years in sub-catchment 1 is 1.1m₃ /s ,for the sub-catchment
2 is 0.5 m₃ /s, for the sub-catchment 3 is 0.3m₃ /s and lastly for sub-catchment 4 we get
1.1m₃ /s.The result hec-hms software after development for a sub-catchment 1 is 13.5 m₃ /s, for
sub-catchment 2 is 7.4 m₃ /s, for sub-catchment 3 is 13.7 m₃ /s and sub-catchment 4 is 10 m₃ /s.

Its showed that the value that we obtained from the software is much bigger than the
value from the MSMA calculation. We can verify that there is an error while calculating the flow
which is cause the difference between the both values.

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6.0 CONCLUSION

In conlusion, we have successfully applied all the given requirements of this hydrology
project. The drainage system for a Sport Academic Complex at Bukit Galing, Kuantan, Pahang
has been designed according to best practices. The streets and storm sewer will provide
conveyance of peak discharges for ultimate 100 years event. An attempt has been made to
highlight and describe the basic components of a watershed including their main characteristics,
basin scale and the characteristics that impact them, river basins including water policies in some
selected regions and land use and their relationship. Watersheds or river basins have been the
cradles of civilization since ancient times. The development of scientific capability to detect and
predict changes to the water cycle in response to natural and human-induced climate variability
is a key priority research area.

In this project, we are able to study and analyze the impact of development on the total
runoff in an area from this project. Besides, we are also able to understand the affect of area size
and its runoff coefficient on the result of total runoff. From here, we also further understand the
occurance of flash floods which often occur in urban areas.

Storm water is of concern for two main issues one related to the volume and timing of
runoff water (flood control and water supplies), and the other related to potential contaminants
that the water is carrying, which is water pollution. A good and efficient storm water drainage
system is beneficial is more ways than one. The most priority for designing and creating the
drainage is to save a lot of life and property on the day of the floods but on the other hand, it is
also prevents epidemic caused due to the long standing stagnant water which becomes a breeding
ground for mosquitoes and insects.

Overall, we could say a better and more efficient storm water drainage system can save
another such situation from arising in the future. On top of that, we can say that we are fully
understand the purpose of studying hydrology and water resources from this study.

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