%% Designing Broadband Matching Networks (Part 1: Antenna)

% This example shows how to design a broadband matching network between a

% resistive source and inductive load using optimization with direct search
% methods.
%
% In any system that uses RF circuits, a matching network is necessary to
% transfer the maximum amount of power between a source and a load. In most
% systems, such as wireless devices, there is a bandwidth of operation
% specified. As a result the purpose of the matching network is to provide
% maximum power transfer over a range of frequencies. While the L section
% matching approach (conjugate match), guarantees maximum power transfer,
% it does so only at a single frequency.
%
% <<broadband_match_antenna_fig1.JPG>>
%
% *Figure 1:* Impedance matching of an antenna to a source

% Copyright 2008-2010 The MathWorks, Inc.

% $Revision: 1.1.6.6 $ $Date: 2012/01/30 17:36:13 $

%% Specify Frequency and Impedance

% You are building a matching network with a bandpass response, so specify
% the center frequency and the bandwidth of match.
fc = 350e6; % Center Frequency of matching network (Hz)
BW = 110e6; % Bandwidth of matching network (Hz)

%%
% Here you specify the source impedance, the reference impedance and the
% load impedance. In this example the load |Zl| is modeled as a series R-L
% circuit. You could instead measure the impedance of the load and use
% that directly.
Zs = 50; % Source impedance (ohm)
Z0 = 50; % Reference impedance (ohm)
Rl = 40; % Load resistance (ohm)
L = 12e-8; % Load inductance (Henry)

%%
% Define the number of frequency points to use for analysis and set up the
% frequency vector.
Npts = 256; % No. of analysis frequency points
fLower = fc - (BW/2); % Lower band edge
fUpper = fc + (BW/2); % Upper band edge
freq = linspace(fLower,fUpper,Npts); % Frequency array for analysis
w = 2*pi*freq; % Frequency (radians/sec)

%% Understand Load Behavior using Reflection Coefficient and Power Gain

% You then use two simple expressions for calculating the load reflection
% coefficient and the power gain. This corresponds to directly connecting
% the source to the antenna input terminals i.e. in Figure 1 there is no
% matching network.
Xl = w*L; % Reactance (ohm)
Zl = Rl + 1i*Xl; % Load impedance (ohm)
GammaL = (Zl - Z0)./(Zl + Z0); % Load reflection coefficient
Gt = 10*log10(1 - abs(GammaL).^2); % Power delivered to load

%%
% Use <matlab:doc('rf/smithchart'); |smithchart|> to create a Smith chart
% that shows plot the variation in the load reflection coefficient with
% frequency. Input reflection coefficient closer to center of the Smith
% chart means a better matching performance. This plot shows that the load
% reflection coefficient is far away from this point and so, there is an
% impedance mismatch.
fig = figure;
l = smithchart(GammaL);
set(l,'LineWidth',1.0,'Color','r');
legend('\Gamma_L');

%%
% You can confirm this mismatch by plotting the transducer gain as a
% function of frequency.
plot(freq.*1e-6,Gt,'r');
grid on;
title('Power delivered to load - No matching network')
xlabel('Frequency (MHz)')
ylabel('Magnitude (decibels)')
legend('G_t','Location','Best')

%%
% As the plot shows, there is approximately 10 dB power loss around the
% desired region of operation (295 - 405 MHz). As a result, the antenna
% needs a matching network that operates over a 110 MHz bandwidth that is
% centered at 350 MHz.

%% Design the Matching Network

% The matching network must operate between 295 MHz and 405 MHz, so you
% choose a bandpass topology for the matching network which is shown here.
%
% Type - I: Series LC first element followed by shunt LC
%
% <<broadband_match_antenna_fig2.JPG>>
%
% *Figure 2:* Matching network topology
%%
% The approach you take here is to design an odd order, 0.5 dB Chebyshev
% low pass (LP) prototype and then apply a lowpass to bandpass
% transformation to obtain the initial design for the matching network [1].
% Figure 2 shows the resulting matching network topology. You now need to
% enter the order desired and the associated coefficients. This is a single
% match problem [3], i.e. the source is purely resistive while load is a
% combination of R and L, so you can begin by choosing a five element
% prototype network.
N = 5; % Order of matching network
LCprototype = [1.7058 1.2296 2.5408 1.2296 1.7058]; % LP prototype element
values(Normalized)
wU = 2*pi*fUpper; % Upper band edge
wL = 2*pi*fLower; % Lower band edge
w0 = sqrt(wL*wU); % Geometric mean

%%
% Use the constructor <matlab:doc('rf/rfckt.lcbandpasstee');
% |rfckt.lcbandpasstee|> to build the matching network. The impedance and
% frequency transformations are included in this for denormalization
% purposes. Please note that the topology demands an LP prototype that
% begins with a series inductor. If the topology chosen is an LC bandpass
% pi then you would begin with shunt C for the LP prototype.
Lvalues = zeros(N,1); % Preallaocate to store inductors
Cvalues = zeros(N,1); % Preallocate to store capacitors
Lvalues(1:2:end) = LCprototype(1:2:end).*Zs./(wU-wL); % Series L's (H)
Cvalues(1:2:end) = (wU-wL)./(Zs.*(w0^2).*LCprototype(1:2:end)); % Series C's (F)

Lvalues(2:2:end) = ((wU-wL)*Zs)./((w0^2).*LCprototype(2:2:end)); % Shunt L's

Cvalues(2:2:end) = LCprototype(2:2:end)./((wU-wL).*Zs); % Shunt C's

MatchingNW = rfckt.lcbandpasstee('C',Cvalues,'L',Lvalues); % Create the

matching network
L_Initial = Lvalues; % Copy initial values for comparison
C_Initial = Cvalues;

%% Optimize the Designed Matching Network

% There are several points to consider prior to the optimization
%
% * Objective function - The objective function can be built in different
% ways depending on the problem at hand. For this example, the objective
% function is shown in the file below.
%
% * Choice of cost function - The cost function is the function we would
% like to minimize (maximize) to achieve near optimal performance.
% There could be several ways to choose the cost function. One obvious
% choice is the input reflection coefficient, gammaIn. In this example we
% have chosen to minimize the average reflection coefficient in the
% passband.
%
% * Optimization variables - In this case it is a vector of values, for the
% specific elements to optimize in the matching network.
%
% * Optimization method - A direct search based technique, the MATLAB(R)
% function <matlab:doc('matlab/fminsearch'); |fminsearch|>, is used in
% this example to perform the optimization.
%
% * Number of iterations/function evaluations - Set the maximum no. of
% iterations and function evaluations to perform, so as to tradeoff
% between speed and quality of match.

%%
% The objective function used during the optimization process by
% |fminsearch| is shown here.
type('broadband_match_antenna_objective_function.m');

%%
% There are several ways to choose the cost function and some options are
% shown within the objective function above (in comments). The optimization
% variables are the first and last inductors, L1 and L5 respectively. The
% element values are stored in the variable |L_Optimized|.
nIter = 125; % Max No of Iterations
options = optimset('Display','iter','MaxIter',nIter); % Set options structure
L_Optimized = [Lvalues(1) Lvalues(end)];
L_Optimized = fminsearch(@(L_Optimized)
broadband_match_antenna_objective_function(MatchingNW,...
L_Optimized,freq,Zl,Zs,Z0),L_Optimized,options);

%% Update the Matching Network Elements with Optimal Values

% When the optimization routine stops, the optimized element values are
% stored in |L_Optimized|. The following code updates the input and output
% matching network with these values.
MatchingNW.L(1) = L_Optimized(1); % Update the matching network inductor L1
MatchingNW.L(end)= L_Optimized(end); % Update the matching network inductor L5
%% Analyze and Display Optimization Results
% Use the <matlab:doc('rf/analyze'); |analyze|> method to perform frequency
% domain analysis on the circuit under two scenarios:
%
% * With the optimized matching network
% * Without a matching network
%
analyze(MatchingNW,freq,Zl,Zs,Z0);
hold all;
hline = smithchart(GammaL);
set(hline,'Color','r');
legend('\Gamma_i_n','\Gamma_L');
hold off;

%%
% The optimized matching network improves the performance of the circuit.
% In the passband (295 MHz to 405 MHz), the input reflection coefficient is
% closer to the center of the Smith chart.

%%
% Plot the power delivered to load, with the matching network, using the
% <matlab:doc('rf/plot'); |plot|> method of the |rfckt| object.
plot(MatchingNW,'Gt');
hold all;
plot(freq*1e-6,Gt,'r');
grid on;
title('Power delivered to load')
legend('Optimized network','No matching network','Location','Best');

%%
% The power delivered to the load is approximately 1 dB down for the
% optimized matching network.

%% Display Optimized Element Values

% The following code shows the initial and optimized values for inductors
% L1 and L5.
L1_Initial = L_Initial(1)
L1_Optimized = L_Optimized(1)

%%
L5_Initial = L_Initial(end)
L5_Optimized = L_Optimized(end)

%%
% There are a few things to consider when setting up an optimization:
%
% * Choosing a different objective function would change the result.
%
% * You can use advanced direct search optimization functions such as
% |patternsearch| and |simulannealband| in your optimization, but you must
% have the Global Optimization Toolbox installed to access them.
%
% A Low noise amplifier design example is covered in the second example
%
<matlab:helpview(fullfile(matlabroot,'toolbox','rf','rfexamples','html','broadband_
match_amplifier.html'));
% Designing Broadband Matching Networks (Part 2: Amplifier)>.
%%
close(fig);

%% References
%
% [1] RF Circuit Design, Theory and Applications, Reinhold Ludwig and P.
% Bretchko, pp 229-239,Prentice Hall, 2000.
%
% [2] Microwave Engineering, David M. Pozar, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons,
% 1999.
%
% [3] Broadband Direct-Coupled and Matching RF networks, Thomas R.
% Cuthbert, pp 31-33, TRCPEP, 1999.

displayEndOfDemoMessage(mfilename)