Standard Office

COMPUTER
Computer is an electronic Device, which takes input from the
user in the form of data and instruction. Then it processes the
input as per the user’s instruction and generates some output
that is displayed before the user. Computer processes data
with the help of hard ware and soft ware.
 Computers require far less time than human beings in
performing a task. Most of the modern computers are capable of
performing a 100 million calculation per second.
It refers to the degree of exactness with which
computation are made & operation are performed.
It refers to the ability with which the computers
remain functional to serve the user.
It refers to the ability of computers to perform a
variety of tasks: simple as well as complex.
It refers to the amount of data a computer system can store
& access. The computer systems, besides having instant access to data,
have huge capacity to store such data in a very small physical space.
 Computer system as on date do not
possess any common sense because no full-proof algorithm has been
designed to program common sense.
Computer are dumb devices with zero intelligence quotient.
Decision making is a complex
process involving information, knowledge, intelligence, wisdom & ability to
judge. Computers do not take decision on their own because they do not
possess all the essentials of decision making.
A computer performs the following tasks

 Input—Sending the data and command to the computer is

known as input.
 Processing—Work done by the computer to produce results
is known as processing.
 Output--The result displayed by the computer is known as
output.
 Storage—A place to save result inside or outside the
computer is known as storage.
 Input Device
 Keyboard: It's an input device through which you can key-in the
information. It is the main communication tool for entering data into a
computer. A computer keyboard looks very much like a typewriter
keyboard but has extra keys for specific computer functions.
 Mouse: It is used to give instructions to the computer by
way of clicking or double-clicking or dragging. It is moved
around on the desk to control cursor movements draw or
move text and other objects on the screen. It has buttons
that are used to select options. Pressing left mouse button
once is called clicking.
 Scanners
Scanners "digitize" printed material (like photos and graphics)
and save it to a graphic file format (like .GIF or .JPG) for
display on the computer.
 Digital Camera
A camera that stores images digitally rather than recording
them on film. Once a picture has been taken, it can be
downloaded to a computer system, and then manipulated
with a graphics program and printed.
Port:
The pathway for data to go into and out of the
computer from external devices such as keyboards.
There are many standard ports as well as custom
electronic ports designed for special purposes.
 Processing
The Central Processing Unit ( CPU)
◦ Often referred to as the “brain” of the
computer. Responsible for controlling all
activities of the computer system.
◦ The three major components of the
CPU are:
1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations
performed)
Accumulator (Results of
computations kept here)
2. Control Unit (Has two locations
where numbers are kept)
Instruction Register (Instruction
placed here for analysis)
Program Counter (Which
instruction will be performed next?)
3. Instruction Decoding Unit
(Decodes the instruction)
 Mother Board

A motherboard is the
physical arrangement
in a computer that
contains the
computer’s basic
circuitry and
components. The
motherboard is also
called printed circuit
Board (PCB). The
Motherboard contains
connectors for
attaching additional
boards. Typically, the
mother board
contains controllers
for all standard
devices.
 RAM: Random Access Memory
Computer has a physical temporary internal storage place. It is Waiting room” for
computer’s CPU,Holds instructions for processing data, processed data, That
place is known as RAM.RAM is the place in a computer where the operating
system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can
quickly Accessed by the computer’s Processor. RAM is much faster to read from
and write to than other kinds of storage in your computer, like hard disk, Floppy
disk, CD, DVD, PAN drive. Data stays in RAM only as long as your computer is
running. When you turn the computer off, RAM loses its data.RAM chips come in
memory size of 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, and 1 GB.
Memory or storage in computer refers the following terms of measurement:
 8 bits = 1 byte.
 1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB)
 1024 KB = 1 Megabyte (MB)
 1024 MB = 1 Gigabyte (GB)
 ROM-Read Only Memory
ROM is a built in computer memory containing data that normally can only be read, not
written to.ROM contains the programming that allows your computer to “boot up” or
regenerate each time you turn it on. The data in ROM is not lost when the computer
power is turned off. The ROM is sustained by a small long life battery in your computer. If
you configure hardware of your computer, you will be writing to ROM.
A computer stores data in unit called Bits and Bytes .The term memory stands for data
storage that comes in the form of chip, and the term storage is used for memory that
exists on tapes or disks. The data store in storage devices like floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, PAN
Drives, and Memory sticks.
 Hard Disk

A hard disk is a part of every modern

computer that allows the computer to
store information permanently. A hard
disk is like a tape recorder or dictating
machine: you can store information
on your hard disk, and then get it
back later, at any time. You can also
erase things on the hard disk and
replace them with something else.
 Output Device
Monitor: It is an output device. The monitor is a device with a
screen where you see what you have typed-in and it is how the
computer communicates with you. It is also called Visual Display
Unit (VDU).
Printer: It is the hardware device you need to
produce hard copy or a printed-paper version of the
information from the computer. There are different
types of printers (laser, ink jet, dot matrix) with
differing quality of output. They are measured in
dpi (dots per inch) and ppm (pages per minute),
the higher the better.
 Hardware Accessories
Modem
Modems allow you to communicate with
other computers using a phone line.
Modem is both an input and output
device. The word Modem comes from
Modulator Demodulator. It is a hardware
device that allows computers to be linked
using telephone lines. A modem converts
digital signals from computers into analog
signals that can be sent down the
telephone and then back again at the
other end.
 CD/DVD-ROM/Writer Drives
A CD/DVD-ROM/Write drive is a high
capacity storage device which lets
you read data from the disk, and
writes data on CD/DVD.
 CD/DVD(Compact Disk, Digital Versatile Disk)

A CD/DVD can store very large amounts of data - up

to several hundred megabytes -hundreds of times
more than a floppy disk. It is used for storing large
amounts of data that will never need to be changed.

DVD
Capacity of a CD is 600 to 750 megabytes (Single Sided, Single Layered) -4.7 GB
(MB or millions of bytes). (Double Sided, Double Layered)- 17 GB
Serial Port: A serial port is a general purpose interface that can
be used for almost any type of device, including modems, mouse
and keyboard.

Usb Port: (Universal Serial Bus) is a plug and play port on your
computer. You can attach to it devices such as audio players,
joysticks, key board, telephones, scanner, and printer.

Parallel Port: The parallel port is used for connecting the computer
to a printer. Very often, it is referred to as the printer port.

Power Socket: Power socket supplies electricity to your computer. A

power cable is plugged into the power socket, which carries the
power from the electrical outlet to the system unit and from the
system unit to your monitor.
Cooling fan: The back of the system unit consists has
a fan which works like an exhaust fan. When you
switch on the computer, its fan starts rotating and
throwing out heat from the system unit. The fan keeps
on rotating all the time your computer is on.
Switch mode power supply: In PC the power supply unit is a metal
box usually found in a corner of system unit. This box is known as
SMPS (Switch mode power Supply). The power supply box contains
the power cord receptacle and a cooling fan. It has a switcher
technology to convert the AC current into DC current. The
measurement unit of voltage is Watts.
 Accessories
Speakers, Headphone and Mike
Nowadays, every computer comes with a set of two speakers. If you
like the computer environment to be quiet, you must purchase a good
quality head phone. Now, Mike also comes with headphone.

Web Camera
Web camera is a video camera, usually attached to a computer,
whose current or latest image can be had from a website. A live
camera is one that is continually providing new images that are
transmitted in rapid succession. Web cameras are easy to connect
through a USB port. Web camera is also called webcam.
 Uninterrupted Power Source

A UPS battery is a device that keeps your computer running with power in
the event of a power interruption. To do this put a battery that provides
power to your computer or other important electronics. When you loose
power to your computer, UPS batteries will provide power to you for a
short time to enable you to save the data you were working on at that time.
You will usually have about fifteen to twenty minutes to complete the
saving and shut down your computer properly.
1. – micro computers are typically single
user system, which means that only one use it at any
time. It have small to medium data storage capacities (500
mb-24 gb)
1BM PC & APPLE’S MACHINTOSH.

2. they are designed to support more

than one user at time. They possess large storage capacities
& operate at higher speeds.
- Digital equipment pdp 11/45 & VAX 11.1
3. – They operate at very high speed, large storage
capacities and can support hundreds of users. They are used to controlling
nodes in wide areas network.
- 1BM 3000 SERIES, BURROUGHS B 7900 & UNIVAC 1180.

4. They are fastest and the most

expensive machines. Initially used for weapons design &
commercial purpose. They are less than 500 conventional
super computers in the world.
Paragon from Intel corp.25 from nCube . Cray modes from
Cray search and param from C--D India.
Portable computer are productivity enhancement tools that
allow busy executives to carry their office works with them.
The smaller size, the easier it to carry around.
They are smaller, slim, attach case & weigh around 7to 12
kg. disadvantage of laptop is that it is very difficult to operate a mouse
without disk.
Toshiba 5200c from Toshiba.
These computers are about size of a notebook(approx.
21*29.7 cm) & weigh about 3 to 4 kg.
Contura 3/20 from compaq.
They are smallest of portables & are normally the size of
a pocket calculator.The applicants are limited.
Hewlet packard’s HP95LX comes configured with lotus 1-2-3, a
spread sheet.