ASSINGMENT ON

REVIEW STUDY SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

NITIN SINGH BSGHEL Dr.PRADYUMAN

I.D :16BTEE002

SEMESTER :5th

Sustainability; as a combination of parametric patterns and bionic strategies

Nowadays, climate change and consequently reducing the use of fossil fuel has become a
significant issue. As building construction sector is the largest energy consumer, it seems
necessary to analyze various aspects of constructions. High-rise building development mostly
relies on technological achievements more than other factors and architects try to adapt
themselves with this rapid development. Through this way, one of the recent irrefutable
technologies is using software to analyze a significant complex structural type such as ‘Bionic’.

After about 50 years, bionic knowledge had some consequential developments in building‫׳‬s
structure part. Findings and researches in bionic were rather deficient in energy consumption
section. In bionic design, one common pattern is parametric method. This study has reviewed the
concepts and knowledge system of parametric bioskin design. The method outline is based on
hour-by-hour energy simulation analysis. Furthermore, with the aid of LAVA skyscraper as a
case study, the ultimate expectation of this research, which is illustrating the logic of parametric
design in bionic facades to reduce energy consumption, can be analyzed. The results display that
applying parametric patterns to bionic skyscrapers, lead to a considerable amount of energy
saving.

Proton-conducting electrolytes for direct methanol and direct urea fuel cells – A state-of-
the-art review
This review focuses on the protonic/superprotonic electrolytes used for application in direct
methanol and direct urea/urine fuel cells. Since, methanol has high energy density, which is
essential for portable direct methanol fuel cells, and is simpler to store and transport than
conventional hydrogen as fuel. However, methanol is not readily available, which makes waste
an attractive option as a fuel source, resulting in the development of direct urea fuel cells. Fuel
cells that use waste that contains hydrogen, like waste water or urine, are attractive because of
their potential to generate energy from low-cost, abundant sources.

Wind power reliability valuation in a Hydro-Dominated power market: The Colombian

case

The design of market mechanisms that remunerates the reliability provided by a generator in a
power market is a task that aims to ensure the normal operation of the system. For the case of a
Hydro-Dominated system, when wind power is introduced and operated under the Merit-Order-
Effect, it is possible to assess the effect of the displacement of hydro generation due to wind
generation over the system‫׳‬s reliability in terms of firm energy; taking this into account a model
that valuates the firm energy provided by wind power in a hydro-dominated system is proposed.
This model considers the effect of wind power over the system‫׳‬s reservoirs and the market price
of electricity; and valuates the firm energy as the net savings of the system related to the increase
in the firm energy of the system when wind power is introduced. The results show that wind
power under Merit-Order-Effect increases the firm energy of the system, and decreases the
market price of electricity, being the net savings in comparison to the corresponding hydro-only
system the reliability income that should be perceived by the wind power generator.

Current status, challenges, and perspectives of Sichuan‫׳‬s renewable energy development in

Southwest China

Sichuan Province is one of the most important economic inland areas and is characterized by an
abundance of renewable energy resources in the form of solar, wind, biomass, and, in particular,
hydropower. After the rapid growth of installed hydropower capacity during the past decade, the
non-hydro renewable energy resource development is booming in Sichuan Province. This
development is bringing about a series of problems as well. In this paper, we give an overview of
Sichuan‫׳‬s renewable energy development in the past five years, analyze the existing problems,
and examine the underlying causes in terms of environment, market, technology, and policy. On
that basis, we propose a method for future renewable energy development in Sichuan and
suggest that Sichuan‫׳‬s government should improve the pricing mechanism and the mandatory
share policy for non-hydro renewable energy. Additionally, R&D on the plateau type of wind
turbines and the smart micro-grid should be strengthened. Finally, given the mature hydropower
industry in Sichuan, the combined operation of wind–hydro and solar–hydro plants is
recommended to improve the stability of renewable electricity generation output.

Towards the coupling of phytoremediation with bioenergy production

The use of bioenergy plants for the cleaning of polluted lands (phytoremediation) is an
innovative strategy to derive additional benefits (i.e. phytoproducts) from such remediation
activities. There are multitude of plant species that can be used for concurrent phytoremedaiton
as well as obtaining useful end products such as bioethanol, biodiesel, fiber, wood, charcoal,
alkaloids, bioplastics etc. during the clean-up process. Among the phytoproducts, bioenergy is
getting worldwide attention as it considered as a clean and a versatile source of energy.
However, there are many outstanding questions to be answered before the large-scale production
of bioenergy from polluted lands. In this letter, we briefly report the sustainability challenges for
coupling phytoremediation with bioenergy production from polluted lands.

Investigation of earth building and earth architecture according to interest and

involvement levels in various countries

Earth has been a tried and tested natural construction material for thousands of years, and in
combination with modern methods, it can be used for modern sustainable buildings. The reason
for this increase is the interest in ecologically friendly constructions. Earth architecture is a type
of vernacular architecture and sustainable architecture. To date, small number of studies have
been carried out into investigation of earth architecture and earth buildings. The current survey is
aimed at investigation of interest levels and involvement levels of ICOMOS members of USA,
Iran, Malaysia, UK, Australia and India in development of earth architecture and earth buildings.
Required data have been gathered by online questionnaires which were filled by ICOMOS
members of six aforementioned countries. Based on various aspects of existing researches,
literature review and discussion with few senior architects and researchers, the questionnaires
were completed. A comparison has been made between responses of ICOMOS members of
USA, Iran, Malaysia, UK, Australia and India. Results describe a gap between interest level and
involvement level of respondents in earth architecture and earth buildings.

Improving woodfuel governance in Burkina Faso: The experts‫ ׳‬assessment

Over 80% of Sub-Saharan population depend on woodfuels as their main energy source, mainly
firewood and charcoal. In Burkina Faso, despite the absence of reliable studies, this dependency
is expected to continue and even increase in the next decades. With some of the highest annual
population increments and lowest indexes of human development in the world, Burkina Faso is
also among the most vulnerable countries to climate change. This study examines the challenges
of governance, production and use of woodfuels in Burkina Faso on the basis of an extensive
literature review and the views elicited through 13 in-depth interviews with local experts. With
poverty as the underlying driver, agricultural expansion is identified as the principle driver of
deforestation, followed by woodfuel production. Intensification of agriculture, agroforestry
practices and promotion of on non-timber forest product businesses are some of the key
opportunities recognised. While decentralisation is seen as an opportunity for sustainable
resource management, the lack of resources, unclear tenure regime and corruption need to be
urgently addressed. An improved management system in the Forest Management Units is also
needed to avoid forest degradation. The 20 concrete recommendations made in the study should
be further investigated for their consideration in a future wood energy strategy.

Renewable-to-total electricity consumption ratio: Estimating the permanent or transitory

fluctuations based on flexible Fourier stationarity and unit root tests

This paper examines the stationarity properties of the renewable-to-total electricity consumption
ratio. For this purpose we use Becker et al.’s (2006) flexible Fourier stationarity test as a
benchmark, and the recent advanced Fourier ADF unit root test, for 90 countries, over the period
1980–2011. The results of the first test document the stationarity of the renewable-to-total
electricity consumption ratio for 65 countries from different geographic areas, namely Africa,
America, Asia-Pacific and Europe. However, when validated, the Fourier ADF test shows that
the null hypothesis of unit root is rejected in all the cases, except for the United Kingdom. The
fact that the stationarity in the share of renewable-to-total electricity consumption is documented
by the new proposed, more powerful tests, does not necessarily mean that the renewable energy
policies are ineffective, as the previous literature states. A wide range of elements might
influence the stationarity or non-stationarity of this ratio. However, our findings are important
from the modeling perspective, as the empirical studies on renewable energy can produce
reliable results and use appropriate techniques for modeling and forecasting only if the
stationarity or non-stationarity is correctly documented.

A review study of instantaneous electric energy transport theories and their novel
implementations

Electric energy transport theories are still a debatable subject regarding their validity and
applicability in various aspects. This paper includes a comparative study of the group of theories
which are categorized as instantaneous theories as opposed to periodic-averaged ones. As a
preliminary review this paper presents first the three apparent power definitions in order to
emphasize the difference between them. A discussion regarding their accuracy for energy
metering of various conditions such as multiphase and non-sinusoidal environments is presented.
Instantaneous theories are then reviewed and compared with periodic averaged theories. The
review focuses mainly on p-q theory (PQT) and its derivative, instantaneous multi-phase theory.
The legacy application of this theory for active filtering is briefly presented and the new idea of
using the theory for multi-load and multi-source theory is presented as well. The comparison
identifies the similarities and differences between the instantaneous and periodic averaging
theories, and their inter-relations.

Effect of alcohol blend and fumigation on regulated and unregulated emissions of IC

engines—A review

In recent years, the effect of alcohols as an alternative fuel on emissions of IC engines has been
investigated in a lot of experimental works. However there is a lack of a comprehensive review
study about the definition and type of emissions (regulated and unregulated emissions) and
alcohols and the influence of alcohols on unregulated emissions of IC engines. Therefore, this
literature review study is presented. In the current literature review work, two sections are
provided. A brief detail of the effect of alcohols (methanol and ethanol) in blended and
fumigation modes on regulated emissions in IC engines is presented in the first section. And the
second section (main section of this work) is a comprehensive review part of the literatures
related to the effect of methanol and ethanol in blended and fumigation modes on unregulated
emissions in IC engines. In this literature review work, a wide type of IC engines, such as SI and
CI engines and motorcycles were collected with different operation conditions. Different
percentages of alcohol blend and fumigation were summarized to get informations about the
effect of alcohol on regulated and unregulated emissions of IC engines. For regulated emissions,
it was found that application of alcohols as alternative fuels in fumigation mode in IC engines led
to reduction of NOX and CO2 in most tests and PM in all cases. However, an increase of CO and
HC was observed with using alcohols in fumigation mode in most cases. It is noticeable that a
diverse effect of alcohol application in blended mode compared to fumigation mode on regulated
emissions was recorded in considerable tests except PM. For unregulated emissions, it was found
a reduction of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene, m/p-xylenes) in blended
mode in most cases, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in blended mode in major
experiments and 1,3-butadiene, ethyne and ethene in both modes in all tests with using alcohols
compared to fossil fuels. On the other hand, it was seen an increase of unburned ethanol and
methanol and total carbonyls in both modes in all tests. And, an increase of formaldehyde and
acetaldehyde which are the predominant carbonyls in the exhaust for vehicles was recorded in
most and major experiments, respectively for both modes. In addition, soluble organic
fraction (SOF) had an increase in both modes in major tests. And an increase of benzene,
toluene, xylene (BTX) was observed in fumigation mode in significant tests.

Inflatable dams for shp projects

Inflatable weirs, also known as rubber dams are flexible elliptical structures made of rubberized
material attached to a rigid concrete base and inflated by air, water, or combination of air and
water. The experience of inflatable dams in India is very limited as there are only three
installations so far. Use of inflatable weir for diverting water in hydropower projects has not
been experienced in India till date even though worldwide over 4,000 installations exist and
more than 10 manufacturers offer this type of weir. Different types of diversion weirs including
rubber dam used for diverting water for small hydropower (SHP) projects were studied and
presented in this paper. The design of diversion weir depends on the desired level of pondage,
quantity of water to be withdrawn and length of weir. Three different sites were selected for the
present study. Rubber dam was compared with commonly used structures for diverting water in
to hydropower plants in the state of J&K of India viz raised gravity weir, trench weir, bush and
boulder weir and “mathu bund”. The annual cost of these different types of weirs for same
hydraulic conditions and different discharge values computed and were compared with that of
rubber dam. Operation and maintenance cost and cost of losses on account of head, water loss
and repair were taken into account for different types of weirs for calculating annual cost.
Possible damage that may be caused by major floods to different types of weir were also worked
out as damage due to flood is minimal in rubber weirs due to inherent feature of deflation. The
cost of different types of weirs was worked out from engineering designs and drawings. As there
was not a single rubber dam for hydropower projects in India, the cost of rubber dam was
estimated based on personal communications with the international manufacturers and
practitioners of the subject area, as well as case studies of already constructed rubber dams in
India installed for purposes other than hydropower. The ease of inflation and deflation reduces
the flood damage cost, O&M cost, sediment removal cost and repair work cost. With the
comparative analysis, it is found that average annual cost of imported rubber dam, raised gravity
weir, bush and boulder, mathu bund and trench weir is 31%, 60%, 114%, 129% and 135%
respectively higher than Indian rubber dam. The results show that use of rubber dam for SHP
projects is not only cost effective but also energy efficient hence is recommended in SHP
projects.

Generation expansion planning based on solar plants with storage

The introduction of renewable energy technologies (RET), like solar and wind power plants, into
a power system introduces both expansion and operational challenges. Earlier studies have
indicated the requirements for additional backup power facilities requirements for every addition
of RET plants, due to the unique generation characteristics of these RET plants. Of late,
alternative strategies of creating power storage facilities using power from RETs and drawing
constant supply from such storage facilities are drawing the attention of power system planners.

In this paper, generation expansion planning (GEP) mathematical modeling studies are carried
for a candidate power system, to study the impact of introduction of solar power plant with
storage facility. The study is planned in a four-level hierarchy, based on (a) investment strategies
of introducing solar plants as an alternative candidate plant or as a replacement of existing high
emission plants (HEP) (b) whether the solar plant with storage (SPWS) or with no storage
(SPWNS) capacity and (c) inclusion of treatment/penalty costs on emissions from high emission
plants. The sensitivity of the system performance factors, like, the capacity added, overall costs
and EENS for variations in assumed Forced outage rate (FOR%) for SPWNS and SPWS is also
carried for assumed solar penetration levels of 5–10% and 10–20% for 6-year and 14-year
planning horizons. The system performance was highly sensitive to the assumed FOR%. The
model investigations offer an encouraging scenario in power system planning when SPWS is
introduced as an alternative investment candidate plants into the system. This study, while
attempting to illustrate the complexity of decision making process in introducing solar plants into
an existing system provides a four-level hierarchy in understanding comprehensive set of policy
issues that might arise in GEP and enables planners to adopt situation-specific solutions.

Urban pollution and solar radiation impacts

The issue of air pollution is not only one of the most critical problems caused and dealt by
industrial civilization, but also it is undoubtedly the most complex of their current problems.
However, in many countries, some procedures have been restricted to reduce the air pollution in
the environment. The vast expanse and complexity of the physical parameters of modern urban
environments such as: urban geometry and materials, structures and buildings, transportation and
human activities as well as the variety of urban pollutants; cause complicated difficulties that are
too difficult to be solved through simple and superficial solutions. Although, the potential of
solar energy has a relatively long history in providing and creating a suitable living environment.
However, this statement has been based largely on a single building scale. This paper firstly tries
to analyze solar radiation in terms of air quality to improve the living situation in the
metropolitan cities, and it also investigates and proposes solutions to the problems of air
pollution and inversion at the metropolitan. In this context, the disruptive and aggregate factors
of air pollution in the cities are analyzed that the efficiency and potential of solar energy is
researched to provide suggestions and solutions to reduce the impacts of our investigated issue.
The study is based on extensive literature survey, analysis, and inference of data. The results of
this study indicate that solar energy as a clean power source can reduce the impacts of urban
pollutants. In addition, the obtained results also present that the utilization of solar energy could
act as an engine to generate turbulence in static air masses and affect the air layers on the scale of
city, which will eventually lead to cause significant reduction of pollutants. Finally, this process
helps exhausting the air pollution out of the city environment

Patterns of technological accumulation: The comparative advantage and relative impact of

Asian emerging economies in low carbon energy technological systems

This paper highlights the specificities of the patterns of low carbon energy technological
innovations in selected Asian emerging economies. China and the members of ASEAN-4
(Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines) are included in this analysis for their
identical structure of developing economy. We outline a synthetic framework to cluster together
the technologies with similar characteristics and analyse the changes of these characteristics over
time. This is in order to elucidate the scope of sectoral composition and specialisation of the
selected economies, and thereby understand the relative impact of science-based low carbon
energy technologies on the niches of technological excellence. The findings show that China was
keen to pursue its diversification strategy and develop its capability in low carbon energy
technologies since the turn of the millennium. However, China has been gradually losing its
momentum in more traditional areas like biomass, hydroelectric power, natural gas and fossil
fuels. The ASEAN-4 economies, on the other hand, are showing interest in building a number of
niches of technological excellence. This highlights a contrasting relative technological advantage
between larger and smaller economies. Our findings also indicate that many of the low carbon
technologies in selected economies have yet to attain strong scientific grounding for
development. The findings of this paper are expected to provide some insights into low carbon
energy technological development of emerging economies, and be useful for other developing
economies to establish their strategic moves for energy technology development.
Industry perceptions on feed in tariff (FiT) based solar power policies – A case of Gujarat,
India

India has an active participation in global solar energy contribution through the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission (JNNSM) and its many states are also walking hand in hand with the
national government through individual state solar policies. The state of Gujarat, through the
‘Gujarat Solar Power Policy 2009 (GSPP 2009)’, has been leading the country in solar power
generation. The feed-in-tariff based GSPP 2009 is a unique experiment of the state to develop
individual solar projects as well as public-private partnership based large-scale ‘solar parks’. Of
the about 2700 MW (in September 2014) installed solar energy capacity in India, Gujarat
occupies a share of more than 900 MW. This paper, through semi-structured in-depth interviews
conducted with project developers involved in implementation of the Charanka solar park,
Gujarat, investigates the industry perspectives on the GSPP 2009. With an installed capacity of
216 MW (in April 2012), the Charanka Solar Park is the Asia‫׳‬s largest solar park. Findings from
this study indicate that the attractive fixed feed-in-tariff and strong implementation mechanisms
are the key strengths of the policy. On the other hand, the key challenges are lack of trust of
financial institutions on solar energy projects, and tradability and bankability of the solar power
purchase agreements.