Student Id: Student Name:

Even Semester, 2018-19

Sem-In Examinations-I, 12thFeb2019
B. Tech. (ECE), 2018 Batch
II/IV, 2nd Semester
15EC2206: Analog & Digital Communications-Solutions

Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 50M

Part-A (5 × 4M=20M)
Answer ALL Questions
1. It is desired to transmit an audio signal in the range of CO1 COI-1 BTL: 2 4M
300 Hz- 3.4 KHz. Find the minimum and maximum
antenna size required. Illustrate a suitable method to transmit these frequency components
with a single antenna size of 3 meters having wavelength.

To transmit an audio signal in the range of 300 Hz- 3.4 KHz, the minimum and
maximum antenna size are computed as below:
We know that c f , where c is velocity of light, f is frequency and is wavelength.
c 3x10 8
Therefore, for 300 Hz the required antenna size is 1000 Km
f 300
c 3x10 8
For 3400 Hz the required antenna size is 88.235 Km .
f 3400
Hence the minimum antenna size is 88. 235 Km and maximum antenna size is 1000
Km.

To transmit these frequency components with a single antenna, a technique called

modulation is used. In the modulation a high frequency carrier signal is multiplied with the
modulating signal (Frequency translation) that results the low frequency audio range is
converted into RF range.
Here the given length 3 , the required carrier frequency is.
c 3x10 8
f 100 MHz
3
Then the spectrum of modulated signal consists of the frequency components in the
range 100.0003 to 100.0034 MHz. Hence a single antenna is capable of transmitting the 300 –
3.4 KHz signals with a modulation.
2. What do you understand by over modulation? What is its CO1 COI-2 BTL: 2 4M
effect on the reception of the signal?
In Amplitude Modulation, the amplitude of a carrier signal c (t ) Ac cos c t is varied in
accordance with the amplitude message signal m(t ) and represented by
s (t ) Ac [1 k a m(t )]cos 2 f c t ,
where k a 1/ Ac is a constant called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator that place an
important role in the demodulation process. In AM, information pertaining to the message
signal resides solely in the envelope of the modulator Ac [1 ka m (t )] . From this expression, we
observe that the envelope has essentially the same shape as the message signal provided that
the following condition is satisfied:

Condition: The amplitude of k a m(t ) is always less than unity; that is, | k a m(t ) | 1 , for all t .
This condition is illustrated in Fig. (b); it ensures that the function is always positive, in which
case we may express the envelope of the AM wave simply as 1 k a m(t ) . When the amplitude
sensitivity k a of the modulator is large enough to make | k a m(t ) | 1 for any t, the carrier wave
becomes over modulated, resulting in carrier phase reversals whenever the factor crosses zero.
The modulated wave then exhibits envelope distortion, as in Fig. (c). As a result, the original
message signal cannot be recovered faithfully in the reception as shown in Fig (d).

It is therefore apparent that by avoiding over modulation, a one-to-one relationship is

maintained between the envelope of the AM wave and the modulating wave for all values of
time.

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3. The following modules are available in a store: An CO2 COI-1 BTL: 2 4M

integrator, a differentiator and a FM system. Scheme a
system to design an PM.
The Phase Modulator (PM) and Frequency Modulators (FM) are represented by
s PM (t ) Ac cos ct k p m(t ) (1) and
t
s FM (t ) Ac cos ct 2 k f m( ) d (2)

From the above equations, it is apparent that PM and FM not only are very similar but are
t
inseparable. Replacing m(t ) in Eq. 1 with m( ) d changes PM into FM. Thus, a signal
t
that is an FM wave corresponding to m(t ) is also the PM wave corresponding to m( ) d .
d
Similarly, a PM wave corresponding to m(t ) is the FM wave corresponding to m(t ) . U sing
dt
the result as the input to a Frequency modulator. Hence from the given modules,
differentiator and FM systems, we can generate the PM signal shown in the following figure.

4. Scheme a device to transmit a signal in the range 300 CO2 COI-1 BTL: 2 4M
Hz to 15 KHz.
We know that the bandwidth of the standard AM broadcast for each station (or channel) is
limited to 10 KHz universally. That is the highest modulating signal frequency is restricted to 5
KHz (i.e., half of the transmission bandwidth). But it is desired to transmit a signal in the range
300 Hz to 15KHz, hence the AM is not suitable. The next alternate is Frequency
modulation having the bandwidth of 200 KHz. Hence FM is suitable for transmission of a
signal in the range 300 Hz – 15 KHz.
5. Identify the wave form shown below and calculate the CO5 BTL: 3 4M
depth of modulation.

Part-B (3 × 6M=18M)
Answer Question No. 6 and ANY TWO from other 3 Questions
6. a) The system shown in Fig.b-6 is used for scrambling CO1 COI-2 BTL: 3 3M
audio signals. The output y (t) is the scrambled version of the input m(t) .
(i) Find the spectrum of the scrambled signal y(t).
(ii) Suggest a method of descrambling y(t) to obtain m(t).

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CO2 COI-1 BTL: 2 3M

b) Given m(t) = sin2000 t, kf = 200,000 , and kp = 10.
(i) Estimate the bandwidths of SFM(t) and SPM(t) .
(ii) Repeat part (a) if the message signal amplitude is doubled.
(iii) Repeat part (a) if the message signal frequency is doubled.

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7. a) Sketch the AM signal [A + m(t)] cos (2 fct) for the CO1 COI-2 BTL: 3 3M
periodic triangle signal m(t) shown in Fig.b-7
corresponding to the modulation indices (a) = 0.5 ; (b) = l ; (c) = 2; (d)
= . How do you interpret the case of = ?

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CO2 COI-2 BTL: 2 3M

b) An angle-modulated signal with carrier frequency c=2 ×106 is described by the equation
SEM (t) = 10 cos ( ct + 0.1 sin 2000 t) (a) Find the power of the modulated signal.
(b) Find the frequency deviation f.(c) Find the phase deviation (d) Estimate the bandwidth
of SEM(t).

8. a) The antenna current of an AM broadcast transmitter CO1 COI-2 BTL: 3 3M

modulated to a depth of 40% by an audio sine wave is 11
A. It increases to 12 A as a result of simultaneous modulation by another audio sine wave.
What is the modulation index due to the second wave?

CO2 COI-2 BTL: 2 3M

b) Identify the two FM generators that having the following characteristics and draw the
corresponding circuit diagrams / symbols:
FM generator -1 FM generator -2
(i) Frequency stability low (i) Frequency stability high
(ii) Frequency deviation is high (ii) Frequency deviation is low

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9. a) Given that the carrier signal 2Cos2 105t and CO1 COI-2 BTL: 3 3M
modulating signal 1.5Cos1000 t + Cos3000 t. Sketch
the spectrum of DSB-FC wave.

c) In a broadcast super heterodyne receiver having an CO2 COI-2 BTL: 3 3M

RF amplifier with quality factor of the antenna coupling circuit (at the input to the mixer)
is 100. If the intermediate frequency is 455 kHz, calculate, the image frequency and its
rejection ratio at 1MHz and 25MHz.

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Part-C (1 × 12M=12M)
Answer ANY ONE Question
10. a) Suppose a nonlinear device is available for which the output current io and input voltage
vi are related by io=a1vi+a2vi2, where a1 and a2 are CO1 COI-2 BTL: 3 4M
constants. Explain how such a device could be used
to provide amplitude modulation. Could such a device also be used for demodulation?
Justify your answer
Devices such as diodes, transistors have non linear characteristics and can be used for
modulation and demodulation. Balanced modulator shown in below figure uses such non
linear characteristics to obtain DSB-SC signal. Consider the case of diode which is
characterised by following non linear equation:
i= a 1+b( 1)2 , where a and b are constants , e1 be the bias voltage of diode and i is the
current flowing through the diode. If we give bias voltage 1 as :
1 =x(t)+cos wct, where x(t) is message signal and cos wct is carrier, current through the
diode D1 can be represented by i1.

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CO2 COI-2 BTL: 2 4M

b) Consider two modulated systems having the same magnitude spectrum and bandwidth.
But it is observed that in one system, the noise can be eliminated easily by an amplitude
limiter. Device the two modulated systems justifying the above.

The two modulated systems are AM and narrow band FM which has same magnitude
spectrum and bandwidth i.e. 2wm, AM equation is given by following and can be generated
by balanced modulator :
Ec(1+macoswmt)coswct
On plotting this equation wrt to time we can see that in amplitude modulation amplitude
of carrier changes wrt to message signal so modulated wave has varying amplitude. In
noisy environment, noise can interfere and can distort amplitude easily therefore AM can
suffer seriously because of noise.In narrow band FM, carrier frequency changes with
respect to message signal. AM and FM is shown in diagram below:

In noisy environment noise can interfere in NBFM signal and can also vary its amplitude.
The NBFM block diagram is given in the figure. Variation in amplitude of FM wave can be
ignored as information is stored in the form of varying frequency in carrier moreover using
amplitude limiter change in amplitude of FM wave due to noise can be easily restored.
Effect of noise on varying carrier frequency is negligible therefore in noisy environment
Narrow band FM demonstrates better performance than AM.

c) The below figures are amplitude spectra of a modulator with and without message signal.
Determine the modulation index, peak amplitudes CO5 BTL: 3 4M
of carrier and message signals.

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11. CO1 COI-2 BTL: 3 4M

a) A DSB-SC signal S(t)=m(t)Cos(2 fCt) is
demodulated using a locally generated Carrier
ACCos(2 fCt+ ) using a scheme shown below.
Justify that the scheme can demodulate the
signal as long as is constant (not time varying)
and is not 90°. What is the output if =45° and
60°.

CO2 COI-2 BTL: 2 4M

b) Design an Armstrong indirect FM modulator to generate an FM carrier with a carrier

frequency of 98.1 MHz and f= 75 kHz. A narrowband FM generator is available at a carrier
frequency of 100 kHz and a frequency deviation f = 10 Hz. The stock room also has an
oscillator with an adjustable frequency in the range of 10 to 11 MHz. There are also plenty of
frequency doublers, triplers, and quintuplers.

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CO5 BTL: 3 4M

c) Draw the practical circuit of DSB-SC generator using IC AD633 and also draw the internal
block diagram of IC AD633.

TEXT BOOKS:
1.Lathi, “Modern Digital & Analog Communications Systems”, Oxford University Press
2.Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, “An Introduction to Analog & Digital Communications”,2nd Ed., Wiley, (2007).
3.Analog & Digital Communication by Sanjay Sharma.
4.Wayne Tomasi, “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems”, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, 2009.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.H Taub & D. Schilling, Gautam Sahe, “Principles of Communication Systems”, TMH, 3rd Edition, (2007).
2.Bruce Carlson, Paul B. Crilly and Janet C. Rutledge, “Communication Systems:
3.An Introduction to Signals and Noise in Electrical Communications”, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, (2002).
4.Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, (2001).

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