SPE

Society of Petroleum Engineers

SPE 18977

Summary Results of C02 EOR Field Tests, 1972-1987

by W.R. Brock and L.A. Bryan. Exxon Co. U.S.A.
SPE Members

Copyright 1989. Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Joint Rocky Mountain Regional/Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium and Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, March 6-8, 1989.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect
any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers. or members. Papers presented at SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society
of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment
of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836. Telex, 730989 SPEDAL.

ABSTRACT recover additional crude oil includes immiscible

flooding and an individual well stimulation
Since the early 1970s, numerous presentations have technique known as "huff 'n' puff." This paper
been made and articles written about pilot tests summarizes 21 miscible floods, 4 immiscible
and field-scale enhanced oil recovery projects multi-well floods and 5 immiscible "huff 'n' puff"
using carbon dioxide (C02) as a solvent_ This projects.
paper summarizes publicly available data on 30 The ori gi na 1 intent of thi s paper was to present
projects. The use of C02 has grown significantly both successful and unsuccessful projects so that
since the early-1980s, especially in the Permian comparisons could be made. However, the search of
Basin, as reliable supplies of C02 became more available data banks for papers published on
available. Today, even with depressed crude oil unsuccessful projects was fruitless. It is likely
markets, the use of C02 continues to grow. The use that some of the projects discussed could be
of C02 in the Rocky Mountain region is increasing, considered marginally economic with depressed crude
primarily among those with prior C02 flooding oil pri ces even though they were techni cal
experience in the Permian Basin. As the demand for successes. Thi s paper does not attempt to draw
C02 increases in the Rocky Mountains, so will the conclusions of the projects reviewed but instead
supply, and the same growth experienced in the presents, without interpretation, conclusions as
Permian Basin should be seen. As with any major published in the individual references. The reader
project in the oil industry, the enhanced recovery should bear in mind while reviewing this paper that
of oil requires thorough advance planning to many of the extrapolations of incremental
determine the optimum EOR method. This summary of recoveries and other factors are based on
C02 projects is intended to provide a brief on each performance data from relatively early in a
project, describe the reservoir parameters, and project's 1ife.
review the conclusions of the individual authors,
in addition to providing a quick reference of DEFINITIONS
available papers to which those interested may turn
for greater detail. Since the use of C02 has been Terminology used in this paper is consistent with
successfully tried in a wide range of reservoirs that used in the EOR arena. The term "incremental
and under a variety of operating conditions, the oi 1" refers to the oi 1 production in excess of a
application of C02 in Rocky Mountain reservoirs base decline curve for continued operations. Gross
shoul d be every bl t as successful as it has been utilization of C02 is defined as the total injected
elsewhere. volume of C02, including any recycled volumes,
divided by the total incremental recovery. The net
INTRODUCTION utilization is the purchased volume of C02 divided
by the tota 1 incrementa 1 recovery. Mi sc i b1e
The use of C02, both miscibly and immiscibly, has flooding refers to the use of C02 at a reservoir
grown dramatically since the start of this decade, pressure greater than that necessary for the C02 to
spurred by the installation of C02 pipelines in the mix with the reservoir oil, commonly referred to as
Permian Basin in the early-1980s. While many the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). Immiscible
cha 11 enges still face the user of C02, the flooding or stimulation uses C02 at pressures less
increased use of C02 to recover residual oil than the MMP and re 1i es more on the reduct i on of
evidences the optimism the industry has towards viscosity and interfacial tension, and the swelling
enhanced oil recovery using C02' The use of C02 to of the oi 1 contacted by the C02' In discuss i ng
various C02 floods, the volume of C02 injected is
commonly referred to in terms of percent of
References and illustrations at end of paper. hydrocarbon pore volumes (HCPV).
499
2 SUMMARY RESULTS OF CO 2 EOR FIELD TESTS 1972-1987
MISCIBLE--FIELD-SCALE
The first group reviewed are field-scale miscible
floods whose parameters are summarized in Table 1.
These projects employ either continuous slugs or
water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection schemes. The
11 projects discussed are in a variety of different
reservoirs ranging from the shallow to the deep,
from the tight to the very permeable, and in both
carbonate and sandstone.
Some of the projects ut i 1i ze purchased C02 very
efficiently as noted by low net C02 utilizations,
while others appear less efficient. In all of
these, it has been qual itatively proven that C02
can enhance oil recovery; however, it should be
noted that the quantity of incremental oil in most
cases is based on extrapolations of data very early
in the 1ife of the project. Projected incremental
recoveries ranged from around 7 percent
Original-Oil-In-Place (OOIP) to 22 percent OOIP on
net utilizations of 2.4 mcf (thousand cubic feet)
C02 per stock tank barrel (STB) of incremental oil
to 11 mcf C02/STB.
DOLLARHIDE DEVONIANI UNOCAL initiated a phased
miscible C02 project in the Dollarhide Devonian
field located in Andrews County, Texas in May 1985.
The project was designed around a low permeability,
tripol itic chert Devonian reservoir at a depth of
7800 feet with high conformance and mi nima 1
heterogeneities. During waterflooding an
exceptionally high sweep efficiency was realized
with greater than a 2: 1 secondary-to-primary
recovery ratio. This high sweep efficiency is
expected to be exhibited in tertiary recovery
operat ions. To date greater than 99.5 percent of
the C02 has been retained in the reservoir after
more than 5.8 percent HCPV of C02 injection. The
fi rst breakthrough of C02 did not occur unt i 1 17
months after the start of injection. According to
UNO CAL , the tot a1 1ack of premature C02
breakthrough is indicative of unusually high C02
sweep efficiency. Originally designed for a
25 percent HCPV slug chased by water, the project
was modifi ed to benefit from the mobil ity control
of WAG injection while still capturing the benefits
of acceleration from the slug process. Following
the i nit i a1 slug of 9 percent HCPV, the project
wi 11 be placed on a 21 percent HCPV 1: 1 WAG. The
phasing of the project will decrease peak C02
purchase requirements by spreading C02 requirements
over a longer peri od of time and wi 11 all ow for
maximum use of less expensive recycled C02. The
wide difference between the 1600 psi MMP and the
fracture pressure of 5500 psi allows for the
injection of C02 at the waterflood reservoir
pressure of 3200 psi. Although C02 utilization will
be 1ess effi c i ent at 3200 ps i than at a lower
pressure, it will be possible to reinject the
contaminated gas stream whose MMP is less than 3200
psi but greater than 1600 psi without costly
up-front investments necessary to clean-up the C02
and without the risk of losing production due to an
inability to maintain MMP. The field was infill
drilled to 40-acre, five-spot patterns which is
anticipated to increase recovery about 5 percent
OOIP. The 30 percent HCPV of C02 injected is
anticipated to increase the ultimate recovery by
14.p~rce~t OOIP, resulting in an estimated C02
utlllZatlon of 2.4 mcf/STB. No C02 injectivity
problems have been encountered.
EAST VACUUM GRAYBURG/SAN ANDRES2 This miscible C02
flood of the San Andres 001 it i c dolomite in Lea
County, New Mexico initiated by Phillips Petroleum
500
SPE 18977
in September 1985, gives all indications of being
successful. Incremental recovery is projected to
be 8 percent OOIP following a WAG injection of a
30 percent HCPV at a 2:1 ratio. Since injection
commenced, the oil production decline has been
arrested and oil production appears to be on the
increase. The project has experienced an increased
occurrence of calcium sulfate scale, and the
precipitation of asphaltenes and paraffins in wells
experiencing C02 breakthrough. Although the
increase in calcium sulfate is concurrent with C02
breakthrough, it is postulated by Phillips that
these occur concurrently due to the dissolution of
the anhydrite stringers by the water. The calcium
sulfate problem has required periodic inhibition
squeezes using a low pH phosphonate scale
inhibitor. The asphaltene/paraffin depositions are
treated using heavy aromatic solvents to dissolve
the build-up. The total injection of 230 Bcf
(billion cubjc feet) of C02 will yield a gross
utilization of 11.1 mcf/STB. Since an estimated
100 Bcf will be recycled, the net utilization
should approach 6.3 mcf/STB.
FORD-GERALDINE3 Conoco initiated a miscible C02
flood of the Ford Geraldine Unit located in Reeves
and Culberson Counties, Texas in February 1981 when
it became apparent that unless tert i ary recovery
was initiated, the Unit would have to be abandoned.
The poor waterfl ood performance, as evi denced by
the 0.25:1 secondary-to-primary recovery ratio,
left an estimated 77 percent OOIP in the reservoir.
Buoyed by the success at the nearby, and s imil ar,
Twofreds C02 project and by their own feasibil ity
study, injection commenced using an erratic C02
supply from a gas plant for the first five years
during which oil production remained relatively
flat. When a stable C02 supply was obtained in
1ate 1985, the production increased dramatically
from 381 bopd to 1160 bopd. The project is bei ng
staged with the second stage to be implemented as
excess C02 becomes available and as the first stage
is placed on a brine flush following injection of a
30 percent HCPV slug. This relatively shallow, 2680
foot Ramsey Sand reservoir is anticipated to yield
an incremental 17 percent 001 P due to the tert i ary
project. C02 utilization is expected to be 9
mcf/STB on a gross basis and around 5 mcf/STB on a
net basis.
KELLY-SNYDER (SACROC)4 The Scurry Area Canyon Reef
Operators Committee (SACROC) has been conducting a
miscible C02 flood in the Kelly-Snyder field in
Scurry County, Texas since 1972. Much of the
SAC ROC C02 project was implemented coincident with
a pattern waterflood. However, the two areas
discussed below are believed to reflect tertiary
recovery since these areas were near watered-out
from waterflooding.
These two multi-pattern areas were studied in-depth
to better understand the flood efficiency and
anticipated recoveries. The two areas are referred
to as the 4 pattern area (4PA) and the 17 pattern
area (17PA). The 4PA contains 24 wells and covers
603 acres. This area was at a 95 percent watercut
when placed on C02 injection in mid-1981. Using a
cumulative 3:1 WAG injection ratio, the 4PA was
fl ooded wi th a 30 percent HCPV of C02 through May
1986. Estimated incremental recoveries are
9.8 percent OOIP with a gross C02. util ization of
9.5 mcf/STB and a net of 3.2 mcf/~TB. The larger
17PA covered roughly 2700 acres and contained over
100 wells. This pattern was also started on C02 in
mid-1981 and through December 1987, a 17.5 percent
HCPV of C02 had been injected resulting in a
SPE 18977 W. R. BROCK, L. A. BRYAN
cumulative WAG ratio of 5:1. The ultimate
incrementa 1 recovery is anti ci pated to reach
7.5 percent OOIP. The current gross C02 utilization
in this pattern is 9.7 mcf/STB with an estimated
net utilization of 6.5 mcf/STB.
MEANS SAN ANDRESS This miscible C02 project in
Andrews County, Texas, operated by Exxon Company
U.S.A., commenced injection of C02 in November 1983
and is expected to recover 7.1 percent of the OOIP.
This project is utilizing a 2:1 WAG injection in
the San Andres dolomite, with an estimated
55 percent HCPV to be injected. This higher WAG
ratio was used to improve sweep efficiency. Not
included in the estimated tertiary recovery is an
additional 9.2 percent OOIP to be recovered by
improved secondary performance through i nfi 11
drilling, and improved reservoir management,
associated with the tertiary recovery project. The
gross C02 utilization is estimated to be
15 mcf/STB. No apparent WAG injectivity problems
were encountered in the laboratory or pilot studies
and none have been encountered in the full- sca 1e
project.
N.E.PURDY UNIT6 Cities Service (now OXY USA)
initiated a full-scale miscible C02 flood in the
Springer "A" sandstone of the N. E. Purdy Unit in
Garvin County, Oklahoma in September 1982. The
majority of the field is being processed with a
30 percent HCPV slug wh i 1e three patterns are on
WAG injection. These patterns were placed on WAG
injection to 1) raise the pattern pressure or 2)
due to unfavorabl e product i on characteri st i cs of
offset producing wells. Most of the wells in the
project had shown response to C02 injection
following the injection of 15 percent of the HCPV
of C02. Peak oi 1 product i on rates of two to four
times the pre-response rates were commonly observed
while the water-oil ratio was reduced from 30 to 8.
Observation well logging indicated good vertical
sweep at a distance of 265 feet from the injector
and also indicated a reduction of oil saturations
from 44 percent to 25 percent. C02 injectivity
appears to have improved with the cumul at i ve C02
injection whereas post-C02 water injection appears
to be comparable to the pre-C02 injectivity. Gross
utilization of C02 is estimated to be 6.5 mcf/STB
while the net utilization should approach
4.6 mcf/STB. The anticipated incremental recovery
is 7.5 percent OOIP.
NORTH CROSS7,8,9 The floodi.ng of this tripolitic
chert reservoi r located 1n Crane and Upton
Counties, Texas was initiated by Shell in 1972
follo~ing primary depletion by augmenting the
so 1ut lOn gas dri ve with gas injection. The
decision to forgo secondary waterflooding of this
reser~oi~ was based on ~niformly low permeability.
The m1sc1ble use of C02 1S expected to result in an
incremental recovery of roughly 22 percent OOIP
with a gross C02 util ization of over 18 mcf/STB:
The estimated nef utilization will be between 7 and
8 mcf/STB.
RANGELY 10 This .miscible C02 flood operated by
Chevron U.S.A. 1n northwestern Colorado in Rio
Blanco Co~nty has shown a significant, rapid
response Slnce start-up in the fall of 1986. The
tertiary project is designed for the 1:1 WAG
i nject ~ on of a 30 percent HCPV of C02 in
approx1mately 20 equal cycles. The incremental
recovery attributable to CO~ is forecast to be 106
MMbo of the 1413 MMbo OOIP 1n the project area, or
7.5 percent. As of the fall of 1987 the production
build-up was in excess of 5000 bopd. Estimated
501
3
ult imate recovery through secondary operat ions is
rough ly 50 percent of 001 P. The major operat i ona 1
challenges facing this project are the development
of effective diversion techniques such as polymers
and foam diverters to control C02 injection and the
improvement of scale inhibition treatment life and
costs. The occurrence of bari um sulfate, present
prior to the C02 flood, has increased as the lower
pH has resulted ina reduced effect i ve 1ife of
scale treatments. This miscible project in the 6500
foot deep Weber sandstone is anticipated to have a
gross C02 utilization of 9.2 mcf/STB and a net
utilization on the order of 4-6 mcf/STB.
SOUTH WELCHl1 The simulation of the initial phase
of this miscible C02 flood by Cities Service (now
OXY USA) in the San Andres dolomite in Dawson
County, Texas indicates that an incremental
recovery on the order of 7 percent 00 I P can be
expected. The simulation of this project, which had
been infilled to 10-acre spacing, concludes that
the single variable which most influences
incremental recovery is the volume of C02 injected.
It was also determined that if a strong water
blocking phenomena exists, a continuous slug
process would be more efficient than a WAG process.
Simulation of South Welch indicates an estimated
ultimate recovery through secondary of 40.1 percent
OOIP whereas a C02 flood util izing a 25 percent
HCPV 2:1 WAG would ultimately recover 47.7 percent
OOIP. No data indicating the anticipated C02
utilizations were presented.
TWOFREDS12 This full-scale miscible C02 flood
located in Loving, Reeves and Ward Counties, Texas
was the fi rst such fl ood ina sandstone format i on
in Texas. C02 injection commenced in early-1974 in
thi s reservoi r with an average depth of 4820 feet
and is projected to yield an additional
15.6 percent OOIP. The C02 was followed by a
water-alternating-exhaust gas (84.4 percent N2,
8.6 percent C02 & 7 percent CH4) since 1980 as a
flush. The need to use exhaust gas instead of the
originally planned water was due to the low
injectivity capacity of the injectors as compared
to the productive capacity of the producers and the
hi gher vi scos ity of the water as compared to the
C02. While the initial C02 was slugged, the
operator, HNG (now Enron), used WAG injection in
the post-C02 flood in order to control the viscous
fingering of the exhaust. No apparent injectivity
problems occurred and the injectivity of the
exhaust gas was 29 percent greater than water
following C02. Net utilization of C02 is estimated
to approach 13 mcf/STB. Corros i on of tubul ars and
wellheads has been controlled with a chemical
treatment program using an oil-soluble blend of
dimertrimer acid and imidazoline. This program has
resulted in no specialized metallurgy being
required for the wellhead, downhole or surface
equipment.
WERTZ13 The performance of this project since its
start-up in the fall of 1986, clearly indicates
that miscible C02 is displacing significant amounts
of tertiary oil. This Amoco-operated project in
central Wyoming has experienced better than
anticipated C02 injectivity with only limited
deterioration of water injectivity following the
C02. Log analysis indicate that both the vertical
and areal sweep efficiencies are favorable. The
antici~ate~ incremental recovery from the Tensleep
format10n 1S 10 percent of OOIP in the processed
area. The gross C02 utilization factor is expected
to be between 13 and 15 mcf/STB. The net
utilization factor will be considerably less due to
4 SUMMARY RESULTS OF CO 2 EOR FIELD TESTS 1972-1987
the recycling of C02 and should be less than
10 mcf/STB.
MISCIBLE--PRODUCING PILOTS
This second group consists of 8 miscible producing
pilots, whose various parameters are summarized in
Table 1. These projects employed either continuous
slugs or water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection
schemes, and were in a variety of different
reservoirs ranging from the shallow to the deep,
from low to high permeability, and in both
carbonate and sandstone. In all of these it has
been qualitatively proven that C02 can enhance oil
recovery, however, it should be noted that the
quant ity of incremental oil in some cases is based
on data from a much smaller area than might be
represent at i ve of a commerci a1 app 1i cat i on. Some
of the projects ut i 1i zed purchased C02 very
efficiently as noted by low net C02 util izations,
while others appeared less efficient. Projected
incremental recoveries ranged from around 8 percent
OOIP to 21 percent OOIP on net utilizations of
2.4 mcf C02/STB to near 13 mcf C02/STB.
GARBER FIELD14 This central Oklahoma field,
operated by ARCO Oi 1 & Gas Company, had a
successful miscible C02 pilot in the waterflooded
Crews Sand at an average depth of 1950 feet
(MMP=1075 psig). The pilot area has recovered an
estimated 14 percent OOIP since initiating C02
injection in October, 1981. This pilot was
originally designed to inject a 25 percent HCPV of
C02, yet a total of 35 percent HCPV was injected.
The initial plan called for the injection of a
7 percent HCPV slug followed by a 1:1 WAG to
control an anticipated severe gravity override.
When the gravity override did not material ize, a
continuous slug was injected. Following injection
of the 25 percent HCPV slug, numerous producers had
yet to show response so the slug was increased to
35 percent HCPV. Once th is 1arger slug had been
injected C02 injection was terminated in June, 1982
and the inJectors put on water, since the optimum
slug size had been attained even though production
had yet to show a decline trend. No injectivity
probl ems were encountered after the conversi on to
water. Reservoi r heterogeneit i es appear to have
contributed to the control of the anticipated
gravity override. The pilot demonstrated that it
was feasible to C02 flood fields at depths of less
than 2000 feet and that good oil recovery was
possible even when waterflood residual oil
saturations were as low as 25 percent PV. Net C02
utilization is estimated to approach 6 mcf/STB.
LITTLE CREEK15,16,17 The Shell operated C02 pilot
in the Little Creek field in southwestern
Mississippi in the mid-1970s demonstrated that C02
can effectively recover tertiary oil from a
thoroughly waterflood depleted sandstone reservoir
such as the 10,400 foot deep Tuscaloosa Denkman.
The average waterflood residual oil saturation in
this pilot was estimated to be 21 percent. A large
(160 percent HCPV) slug of C02 was injected during
the pilot without alternating water slugs. The
ultimate tertiary recovery was estimated to be as
high as 45 percent of the waterflood residual oil
in the area, including the area between the pilot
injectors and producers and the nearby field
pinchout. This equates to nearly 21 percent OOIP
~e~overed due·to tertiary. Due to the large slug
lnJected the gross C02 utilization approached
27 mcf/STB and the net was around 13 mcf/STB.
Subsequent simulation of this pilot showed that if
water were injected cycl ically or simultaneously
502
SPE 18977
with the C02, the effect i ve mobil ity ratio of the
displacement would be decreased thereby increasing
the volumetric sweep efficiency.
MALJAMAR18,19 A 5-acre inverted 5-spot pilot,
operated by Conoco, in the Maljamar Cooperat~ve
Agreement Unit located in Lea County, New Mexl co
tested the potent i a1 of mi sc i b1e C02 flood i ng of
the Grayburg and San Andres reservoirs. The
30 percent HCPV slug of C02 injected between May
and December 1983 resulted in recoveries of
17.7 percent OOIP from the Grayburg and 8.2 percent
OOIP from the San Andres. The lower recovery from
the anhydritic dolomite San Andres as compared to
the dolomitic sandstone Grayburg, is attributed to
C02 moving out-of-zone below the target interva~.
This flooding of a greater pore volume resul~ed ln
a smaller slug size (about 14 percent HCPV) ln the
San Andres sublayers than intended which caused the
lower recovery. In general, the Grayburg responded
quicker than did the San Andres, approximately 100
days versus 200 days. Reservoir "plugging" by
asphaltene preCipitation, carbonate plugging .or
depos it i on caused by the interact i on of corros lOn
inhibitors with C02, may have incre.ased the
volumetric sweep efficiency over that estlmated for
the waterflood. Net C02 utilizations are estimated
to be roughly 6 mcf/STB for the Grayburg and
11 mcf/STB for the San Andres. Water inject i vity
fo 11 owi ng C02 decreased in compari son to pre-C02
injectivity in both the Grayburg and the San
Andres.
NORTH COLES lEVEE20 ARCO Oil and Gas Company
initiated the first application of C02 injection in
the Kern River Valley of California in June 1981.
The pilot is in an area where many deep, light oil
reservoirs are approaching their economic 1imit.
While a technical success, this pilot, consisting
of two 5-acre inverted five-spot patterns and one
10-acre 1i ne dri ve pattern, was plagued with many
supply and mechanical problems that masked
incremental oil recoveries. Pilot patterns were
also badly out of balance due to either a
directional permeability trend or mechanical
problems, which resulted in reduced oil recovery.
Using simulation, this 9200 foot deep sandstone
reservoi r, with a net pay thi ckness of 136 feet,
was predicted to produce an incremental
15-20 percent OOIP with gross C02 util ization of
8-31 mcf/STB and a slug size of 63 percent HCPV.
The simulation showed gravity override into the
upper zone of the Stevens Main Western sand
domi nated the di sp 1acement effi ci ency. Simul ator
results i ndi cated that the simultaneous injection
of C02 low in the reservoir and water high in the
reservoi r woul d greatly enhance sweep effi ci ency.
The C02 supply was from an area refinery that had
occasional upsets during the pilot, thereby
limiting the supply and causing the pilot to be
terminated in mid-1984.
QUARANTINE BAy21 The pilot flood of the Quarantine
Bay 4RC field in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
demonstrated that the C02-WAG process is
technically viable for mobilizing considerable
amounts of residual oil from the watered-out
Mi ocene semi -conso 1i dated sand reservoi rs of the
Gulf Coast of Louisiana. ARCO Oil and Gas Company,
the operator, started injecting C02 in October 1981
in a 57-acre area of the field located southeast of
New Orleans. Injection continued on a 1:1 WAG
until a total of 18.9 percent HCPV of C02 had been
injected. In February 1983 injection was converted
to water and anticipated recovery is expected to
reach 15.8 percent OOIP. The net utilization of
SPE 18977 w. R. BROCK, L. A. BRYAN
C02 is slightly less than 3 mcf/STB. The small
slug size was selected because larger slug sizes
could not be economically justified. Reservoir
simulations indicated the incremental recoveries
for slug sizes between 15 and 35 percent HCPV did
not vary significantly and therefore the smaller
slug size and resulting lower utilization would
improve economics. Because of the dissolution of
carbonate cementation by the carbonic acid, the
injectivity appears to have increased. This has
also led to the increased occurrence of sand
production not previously noticed in the field.
This flood experienced some mechanical problems
related to corrosion which resulted in the
premature shut-in of producers. The operator
est imated the incremental recovery coul d have
approached 20 percent OOIP had these problems been
avoided.
SLAUGHTER ESTATEI6,22 This miscible WAG pilot in
the carbonate San Andres reservoi r underl yi ng the
Sl aughter Estate Uni t operated by Amoco in Hockl ey
County, Texas has shown that significant quantities
of tertiary oil can be recovered using a solvent of
72 percent C02 and 28 percent H2S. The water
alternat i ng sol vent inject i on resulted in reduced
injectivity during the solvent phase but subsequent
oil production has shown that the alternating
sequence of injection provided excellent areal
sweep. A 26 percent HCPV of the solvent gas was
injected between August 1976 and October 1979. This
so 1vent injection was then chased by a 30 percent
HCPV slug of nitrogen. The projected solvent
utilization, not including the nitrogen, is
anticipated to be in the range of 3-5 mcf/STB.
Incremental recovery is estimated by simulation to
be at least 20 percent OOIP.
WEEKS ISLAN023 The Weeks Island S Sand Reservoir B
in New Iberia Parish, Louisiana, typical of many
piercement salt-dome fields in the Gulf Coast area,
was the target of a gravity stable C02 pilot test
by Shell in October 1978. This pilot demonstrated
that a gravity stable C02 flood is very effective
in these reservoirs which have highly efficient
~t\ong. wa~er-drives. At .the s~art of the C02
lnJectlon ln 1978, the resldual 011 saturation was
estimated to be 22 percent. The very permeable
(1200 md), steeply dipping (26°) sandstone
reservoir received an initial C02 slug equal to
24 percent HCPV mixed with about six mole percent
of natural gas, pri marily methane. The C02 was
diluted to lessen the risk of gravity instability.
When gas production rates began to increase in
1983, the C02 contaminated gas was re-injected.
This pilot is expected to recover an estimated
8.9 percent OOIP. Gross C02 utilization is
projected to be 7.9 mcf/STB at the end of the
pilot, with net utilization around 3.3 mcf/STB.
WEST SUSSEX24 This oil-in-the-tank pilot by Conoco
su~ports the feasibility of miscibly C02 flooding
thlS Shannon sandstone and other similar low
residual, light oil reservoirs in the Powder River
Basin of Wyoming. Between mid-1982 and late-1985 a
30 percent HCPV slug of C02, preceded and followed
by water, was injected into this 9.6-acre pilot
without any apparent inject i vity impai rment. The
option of using WAG was left open during the pilot
should premature C02 breakthrough justify a switch
from the sl ug. The est imated incremental recovery
from this 3000 foot deep watered out shaly marine
sandstone is 8.9 percent of OOIP. The resultant
gro~s utilization of C02 was 12.9 mcf/STB. It was
~s~lmated that 20 percent of the cumulative C02
lnJected was produced. Lack of oil response in one
503
5
of three pil ot producers 1ed to the concl us i on by
Conoco that a waterflood injector should not be
converted to a tert i ary producer wi thout careful
consideration.
MISCIBLE--NON-PROOUCING PILOTS
These two non-producing pilots were conducted with
observation wells offsetting the injection well to
monitor the movement of the C02 in the reservoir.
By logging these wells the operator is able to
detect the changes in residual oil saturations as
the C02 front passes. Combined with pre- and
post-pil ot core ana lyses, the data from the
observation wells is used to simulate the recovery
process. Based on these simulations, predictions
are made of expected incremental recoveries and
anticipated injected volumes. As with the
predictions of other projects, these pilots proved
that C02 can mobilize waterflood residual oil.
However, due to the nature of the data these
predictions should be used with caution.
CEDAR CREEK ANTICLINE25 The non-producing miscible
C02 pi 1ot conducted by Shell in the South Pi ne
field of the Cedar Creek Anticline in eastern
Montana between 1983 and 1985, showed that tertiary
oil can be effectively mobilized and displaced by
C02. The residual oil saturation after waterflood
was estimated to be between 38 percent and
40 percent, and after miscible C02 injection
averaged 20 percent. The test also showed that
vert i ca 1 conformance of C02 was the same as for
brine in the pre-flush leading to the conclusion by
Shell that the volumetric sweep efficiency of a C02
flood in this Red River crystalline dolomite would
be similar to that of the waterflood, provided the
effective mobility of CO2 is controlled. It was
also concluded that the waterflood behavior of the
Red River formation could be profitably studied to
predict C02 flood behavior. The injectivity of C02
was found to be roughly 14 times that of the brine
in the pre-flush.
LITTLE KNIFE26 This five-acre inverted four-spot,
non-producing pilot conducted by Gulf (now Chevron)
in 1980-1981 was in the dolomitic Mission Canyon
Formation. Located in the Williston Basin of North
Dakota, this 9800 foot deep reservoir was C02
flooded using a 1:1 WAG injection. With data
obtained from logging of observation wells and from
pre- and post-flood core analyses, simulation using
both a black oil and compositional simulators was
conducted. The results of these simulations
revea 1ed that the WAG inject i on of a 22 percent
HCPV of C02 into this highly stratified and
relatively flat reservoir would improve the
ultimate recovery by 8 percent of OOIP, if flooded
on 160-acre spacing. The simulation also predicted
net C02 util ization of a commercial scale flood
would be around 5 mcf/STB.
IMMISCIBLE--FIELO-SCALE
T~e immiscibl~ use ?f. CO~ can be classified as
el ther a mult 1 -well 1 nJect 1 on of a cont i nuous slug
or WAG, or as individual well stimulations referred
to as "Huff 'n' Puff". The primary recovery
mechanisms of immiscible CO~ projects are the
vi scos ity reduct i on and swe 111 ng of the contacted
crude oil. Reduction of the oil viscosity creates
a more favorable mobility ratio which in turn
results in improved sweep efficiency and a lower
residual oil saturation to waterflooding at the
economic limit. Oil swelling increases recovery by
6 SUMMARY RESULTS OF CO 2 EOR FIELD TESTS 1972-1987
reducing the stock tank residual oil saturation
from waterflooding.
The parameters of the field-scale immiscible floods
are shown on Table 2. These two floods had
predi cted incremental recoveri es between 9 and 10
percent OOIP, and net C02 utilizations were between
5 and 12 mcf/STB. As with the field-scale miscible
floods, the incremental recoveries are in some
cases based on extrapolations of early performance
data and should be used with caution.
HANSFORD MARMATON16,27 This project in Hansford
County, Texas has proven that C02 can be used to
repressure a depleted reservoir. ~lthough the time
to repressure was considerably longer than with
water, the existing free gas phase in the reservoir
distributed the C02 throughout, contacting more of
the OOIP than would have been contacted by miscible
displacement given the unfavorable C02 mobility
ratio. At start-up in mid-1980, the reservoir
pressure was an exceptionally low 250 psig.
Immiscible injection of purchased C02 has raised
the pressure to near the miscibility pressure after
which the recycle gas will be injected in a yet to
be determi ned WAG sequence. Projected incremental
recovery due to the i mmi sc i b1e effects of C02 is
about 9 percent OOIP with a net utilization of
12 mcf/STB. As thi s project starts the tert i ary
miscible recovery phase, the field is producing
over 550 bopd as compared to 30 bopd at the start
of C02 injection. The final net utilization of C02
is anticipated to be less than 7 mcf/STB, which
based on a purchase of 13.7 Bcf of C02 transl ates
to an incremental recovery from C02 inject i on of
about 15.6 percent OOIP, immiscible and miscible.
LICK CREEK16,28 This full scale C02 flood in
Bradl ey and Un i on Counties, Arkansas by Ph i 11 ips
Petroleum has successfully proven the viability of
an immiscible WAG process for the recovery of
tertiary oil from thin, heavy oil sands. Started
in 1976 using C02 from an ammonia plant, this
project is ant i ci pated to recover an incremental
10 percent of the 17°API, 160 cp oil
originally-in-place in this high permeability
Meakin sandstone reservoir. Injection of a
40 percent HCPV slug of C02 on a 1:1 WAG ratio was
done in three phases. The first phase involved
cycl ic C02 injection into all the producers and
many of the i nj ectors. Th is helped increase the
reservoir pressure and allowed wells to be flowed
naturally. The second phase involved injection of
large ~olumes of C02 into the permanent injectors.
The th1rd phase alternated C02 and water injection
into the injectors. After fhis phase, the unit
wi 11 be waterfl ooded. The expected gross
utilization of C02 is 8.8 mcf/STB, which will net
to approximately 5.3 mcf/STB.
IMMISCIBLE--PRODUCING PILOTS
These two produci ng pil ots, whose parameters are
also shown in Table 2, have projected incremental
recoveri es of 5 and 10 percent OOIP. In both of
these pilots, it has been qualitatively proven that
C02 can enhance oil recovery, however, it should be
noted that the quantity of incremental oil in some
cases is based on data from a much smaller area
than might be representative of a commercial
application.
HILLY UPLAND29 This mini test in West Virginia
conducted by the All eghany Land & Mi nera 1 Company
in conjunction with the Department of Energy
Morgantown Energy Technology Center showed that low
504
SPE 18977
permeability (3 md) does not prevent the injection
of low-vi scos ity fl ui ds such as C02. It also
showed that when water cannot be injected at
economi ca 1 rates to repressure a reservoi r or to
displace the solvent slug in a tight dolomitized
limestone reservoir that C02 could possibly be
used. This pilot showed that although miscibility
was only attained in the near welloore region of
the injectors, the swell ing of the oil, the
vi scos ity reduction and the increase in reservoi r
energy due to C02 injection resulted in an
estimated 5 percent OOIP incremental recovery. The
estimated gross utilization was 6.4 mcf/STB.
Although the resultant incremental recovery was
lower than for most C02 floods, the fact that
95 percent of the C02 was still in the reservoir at
the time of the paper could continue to benefit
recovery.
WI LMINGTON30 The use of i mmi sc i b1e C02 ina WAG
flood of highly viscous crude oils to enhance
recovery has been demonstrated by Champlin
Petroleum (now UPR) in the Wilmington Tar Zone in
the Los Angeles Basin of California. The test
shows that the displacement efficiency of
immiscible C02 on viscous crudes is not as good as
the miscible displacement of lighter crudes by C02.
However, since waterflood residual oil saturations
are typically much higher for the viscous crude
oils, opportunities still exist for Significant
increased oil recovery. The Tar Zone crude, with a
vi scos ity of 283 cp, is swollen to about
105 percent of original volume when contacted with
C02. The viscosity is reduced dramatically to
18 cp when contacted at a pressure of 1080 ps i g.
By chasing the swollen and less viscous crude oil
with water, the anticipated incremental recovery
will approach 11 percent OOIP. The gross
utilization of C0.2 is calculated to be 6 mcf/STB
with much of th1S supplied through the recycl~
process.
IMMISCIBLE "HUFF 'N' PUFF"
Immiscible Huff 'n' Puff well stimulations appear
to be gaining in popularity possibly due to their
relatively quick payout nature. These single well
recovery projects util ize C02 from a variety of
sources which is typically trucked to the well
si~e. This tertiary recovery method is ideally
sU1ted for small leases which cannot stand the
l~rge ~p-front invest~ents associated with many
fleld-w1de floods. Wh11e the procedure is similar
to the steam stimulations in the heavy oil basins
these cyclic C02 projects are not limited to heavy
oil since the technique has been successfully used
to recover 1 ighter oils. While incremental
recoveries as a percent of OOIP are not available
the consensus of the papers reviewed is that thes~
project~ ~o r~cover incremental oil with relatively
low ut111zat10ns of C02. The incremental oil
recovered was production in excess of the base
production decline curve and in most cases the
wells were at or near the economic limit prior to
the test.
The general procedure is to inject large volumes of
C02 down a producing wellbore and then shut-in the
we Tl fpr a f.ew weeks to allow the COe to soak.
Follow1ng th1S soak, the well is returned to
produ~tion. Some increases in oil rate were
susta1ned for up to 48 months. The efficiencies of
~he process . are measured by the mcf/STB of
~ n~rementa 1 011 recovered and also by the volume
1nJected per foot of pay. Utilizations ranged
between 1 mcf/STB and slightly over 3 mcf/STB while
SPE 18977 W. R. BROCK, L. A. BRYAN
stimulations ranged between 0.1 MMcf/ft to
0.4 MMcf/ft. Shown on Table 3 are some parameters
of the projects discussed below.
APPALACHIAN BAIN3l Huff 'n' Puff C02 field tests
on 65 wells in a pressure depleted Appalachian
Bas i n reservoi r in eastern Kentucky i nd i cate the
economi c vi abil ity for 1i ght oil recovery. These
tests were conducted in conjunction with a
laboratory evaluation at Louisiana State University
which addressed the potential of recovering 1ight
oil with the application of immiscible cyclical C02
injection. The field tests targeted the unnamed
Appalachian field because of the low permeability
formation and disappointing pilot waterflood
results. The procedure used was to first pull the
rods from the well and inject large volumes of C02
down the tubing at the rate of several barrels per
minute. The well was then shut-in without
corrosion inhibitors for approximately one week.
After the initial soak period, the well was then
placed back on production. Response was a sharp
rise in oil production which continued for 15 to 48
months after which production returned to the
original hyperbol ic decl ine curve. The resulting
low C02 ut i 1i zat ions of about 1 mcf/STB attest to
the economic viability of Huff 'n' Puff in light
oil reservoirs. Field tests suggest that the
response improves with thicker pay, that C02
reduced the water cut and that a second cyc 1i ca 1
application could recover additional reserves.
PARADIS32 This C02 Huff 'n' Puff project was one
of eleven wells in five fields which Texaco tested
in South Louisiana during 1984 and 1985. The
results from this test west of New Orleans in the
Paradis Main Pay Sand, Reservoir T, indicate that
cyclical use of C02 is effective in the tertiary
recovery of 1ight oil. The process i nvo 1ved the
injection of C02 in the well, followed by a soak
period after which the well was returned to
production. In this particular case, two cycles of
C02 were utilized. The first cycle involved the
injection of 18 MMcf of C02 over a three-day period
in March 1984 followed by a three week soak. After
being returned to production, the initial rate was
150 bopd as compared to 23 bopd prior to the test.
The well produced 9000 barrels of oil in excess of
the base decline curve prior to receiving an
additional 21 MMcf of C02 in February 1985 over a
fi ve day peri od. After Dei ng opened up in March
1985, the well flowed 228 bopd. The cumulative
incremental recovery from these two cycles was
20.7 Mbo. This resulted in a net C02 utilization
of only 1.9 mcf/STB. The tests showed that the
faster the rate of inject i on the further the C02
will finger out into the reservoir thus contacting
more oil.
TEXAS GULF COAST33 Texaco tested the feasibil ity
of an immiscible CO~ Huff 'n' Puff on 28 wells in
Texas Gulf Coast Mlocene Reservoi rs. From these
tests in twelve unnamed oil fields, viscosity
reduct i on and oil swe 11 i ng appear to be the
principal mechanisms of recovery since no
compositional changes were noticed in the produced
oil. These tests were conducted on gravities
ranging from 23 to 30 API, and viscosities of
0 0
1.6-33.4 cpo Increased recoveries were only
slightly improved for the more viscous crudes and
for lower API gravities. No correlation was seen
between the pre-test oil cuts or permeabil it i es,
and the result i ng oil recoveri es. Based on
incremental recovery, these tests did show that for
these reservoi rs a soak peri od of 2 to 3 weeks
seemed better than shorter or longer times.
505
7
TIMBALIER BAy34 This immiscible Huff 'n' Puff test
conducted by Chevron, proves the feasibility of
using C02 in this bottomwater-drive sandstone
reservoir in Louisiana. The test in two wells
showed that when properly administered the C02 Huff
'n' Puff process can provide for a quick payout
with a low capital investment. The results
indicate that incremental oil was recovered through
the oil swelling and viscosity reduction effects on
fractional-flow. As in similar immiscible
appl ications of C02, the process was to inject a
large volume of C02 in the producer and then
shut-in for a soak period after which it was
returned to production. These two tests measured
C02 stimulation efficiencies of 0.3-0.36 MMcf/foot
of pay and C02 utilizations of 1.1-3.2 mcf/STB. The
tests also showed that for thi s part i cul ar
reservoir a soak period of about 7 weeks did better
than a 4-week soak on one well.
WEST COTE BLANCHE BAy32 This C02 Huff 'n' Puff
project was one of el even such tests conducted by
Texaco in South Louisiana between 1984 and 1985 to
evaluate tertiary recovery. The results from this
test in the 14 Sand Reservoir 312 indicate that
tertiary oil can be effectively recovered using
cyclical C02' The process was the
inject-soak-proQuce method of previously discussed
huff 'n' puff tests. This particular test involved
the injection of 8 MMcf of C02 in 16 hours in March
1984. Fo 11 owi ng a soak of about four weeks, the
well was placed on continuous production. Within
two weeks, product i on had increased from 6 bopd
prior to the test to 170 bopd. The well produced
incrementa 1 oil unt il February 1985. A tot a1 of
3267 barrels of incremental oil were produced at a
net C02 utilization of only 2.4 mcf/STB. This test
and others showed that the higher the rate of C02
inject ion into the reservoi r the further out it
would finger thereby contacting more oil. Texaco
concluded that the C02 Huff 'n' Puff process of
cycl i ca 1 injection can recover incremental oil in
reservoirs of various rock and fluid properties in
South Louisiana.
SUMMARY
A variety of methods qualitatively prove the use of
C02 does enhance the recovery of residual oil from
reservoirs of different depositional environments.
These range from the immiscible Huff 'n' Puff
single well stimulation to the full-scale miscible
projects. It has also been used in 1i eu of the
traditional secondary waterflood. Incremental
recoveries predicted by the various operators
reviewed ranged from 5 to 22 percent of
original-oil-in-place. Some of these projects were
more efficient than others as evidenced by the C02
utilization values, which ranged from a 2.4 mcf/STB
to 13 mcf/STB on a net basis. Phasing of a project
may minimize the purchased C02 requirements by
spreading same over a greater period of time and
may also maximize the use of less expensive
recycled C02.
These projects do show a need for adequate data
management in the pri mary and secondary recovery
stages as well as in the tertiary process. This
will permit the operators to properly evaluate
appropriate enhanced recovery methods prior to
depletion. Knowledge gained from projects or tests
in other parts of the country can be used as a
guide in formulating an enhanced recovery plan.
However, the predicted recoveries and efficiencies
reported by other projects shoul d be vi ewed
qualitatively rather than quantitatively since most
8 SUMMARY RESULTS OF CO 2 EOR FIELD TESTS 1972-1987
of the performance extrapolations are from data
relatively early in a project's life. As the
projects currently in operation age the performance
predictions will be further refined and will become
more quantitative.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank Exxon Company U.S.A. for
the permission to publish this paper, and the
i ndi vi dua 1 authors of the reference materi a1 for
publishing the results of their EOR projects. They
a1so thank those i nvo 1ved in the revi ew of the
paper and Shirley Keesey for her assistance in
preparing the manuscript.
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506
SPE 18977
11. Keeling, R.J.:"C02 Miscible Flooding Evaluation
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Waterflooded Shallow Pennsylvaman Sand in
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18. Pittaway, K.R., Albright, J.C. and Hoover,
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20. McAllister, D.J. :"Evaluation of C02 Flood
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SPEjDOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa,

Oklahoma, April 17-20, 1988.
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September 27-30, 1987.

507
 SPE 18977

TABLE I
MISCIBLE C02 FLOOD RESERVOIR & FLUID PARAMETERS

RES. NET OIL INCR. GR. NET

DEPTH TEMP. POROS. PERM. PAY GRAV. VISCOS. %HCPV REC. UTll. UTlL.
FIELD NAME STATE RESERVOIR LITHOLOGY ~ DEG.F ~ ~ EL. Ilf."-Ml ----'L INJECT. l!QQJ.E IillLill1 MCF /STB

****F I ELD~ seAL E****

OOLLARHIDE TX DEVONIAN TRIP. CHERT 7,800 120 17.0 9.0 48 40 0.4 30 14.0 2.4
EAST VACUUM NM SAN ANDRES OOLITIC OOLO 4,400 101 11.7 11.0 71 38 1.0 30 8.0 11.1 6.3
FORD GERAL01NE TX DELAWARE SANDSTONE 2,680 83 23.0 64.0 23 40 1.4 30 17.0 9.0 5.0
MEANS TX SAN ANORES OOLOMITE 4,400 100 9.0 20.0 54 29 6.0 55 7.1 15.2 11.0
NORTH CROSS TX DEVONIAN TRIP. CHERT 5,400 106 22.0 S.O 60 44 0.4 40 22.0 18.0 7.8
NORTHEAST PURDY OK SPRINGER SANOSTONE 8,200 148 13.0 44.0 40 35 1.5 30 7.5 6.5 4.6
RANGEL Y CO WEBER SANDSTONE 6,500 160 15.0 5-50.0 110 32 1.6 30 7.5 9.2 5.0
SACROC (17 PATTERN) TX CANYON REEF CARBONATE 6,400 130 9.4 3.0 139 41 0.4 30 7.5 9.7 6.5
SACROC (4 PATTERN) TX CANYON REEF CARBONATE 6,400 130 9.4 3.0 139 41 0.4 30 9.8 9.5 3.2
SOUTH WELCH TX SAN ANDRES DOLOMITE 4,850 92 12.8 13.9 132 34 2.3 25 7.6
TWOFREDS TX DELAWARE SANDSTONE 4,820 104 20.3 33.4 18 36 1.4 40 15.6 15.6 8.0
WERTZ WY TENSLEEP SANDSTONE 6,200 165 10.7 16.0 185 35 1.3 60 10.0 13.0 10.0

***PROOUCING PILOTS***
GARBER OK CREWS SANOSTONE 1,950 95 17.0 57.0 21 47 2.1 35 14.0 6.0
LITTLE CREEK MS TUSCALOOSA SANDSTONE 10,400 248 23.4 75.0 30 39 0.4 160 21.0 27.0 12.6
MALJAMAR NM SAN ANDRES ANHYD. DDLO. 4,050 90 10.0 11.2 49 36 0.8 30 8.2 11.6 10.7
MALJAMAR NM GRAYBURG DOLOMITlC SS 3,700 90 11.0 13.9 23 36 0.8 30 17 .7 8.1 6.1
NORTH COLES LEVEE CA STEVENS SANDSTONE 9,200 235 15.0 9.0 136 36 0.5 63 15.0 7.4
QUARANTINE BAY LA 4SAND (RC) SANDSTONE 8,180 183 26.4 230.0 15 32 0.9 19 20.0 2.4
SLAUGHTER ESTATE TX SAN ANDRES DOLDMITE 4,985 105 12.0 8.0 75 32 2.0 26 20.0 16.7 3.7
WEEKS ISLAND LA S SAND R (B) SANDSTONE 13,000 225 26.0 1200.0 186 33 0.3 24 8.7 7.9 3.3
WEST SUSSEX WY SHANNON SANDSTONE 3,000 104 19.5 28.5 22 39 1.4 30 12.9 8.9

*NON-PROOUCING PILOTS·
LITTLE KNIFE ND MISSION CANYON SUCR. DOLO. 9,800 245 21.0 30.0 16 41 0.2 22 8.0 5.0
SOUTH PINE MT RED RIVER CRYST. DOLO. 9,000 205 17.0 10.0 11 32 1.8 (1)

(1) .. Sor was reduced from 38% after waterflood to 20% after COZ_

TABLE 2
IMMISCLBLE CO2 FLOOO RESERVOIR & FLUID PARAMETERS

RES. NET OIL 1NCR. GR. NET

DEPTH TEMP. POROS. PERM. PAY GRAV. VISCOS. REC. UTIL. UTll.
FIELD NAME STATE RESERVOIR LITHOLOGY IlIhI ~ ~ EL. Ilf."-Ml ----'L l!QQJ.E MCF/STB MCF/STB
~
****F I ELD- SCAl E****
HANSFORD TX MARATHON SANDSTONE 6,500 142 18.1 48.0 20 38 2.2 9.9* 12.0*
LICK CREEK AK MEAKIN SANDSTONE 2,550 118 33.0 1200.0 9 17 160.0 10.1 8.8 5.3

***PRODUCING PILOTS****
HILL Y UPLAND WV GREENBRIER LIMESTONE 1,950 77 14.0 3.0 13 42 1.7 5.0 6.4
WILMINGTON CA TAR ZONE SANDSTONE 2,500 123 24.0 465.0 42 14 283.0 11.0 6.0

* Immiscible results only; does not include miscible effects.

TABLE 3
IMMISCIBLE CO2 HUFF 'N' PUFF RESERVOIR & FLUID PARAMETERS

RES. NET OIL NET

DEPTH TEMP. POROS. PERM. PAY GRAV. VISCOS. INJECTED UTIL.
FIELD NAME illIT RESERVOIR LITHOLOGY DEG.F ~%_'- ~_M_D~ ~ DEG API __C_P~ MMCF/STB MCF/STB
~
****FI ELO- SCALE****
APPALACHIAN BASIN KY UNNAMED SANDSTONE 1,300 68 15.0 10.0 40 32 <0.1 1.0
PARADIS LA RESERVOIR T SANDSTONE 10,300 195 28.0 1033.0 50 38 0.5 0.4 1.9
TEXAS GULF COAST TX MIOCENE SANOSTONE (A) 116-175 23-32.0 15-1700.0 7-68 23-30 1.6-33.4 .1-.7 1.1-33.8
TIMBALIER BAY LA 4900 R(BA) SANDSTONE 4,878 138 32.0 500-2500.0 32 2.8 .3- .4 1. 1-3. 2

(A) Varied from 2,600 feet to 7,756 feet deep.

508