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ee = void ratio
nn = porosity
ww = moisture content, water content
ss = specific gravity of any substance
GG = specific gravity of solids
SS = degree of saturation
VV = volume of soil mass
VaVa = volume of air
VwVw = volume of water
VsVs = volume of solids
VvVv = volume of voids
WW = total weight of soil
WwWw = weight of water
WsWs = weight of solids
DrDr = relative density
γmγm = unit weight of soil mass, moist unit weight, bulk unit weight
γsγs = unit weight of soil solids
γwγw = unit weight of water
γbγb = γ′γ′ = buoyant unit weight, submerged unit weight
γdγd = γdryγdry = dry unit weight
γsatγsat = saturated unit weight
LLLL = liquid limit
PLPL = plastic limit
LILI = liquidity index
PIPI = plasticity index
GIGI = group index
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Soil Properties
Void Ratio, e
Void ratio is the ratio of volume of voids to the volume of solids.
e=VvVse=VvVs
Porosity, n
Porosity is the ratio of volume of voids to the total volume of soil.
n=VvVn=VvV
Degree of Saturation, S
Degree of saturation is the ratio of volume of water to the volume of voids.
S=VwVvS=VwVv
Unit Weight, γ
Unit weight is the weight of soil per unit volume. Also called bulk unit weight (γ), and moist unit
weight (γm).
γ=WVγ=WV
Physical Properties
Total weight, W=Ww+WsW=Ww+Ws
Total volume, V=Vs+VvV=Vs+Vv
Volume of voids, Vv=Vw+VaVv=Vw+Va
Void ratio, e=VvVse=VvVs, Note: 0<e<∞0<e<∞
Porosity, n=VvVn=VvV, Note: 0<n<10<n<1
Relationship between e and n, n=e1+en=e1+e and e=n1−ne=n1−n
Water content or moisture content, w=WwWs×100%w=WwWs×100%, Note: 0<w<∞0<w<∞
Degree of saturation, S=VwVvS=VwVv, Note: 0≤S≤10≤S≤1
Relationship between G, w, S, and e, Gw=SeGw=Se
Moist unit weight or bulk unit
weight, γm=WV=(G+Se)γw1+e=G(1+w)γw1+eγm=WV=(G+Se)γw1+e=G(1+w)γw1+e
Dry unit weight, γd=WsV=Gγw1+eγd=WsV=Gγw1+e
Saturated unit weight, γsat=(G+e)γw1+eγsat=(G+e)γw1+e
Submerged or buoyant unit weight, γb=γsat−γw=(G−1)γw1+eγb=γsat−γw=(G−1)γw1+e
Critical hydraulic gradient, icr=γbγw=G−11+eicr=γbγw=G−11+e
Relative
Density, Dr=emax−eemax−emin=1(γd)min−1γd1(γd)min−1(γd)maxDr=emax−eemax−emin=1(γd)min−1γd1(
γd)min−1(γd)max
Atterberg Limits
Plasticity index, PI=LL−PLPI=LL−PL
Liquidity index, LI=MC−PLPILI=MC−PLPI
Shrinkage index, SI=PL−SLSI=PL−SL
Activity of clay, Ac=PIμAc=PIμ, where μμ = soil finer than 0.002 mm in percent
Other Formulas
Volume of voids, Vv=eV1+eVv=eV1+e
Volume of solids, Vs=V1+eVs=V1+e
Volume of water, Vw=SeV1+eVw=SeV1+e
Weight of water, Ww=SeVγw1+eWw=SeVγw1+e
Weight of soil, W=V(G+Se)γw1+eW=V(G+Se)γw1+e
Dry unit weight, γd=γm1+wγd=γm1+w
Derivation is as follows
e=VvVse=VvVs → void ratio
e=VvV−Vve=VvV−Vv
e=VvV−Vv⋅1/V1/Ve=VvV−Vv⋅1/V1/V
e=Vv/V1−Vv/Ve=Vv/V1−Vv/V → n = Vv / V
e=n1−ne=n1−n (okay!)
n=VvVn=VvV → porosity
n=VvVs+Vvn=VvVs+Vv
n=VvVs+Vv⋅1/Vs1/Vsn=VvVs+Vv⋅1/Vs1/Vs
n=Vv/Vs1+Vv/Vsn=Vv/Vs1+Vv/Vs → e = Vv / Vs
n=e1+en=e1+e (okay!)
Tags:
Unit Weight
Degree of Saturation of Soil
moisture content
porosity
specific gravity
Void Ratio
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