ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to express my deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to
my guideBKBIET, Pilani for his valuable guidance, encouragement and help for completing
this work. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr Prasanna Kumar S M, Director
BKBIET, Pilani for giving me this opportunity to undertake this project. I would also like to
thank Dr. L Solanki, Principal (Academics) BKBIET, Pilani for whole hearted support.

At the end I would like to express my sincere thanks to all my friends and others who
helped me directly or indirectly during this project work.

Student Name: Kalpit kumar

Enrollment no. : 15EBKME040

1
ABSTRACT

The main objective of our project to design and construct an electrically operated engine i.e.
Electromagnetic Engine. Our engine is totally different from ordinary IC Engine, because of the
inventory advancement in operating principles. We have changed the operating principle of IC
Engine by using electromagnetic effect instead of combustion of fossil fuels. This engine works
on the principle of magnetic repulsion between two magnets. This electromagnetic engine
consists of two magnets, one of them is an Electromagnet and other one is a Permanent Magnet.
Permanent Magnet acts as piston and Electromagnet is located at the top of the cylinder instead
of spark plug and valve arrangement in IC Engines. In this way this engine does not contain any
spark plug and fuel injection system. The Electromagnet is energized by a battery source of
suitable voltage and the polarities of electromagnet are set in such a way that it will repel the
permanent magnet i.e. piston from TDC to BDC, which will result in the rotary motion of crank
shaft. When the piston is at BDC the supply of Electromagnet is discontinued, the permanent
magnet which was repelled to BDC will come back to its initial position i.e. TDC. This
procedure completes one revolution of crank shaft i.e. our output work. The total power supplied
by battery will be just to fulfill the copper losses of winding and power required to magnetize the
windings.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 IC ENGINE

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with
an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid
flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and high-
pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The
force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component
over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The first
commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1859
and the first modern internal combustion engine was created in 1864 by Siegfried Marcus.
The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is
intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with
variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of
internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most
rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as
previously described. Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine.
Internal combustion engines are quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam
or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed
with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized
water or even liquid sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels
such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many stationary
applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for
cars, aircraft, and boats.
Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline,
diesel fuel or fuel oil. There's a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for compression
ignition engines and bioethanol for spark ignition engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can
be made from either fossil fuels or renewable energy.

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1.1.1 APPLICATION
Reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land vehicles
including automobiles, motorcycles, locomotives and ships. Wankel engines are found on some
automobiles and motorcycles.
Where very high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion engines appear in the
form of combustion turbines. Powered aircraft typically uses an ICE which may be a
reciprocating engine. Airplanes can instead use jet engines and helicopters can instead employ
turbo shafts; both of which are types of turbines. In addition to providing propulsion, airliners
employ a separate ICE as an auxiliary power unit.

1.1.2 DISADVANTAGES

Air pollution

Internal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal combustion engines produce air
pollution emissions, due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel. The main derivatives of
the process are carbon dioxide CO2, water and some soot — also called particulate matter (PM).
The effects of inhaling particulate matter have been studied in humans and animals and include
asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. There are, however, some
additional products of the combustion process that include nitrogen oxides and sulfur and some
uncombusted hydrocarbons, depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio.Not all
of the fuel is completely consumed by the combustion process; a small amount of fuel is present
after combustion, and some of it reacts to form oxygenates, such as formaldehyde or
acetaldehyde, or hydrocarbons not originally present in the input fuel mixture. Incomplete
combustion usually results from insufficient oxygen to achieve the perfect stoichiometric ratio.
The flame is "quenched" by the relatively cool cylinder walls, leaving behind unreacted fuel that
is expelled with the exhaust. When running at lower speeds, quenching is commonly observed in
diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural gas. Quenching reduces efficiency and
increases knocking, sometimes causing the engine to stall. Incomplete combustion also leads to
the production of carbon monoxide (CO). Further chemicals released are benzene and 1,3-
butadiene that are also hazardous air pollutants.Increasing the amount of air in the engine

4
reduces emissions of incomplete combustion products, but also promotes reaction between
oxygen and nitrogen in the air to produce nitrogen oxides (NOx). NOx is hazardous to both plant
and animal health, and leads to the production of ozone (O3). Ozone is not emitted directly;
rather, it is a secondary air pollutant, produced in the atmosphere by the reaction of NO "x" and
volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. Ground-level ozone is harmful to human
health and the environment. Though the same chemical substance, ground-level ozone should not
be confused with stratospheric ozone, or the ozone layer, which protects the earth from harmful
ultraviolet rays.Carbon fuels contain sulfur and impurities that eventually produce sulfur
monoxides (SO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the exhaust, which promotes acid rain.In the United
States, nitrogen oxides, PM, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and ozone, are regulated as
criteria air pollutants under the Clean Air Act to levels where human health and welfare are
protected. Other pollutants, such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene, are regulated as hazardous air
pollutants whose emissions must be lowered as much as possible depending on technological and
practical considerations.The emission standards used by many countries have special
requirements for non-road engines which are used by equipment and vehicles that are not
operated on the public roadways. The standards are separated from the road vehicles. Significant
contributions to noise pollution are made by internal combustion engines. Automobile and truck
traffic operating on highways and street systems produce noise, as do aircraft flights due to jet
noise, particularly supersonic-capable aircraft. Rocket engines create the most intense
noise.Internal combustion engines continue to consume fuel and emit pollutants when idling so it
is desirable to keep periods of idling to a minimum. Many bus companies now instruct drivers to
switch off the engine when the bus is waiting at a terminal.

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1.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Fig 1 electic cycle

An electric bicycle, or more precisely, a "power-assisted bicycle" is a traditional bicycle to which

a small electric engine and a battery have been added, with the aim of assisting the rider at
‘’difficult’’ moments: hills, headwind, recovery period …it’s enough to have you make friends
with your bicycle again. The electric car (EV) is a relatively new concept in the world of the
automotive industry. Although some companies have based their entire model of cars around
being proactive and using electricity, some also offer hybrid vehicles that work off both
electricity and gas. An electric car such as Nissan Leaf, Ford Focus Electric or Tesla Model S,
Chevrolet Volt is a great way for you to not only save money, but also help contribute towards a
healthy and stable environment.
Cars produce a lot of carbon emissions that are ejected into our natural atmosphere, leaving us
vulnerable to things like pollution and greenhouse gases. In order to help positively the
environment we live in, an electric car is a great step forward. By buying an electric car, you can
also receive government subsidies for being environmentally conscious. Although you may end
up paying more for your vehicle, the positives greatly overshadow the negatives. However there
are still two sides to consider when you’re thinking about investing in an electric vehicle.
EV’s get their power from rechargeable batteries installed inside the car. These batteries are not
only used to power the car but also used for the functioning of lights and wipers. Electric cars
have more batteries than normal gasoline car. It’s the same kind of batteries that are commonly
used when starting up a gasoline engine. The only difference comes in the fact that in electric
vehicles, they have more of them which are used to power the engine.

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1.2.1 ADVANTAGES

 No Gas Required
 Savings
 No Emissions
 Popularity
 Safe Drive
 Cost Effective
 Low Maintenance
 Reduced Noise Pollution

1.2.2 DISADVANTAGES

 Recharge Points
 Electricity isn’t Free
 Short Driving Range and Speed
 Longer Recharge Time
 Normally 2 Seaters
 Battery Replacement
 Not Suitable for Cities Facing Shortage of Power

1.3 AIR COMPRESSED ENGINE

Fig 1.2 compressor

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A compressed-air vehicle (CAV) is powered by an air engine, using compressed air, which is
stored in a tank. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with
hot expanding gases, compressed-air vehicles use the expansion of compressed air to drive their
pistons. One manufacturer claims to have designed an engine that is 90 percent efficient.
Compressed-air propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems, such as with battery
electric propulsion. This kind of system is called a hybrid-pneumatic electric propulsion.
Additionally, regenerative braking can also be used in conjunction with this system.
1.3.1 ADVANTAGES

 Much like electrical vehicles, air powered vehicles would ultimately be powered through
the electrical grid. Which makes it easier to focus on reducing pollution from one source,
as opposed to the millions of vehicles on the road.
 Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power off the electrical
grid. This presents significant cost benefits. Pollution created during fuel transportation
would be eliminated.
 Compressed-air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%, because
there is no need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, Ignition Systems
 The engine can be massively reduced in size.
 The engine runs on cold or warm air, so can be made of lower strength light weight
material such as aluminium, plastic, low friction teflon or a combination.
 Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easy maintenance.
 Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less pollution than batteries.
 Compressed-air vehicles are unconstrained by the degradation problems associated with
current battery systems.
 The air tank may be refilled more often and in less time than batteries can be recharged,
with re-filling rates comparable to liquid fuels.
 Lighter vehicles cause less damage to roads, resulting in lower maintenance cost.
 The price of filling air powered vehicles is significantly cheaper than petrol, diesel or
biofuel. If electricity is cheap, then compressing air will also be relatively cheap.

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 1.3.2 DISADVANTAGES

 When air expands, as it would in the engine, it cools dramatically (Charles's law) and
must be heated to ambient temperature using a heat exchanger similar to the Intercooler
used for internal combustion engines. The heating is necessary in order to obtain a
significant fraction of the theoretical energy output. The heat exchanger can be
problematic. While it performs a similar task to the Intercooler, the temperature
difference between the incoming air and the working gas is smaller. In heating the stored
air, the device gets very cold and may ice up in cool, moist climates.
 Refueling the compressed-air container using a home or low-end conventional air
compressor may take as long as 4 hours, while the specialized equipment at service
stations may fill the tanks in only 3 minutes.
 Tanks get very hot when filled rapidly. SCUBA tanks are sometimes immersed in water
to cool them down when they are being filled. That would not be possible with tanks in a
car and thus it would either take a long time to fill the tanks, or they would have to take
less than a full charge, since heat drives up the pressure. However, if well insulated, such
as Dewar (vacuum) flask design, the heat would not have to be lost but put to use when
the car was running.
 Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the tanks; the only
published test of a vehicle running on compressed air alone was limited to a range of
7.22 km (4 mi).

1.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by the flow
of electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets
are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such
as motors, generators, relays, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines, scientific instruments,
and magnetic separation equipment, as well as being employed as industrial lifting
electromagnets for picking up and moving heavy iron objects like scrap iron.

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 Fig 1.3 winding

A simple electromagnet consisting of a coil of insulated wire wrapped around an iron core. The
strength of magnetic field generated is proportional to the amount of current.

Fig 1.4 right hand rule

Current (I) through a wire produces a magnetic field (B). The field is oriented according to
the right-hand rule.
An electric current flowing in a wire creates a magnetic field around the wire (see drawing
below). To concentrate the magnetic field, in an electromagnet the wire is wound into a coil with
many turns of wire lying side by side. The magnetic field of all the turns of wire passes through
the center of the coil, creating a strong magnetic field there. A coil forming the shape of a
straight tube (a helix) is called a solenoid; a solenoid that is bent into a donut shape so that the
ends meet is called a toroid. Much stronger magnetic fields can be produced if a "core"
of ferromagnetic material, such as soft iron, is placed inside the coil. The ferromagnetic core
increases the magnetic field to thousands of times the strength of the field of the coil alone, due

10
to the high magnetic permeability μ of the ferromagnetic material. This is called a ferromagnetic-
core or iron-core electromagnet.
Magnetic field produced by a solenoid(coil of wire). This drawing shows a cross section through
the center of the coil. The crosses are wires in which current is moving into the page; the dots are
wires in which current is moving up out of the page.
The direction of the magnetic field through a coil of wire can be found from a form of the right-
hand rule. If the fingers of the right hand are curled around the coil in the direction of current
flow (conventional current, flow of positive charge) through the windings, the thumb points in
the direction of the field inside the coil. The side of the magnet that the field lines emerge from is
defined to be the north pole.
The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can
be rapidly manipulated over a wide range by controlling the amount of electric current. However,
a continuous supply of electrical energy is required to maintain the field.
1.4.1 USES OF ELECTROMAGNET

Fig1.4: Industrial electromagnet lifting scrap iron, 1914

Electromagnets are very widely used in electric and electromechanical devices, including:
 Motors and generators
 Transformers
 Relays, including reed relays originally used in telephone exchanges

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  Electric bells
 Loudspeakers
 Magnetic recording and data storage equipment: tape recorders, VCRs, hard disks
 Scientific instruments such as MRI machines and mass spectrometers
 Particle accelerators
 Magnetic locks
 Magnetic separation of material
 Industrial lifting magnets
 Electromagnetic suspension used for MAGLEV trains

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Rithula, Jeyashruthi, Anandhi (2013): “Electric Vehicle with Zero-fuel Electromagnetic

Automobile Engine”
The main aim of the project is to design an electromagnetically reciprocating automobile engine.
A four-stroke engine is used in the vehicle. The design involves the replacement of the spark
plugs and valves by conductors and strong electromagnetic material. The piston is a movable
permanent magnet and while an air core electromagnet is fixed at the top of the cylinder. When
the electromagnet is excited by A.C. (Square Wave) supply, for same polarities these magnets
will repel and for opposite polarities they will attract, thus causing the to and fro movement of
the piston. So when the cylinders 1 &4 of the four-stroke engine experience attraction of magnets
due to which the piston moves upwards, repulsion takes place inside cylinders 2 & 3 in which the
piston moves downwards and then during the next stroke vice-versa occurs . The to and fro
movement of the piston is converted into a rotary motion by the crank shaft, which in turn is
coupled to the wheels which causes the wheels to rotate. So with the help of the electromagnets
and permanent magnets, the to and fro movement of the piston is obtained using the alternating
attractive and repulsive force of the magnets, which is responsible for the movement of the
vehicle. Thus we can run the electric vehicle without a motor and the energy is extracted in a
clean way as it does not require fuels reducing the air pollution.
Shirsendu Das (Jun 2013): “An Electromagnetic Mechanism Which Works Like an Engine”

12
Engine is the main power source of Automobiles, where combustion takes place & produces heat
which converts into mechanical energy. We know IC-Engines are used in Automobiles,
Aeroplane etc .But the incomplete combustion produces some harmful gasses, which is one main
cause of air pollution. Modern Science & Technology has been taken many positive steps for
emission control. Like, using CNGs & LPGs instead of petrol & diesel. Now technology brings
Electrical bikes, scooters & cars. The battery of electrical vehicle can charge easily like mobile.
They have less running cost & 100% emission free. But they have very less load carrying
capacity & not suitable for long run. So basically we have to prefer Engines for more power &
more running capacity. Here I have introduced a mechanism which has more load caring &
running capacity then electrical vehicles but makes zero emission or pollution.
Abil Joseph Eapen, Aby Eshow Varughese (Jun 2014): “ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE”
Increasing fuel prices and pollution are the major demerits of Internal Combustion (IC) engines.
Also presently the demand for fuel has increased and in the nearby future, shortage of fossil fuels
is being expected due to the ever growing consumption. So need of alternative energy has
become necessary. The main aim of the project is the zero point fuel consumption. The working
principle of the engine is the magnetic force principle, i.e. magnetic repulsion between the same
poles of two different magnets. When similar poles of two different magnets come in contact
with each other they repel each other. This phenomenon of repulsion is used in this engine to
create motion.

3. SCOPE & OBJECTIVES

Nowadays the electromagnetic vehicle has high innovative compared with IC engine. And this
engine has very cleaner and which is not produce any kind of the smokes. The maintenance cost
of the type of electromagnetic engine is also low. The present day electric vehicle is efficient
than petrol/diesel vehicles. They are 97% cleaner than gas-powered cars. The maintenance cost
of electric cars is optimum. The main problems faced by electric vehicles are its inability to run
long distances before being charged again and the high initial cost of the electric vehicles. Most
production electric cars about to hit the market can only go about 100 miles (160.9kms). Also

13
there is need for installation of charging stations as the energy densities of normal batteries is
less for vehicles to travel over long distances and getting a full charge takes around eight hours.

4. DESIGN & CALCULATION

Input voltage = 36 V
Input current = 1 A
Input Power = Voltage × Current = 36 × 1 = 36W
Max. Force exerted by electromagnet on piston F1 = (N2I2KA)/2G2
Where,
N = number of turns = 1000
I = Current flowing through coil = 1 A
K = Permeability of free space = 4π×10-7
A = Cross-sectional area of electromagnet (radius r = 0.0175 m)
G = Least distance between electromagnet and permanent magnet = 0.005 m
On substitution, we get Max. Force F1 = 24.18 N Force exerted by permanent magnet Force
F2 = (B2A)/2μ0
Where,
B = Flux density (T)
A = Cross-sectional area of magnet (radius r = 0.0125 m) μ0= Permeability of free space =
4π×10-7
Now flux density
B = Br/2 × [(D + z)/(R2 + (D + z)2)0.5 – z/(R2 + z2)0.5]
Where,
Br = Remanence field = 1.21 T
z = distance from a pole face = 0.005 m
D = thickness of magnet = 0.012 m
R = semi-diameter of the magnet = 0.0125 m
On substitution we get flux density, B = 0.2547 T
Now substituting B in the equation of force,
F2 = 12.67 N

14
 Since, force F1 and F2 are repulsive,
Total force F = F1 + F2 F = 36.85 N
Torque T = F × r
Where,
F = total force on piston
r = crank radius = 0.01m
Torque T = 0.3685 N-m
Mass of Fly wheel ω = (2πN)/60,
Where,
N = speed = 200rpm
Therefore ω = 20.94 rad/s
Energy stored on flywheel
E=T×θ
Where,
T = torque θ = Angle of rotation = 1800 = π radians On substitution we get energy stored
E = 1.157 J
Also E = 0.5 × I × ω2
Where,
I = moment of inertia of flywheel
ω = angular velocity on substitution we get moment of inertia,
I = 5.277 × 10-7 Kg-m2
Moment of inertia, I = 0.5 × m × r2
Where,
m = mass of fly wheel
r = radius of fly wheel = 0.07 m
On substitution, We get m = 2.154 Kg
Output power
P = (2πNT)/60
Where,
N = speed = 200 rpm
T = Torque = 0.3685 N-m

15
 On substitution,
we get Output power
P = 7.718 W
Efficiency = (Output/Input) × 100 = (7.718/36) × 100 Therefore,
Efficiency = 21.44 %

5. COMPONENTS
5.1 CYLINDER
Electromagnetic engine uses only magnets for its operation. The cylinder must take care of
unwanted magnetic field and other losses further cylinder material itself should not get attracted
to the magnet and resist the movement of the piston. To take care of above issues, the cylinder
must be only made up of non-magnetic materials such as stainless steel, titanium or similar
materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. The cylinder of an electromagnetic
engine is a simple rectangular block with a blind hole in it. The temperature within the
electromagnetic engine cylinder is very low and so no fins are needed for heat transfer. This
makes the cylinder easily manufacturable. Also the cylinder is made of aluminum, a non-
magnetic material which limits the magnetic field within the boundaries of cylinder periphery.
Usage of aluminium material makes the engine lighter unlike the cast-iron cylinder used in
internal combustion engine.

5.2 PISTON
The hollow piston casing is made up of non-magnetic stainless steel, titanium or similar
materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. Alternatively, piston casing can also
be made up of non-metallic, thermal resistant materials as well or can be made by integrating
both non-magnetic and non-metallic materials. One end of the hollow case is fitted with a
powerful permanent magnet made of neodymium iron-boron (NdFeB), samarium-cobalt (SmCo)
or similar high field strength magnetic materials. The permanent magnet acts as the core of the
piston. The flat surface (which is also the pole of the magnet) of the piston that is nearer to the
pole od the electromagnet is called the magnetic head of the piston or piston head. The flat
surface of the piston head may be completely exposed or it may be covered by a thin layer of

16
non-magnetic material of sufficient thickness. The other end of the piston case connects to the
piston rod that connects to the crankshaft. The crankshaft and the piston rod convert the linear
reciprocating movement of the piston to the circular movement.

Fig 5.1 piston head

5.3 CONNECTING ROD

In a reciprocating engine, the connecting rod is used to connect the piston to the crankshaft. This
converts the linear motion or reciprocating motion of the piston to the circular motion of the
crankshaft. The material of the connecting rod is cast iron and the magnetic fields are contained
inside the cylinder and the connecting rod will not be affected much. so, the connecting rod is
same as that of an Internal combustion engine. Hence, no modification is required.

fig5.2: crankshaft

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5.4 FLY WHEEL

Flywheel is made up of mild steel. It regulates the engine’s rotation and making it operate at a
steady speed. so, that flywheels have a significant moment of inertia and thus resist changes it
rotational speed and the amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its
rotational speed and energy is transferred to the flywheel by applying torque and It is used to
store the rotation kinetic energy.

Fig 5.3 flywheel

5.5 ELECTROMAGNET

An electromagnetic coil is formed when an insulated solid copper wire is wound around a core or
form to create an inductor or electromagnet. When electricity is passed through a coil, it
generates a magnetic field. One loop of wire is usually referred to as a turn or a winding and a
coil consists of one or more turns. For use in an electronic circuit, electrical connection terminals
called taps are often connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish or wrapped with
insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil
assembly with one or more set of coils and taps is often called the windings.

18
5.6 PERMANANT MAGNET

A neodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB, NIB or Neo magnet), the most widely used type
of rare-earth magnet, is a permanent magnet made from
an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron to form the Nd2Fe14B tetragonal crystalline structure.
Developed in 1982 by General Motors and Sumitomo Special Metals, neodymium magnets are
the strongest type of permanent magnet commercially available. They have replaced other types
of magnet in the many applications in modern products that require strong permanent magnets,
such as motors in cordless tools, hard disk drives and magnetic fasteners.

5.7 BATTERY

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most
commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄). In the application
of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load current to the starter
motor is typically 200 to 400A One cell has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are
often used in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery.

Fig 5.4battery

6. FABRICATION & WORKING

19
 The working of the electromagnetic engine is based on the principle of magnetism. A
magnet has two poles a north pole and a south pole. Magnetism is a class of physical
phenomenon that includes forces exerted by magnets on other magnets. By principle of
magnetism, when like poles of a magnet is brought together they repel away from each other.
When unlike poles are brought near each other they attract. This is same for the case of an
electromagnet and a permanent magnet too. So the idea is to modify the piston head and cylinder
head into magnets so that force can be generated between them.
This working of the electromagnetic engine is based on attraction & repulsive force of the
magnet. The engine greatly resembles the working of a two-stroke engine. To start, let us begin
from the situation, when piston is located in the lower position. The coil is connected through the
battery, the copper coil is energized to produced the magnetic field the piston in side of the large
power Neodymium Iron Boron magnets, the piston moved upper and lower the fly wheel
connected through the piston link the copper coil energized the piston move upward and copper
coil is de-energized the piston move to downward. With the help of relay and control unit. The
continuous process through piston is move to (up and down) with also rotated the fly wheel. The
arrangement has shown in the Electromagnetic engines working are based on the principle of
interaction between the magnetic field Permanent magnet is fixed in the piston and iron material

20
is connected to copper coil. So that the iron material is converted into electromagnet when the

7. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The prototype of an electromagnetic engine which works on the principle of magnetism was
successfully designed and fabricated. Experimental analysis was successfully performed on the
prototype. The results obtained from the experiment are as follows.
 Prototype of an engine which works on the principle of magnetism was successfully
manufactured.
 It uses electricity as its input. No fuel is consumed, which was the primary goal.
 The prototype creates no pollution and is eco-friendly.
 The prototype is a two stroke engine.
 Only the repulsive force between the magnet and electromagnet is used for power
generation.
 Acceleration is done by controlling the timer which controls the relay.
 Maximum efficiency obtained was 21.22% at 229 rpm for an input current of 1.2A.
 Maximum output power obtained was 20.7W at 249 rpm for an input current of 1.7 A

21
The efficiency and power output of the engine was less than what was expected. The reason for
less power and efficiency are
 The windings of the electromagnet are not perfect. The windings are not machine
wound. It was wound with hands on a lathe. So windings are not tight and there is air
gap. The field generated will not be as strong as expected.
 The windings are not laminated. It will result in copper losses and hysteresis losses.
 The use of relay limits the flow of current as it offers a resistance. So with less current
flow, the field generated by the electromagnet will be less and results in less force.
 The fabrication work and the design are not perfect. There might be some
misalignments and it might cause a drop in output.

8. CONCLUSION
The electromagnetic engine has various advantages over the internal combustion engines.
The main advantage is, no fuel is being used in the engine. This results in no pollution which is
very desirable in the present day situation. As there is no combustion taking place inside the
cylinder there is only very little heat generation. This eliminates the need for a cooling system.
As magnetic energy is being used the need for air filter, fuel tank, supply system, fuel filter, fuel
injector, fuel pump, valves etc. are eliminated and the design of the engine is made simple. Also
by the use of materials like Aluminum, titanium etc. we can reduce the weight of the engine.
Also existing transmission systems can be used in the electromagnetic engine. Less noise is
produce during working. The disadvantage of the electromagnetic engine is its high initial cost.
The electromagnet and permanent magnet can be very costly. Also the power of the permanent
magnet will decrease during time and the permanent magnet has to be replaced during regular
intervals. The engine is not as flexible as the internal combustion engine. The power source is
battery. The number of batteries will vary according to the requirement.

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