HEAT TREATMENT TERMS

ANNEALING was the first form of heat treatment applied to ferrous

metals. It is essentially the softening of a base metal to make it more
malleable. The process involves a controlled heating and slow cooling
which induces softness. Additionally, the process removes gases, relieves
stresses and enhances the mechanical properties in alloyed steels. This is
generally performed at temperatures around 700oC.

NORMALIZING is much like annealing, but the cooling process is much

faster. This results in increased strength but less ductility in the metal. It
also produces a higher yield strength with greater tensile strength, and in
most instances, a higher impact resistance.

SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT is performed on certain types of

austenitic stainless steels to prevent decay in weldment. This is done at very
high temperatures (e.g. 1050oC) and the cooling is very rapid.

QUENCH HARDENING is a process of cooling heated metal to room

temperature by immersion in liquid or gaseous cooling medium. This
method provides greater strength and hardness than slow cooling, but it is
accompanied by brittleness.

TEMPERING is employed after steels have been fully hardened and are
too brittle to be of any practical use. Tempering reduces the brittleness
and relieves internal stresses. Tempering is actually a re-heating and slow
cooling process. The cooling is accurately controlled to impart certain
characteristics to the base metal.

STRESS RELIEVING (Post weld Heat Treatment) is the heating of steel

to a relatively high temperature (e.g. 590oC - 700oC) shortly after welding,
and maintaining that temperature for a specific period of time. The
purpose is to reduce internal stresses, caused by welding, quench
hardening or by cold working. It also has an advantageous effect on the
elasticity, ductility and strength of the metal.

PREHEATING is a very effective means of preventing weld metal or base

metal cracking. It is the application of heat to the base metal prior to a
welding or cutting operation. It does not change the properties of the steel,
but it is advisable under certain conditions to drive off moisture and helps
to ensure even expansion to eliminate undesirable stresses. Concurrent
heating during welding (also referred to as preheating) retards the cooling
thus preventing the formulation of an under bead crack.

Temperature Conversion Table

Find the temperature to be converted in the middle column.
Then read the Centigrade conversion to the left and Fahrenheit to the
right.
Example : 750 = 399oC or 1382oF

98.9 210 410.0 204 400 752 510 950 1742 816 1500 2732
99.4 211 411.8 210 410 770 516 960 1760 821 1510 2750
100.0 212 413.6 216 420 788 521 970 1778 827 1520 2768
100.6 213 415.4 221 430 806 527 980 1795 832 1530 2796
101.1 214 417.2 227 440 824 532 990 1814 838 1540 2804
101.7 215 419.0 232 450 842 538 1000 1832 843 1550 2822
102.2 216 420.8 238 460 860 543 1010 1850 849 1560 2840
102.8 217 422.6 243 470 878 549 1020 1868 854 1570 2858
103.3 218 424.4 249 480 896 554 1030 1886 860 1580 2876
103.9 219 426.2 254 490 914 560 1040 1904 866 1590 2894
104.4 220 428.0 260 500 932 566 1050 1922 871 1600 2912
105.0 221 429.8 266 510 950 571 1060 1940 877 1610 2930
105.6 222 431.6 271 520 968 577 1070 1958 882 1620 2948
106.1 223 433.4 277 530 986 582 1080 1976 888 1630 2966
106.7 224 435.2 282 540 1004 588 1090 1994 893 1640 2984
107.2 225 437.0 288 550 1022 593 1100 2012 899 1650 3002
107.8 226 438.8 293 560 1040 599 1110 2030 904 1660 3020
108.3 227 440.6 299 570 1058 604 1120 2048 910 1670 3038
108.9 228 442.4 304 580 1076 610 1130 2066 916 1680 3056
109.4 229 442.2 310 590 1094 616 1140 2084 921 1690 3074
110.0 230 446.0 316 600 1112 621 1150 2102 927 1700 3092
110.6 231 447.8 321 610 1130 627 1160 2120 932 1710 3110
111.1 232 449.6 327 620 1148 632 1170 2138 938 1720 3128
111.7 233 451.4 332 630 1166 638 1180 2156 943 1730 3146
112.2 234 453.2 338 640 1184 643 1190 2174 949 1740 3164
112.8 235 455.0 343 650 1202 649 1200 2192 954 1750 3182
113.3 236 456.8 349 660 1220 654 1210 2210 960 1760 3200
113.9 237 458.6 354 670 1238 660 1220 2228 966 1770 3218
114.4 238 460.4 360 680 1256 666 1230 2246 971 1780 3236
115.0 239 462.2 366 690 1274 671 1240 2264 977 1790 3254
115.6 240 464.0 371 700 1292 677 1250 2282 982 1800 3272
116.1 241 465.8 377 710 1310 682 1260 2300 968 1810 3290
116.7 242 467.7 382 720 1328 688 1270 2318 993 1820 3308
117.2 243 496.4 388 730 1346 693 1280 2336 999 1830 3326
117.8 244 471.2 393 740 1364 396 1290 2354 1004 1840 3344
118.3 245 473.0 399 750 1382 704 1300 2372 1010 1850 3362
118.9 246 474.8 404 760 1400 710 1310 2390 1016 1860 3380
119.4 247 476.6 410 770 1418 716 1320 2408 1021 1870 3398
120.0 248 478.4 416 780 1436 712 1330 2426 1027 1880 3416
120.6 249 480.2 421 790 1454 727 1340 2444 1032 1890 3434
121 250 482 427 800 1472 732 1350 2462 1038 1900 3542
127 260 500 432 810 1490 738 1360 2480 1043 1910 3560
132 270 518 438 820 1508 743 1370 2498 1049 1920 3578
138 280 536 443 830 1526 749 1380 2516 1054 1930 3596
143 290 554 449 840 1544 754 1390 2534 1060 1940 3614
149 300 572 454 850 1562 760 1400 2552 1066 1950 3632
154 310 590 460 860 1580 766 1410 2570 1071 1960 3650
160 320 608 466 870 1598 771 1420 2588 1077 1970 3668
166 330 626 471 880 1616 777 1430 2606 1082 1980 3686
171 340 644 477 890 1634 782 1440 2624 1088 1990 3704
177 350 662 482 900 1652 788 1450 2642 1093 2000 3632
182 360 680 488 910 1670 793 1460 2660 1099 2010 3650
188 370 698 493 920 1688 799 1470 2678 1104 2020 3668
193 380 716 499 930 1706 804 1480 2696 1110 2030 3686
199 390 734 504 940 1724 810 1490 2714 1116 2040 3704

Length Weight
1cm = 0.394 in. 1 kg = 35.27 ounce
1m = 3.281 ft. 1kg = 2.205 lb
1 km = 0.621 mile 1 tonne = 2205 lb
1 tonne = 0.984 Imp
1 tonne ton
= 1.102 US ton
1 in = 25.4 mm 1 ounce = 28.35 g
1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 yd = 0.9144 m 1 Imp = 1016 kg
1 mile = 1.609 km ton = 1.12 US ton
1 Imp = 907 kg
ton
1 US ton
 Nominal Pipe Wall Thickness (inches)

Nomin Outsid Sch. Sch. Sch. Sch. Std. Sch. Sch. Extra Sch. Sch. Sch. Sch. Sch. Doubl
al e 5S 10S 20 30 Wt. 40 60 Stron 80 100 120 140 160 e
Pipe Dia g Doubl
Size e
Stron
g
1/2 0.840 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.147 0.14 0.18 0.294
3/4 1.050 5 3 9 9 0.154 7 7 0.308
1 1.315 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.179 0.15 0.21 0.358
1 1/4 1.660 5 3 3 3 0.191 4 8 0.382
1 1/2 1.900 0.06 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.200 0.17 0.25 0.400
5 9 3 3 9 0
0.06 0.10 0.14 0.14 0.19 0.25
5 9 0 0 1 0
0.06 0.01 0.14 0.14 0.20 0.28
5 9 5 5 0 1
2 2.375 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.218 0.21 0.34 0.436
2 1/2 2.875 5 9 4 4 0.276 8 3 0.552
3 3.500 0.08 0.12 0.20 0.20 0.300 0.27 0.37 0.600
3 1/2 4.000 3 0 3 3 0.318 6 5 0.636
0.08 0.12 0.21 0.21 0.30 0.43
3 0 6 6 0 8
0.08 0.12 0.22 0.22 0.31
3 0 6 6 8
4 4.500 0.08 0.12 0.23 0.23 0.337 0.33 0.43 0.53 0.674
5 5.563 3 0 7 7 0.375 7 8 1 0.750
6 6.625 010 0.13 0.25 0.25 0.432 0.37 0.50 0.62 0.864
8 8.625 9 4 0.25 0.27 8 8 0.40 0.500 5 0.59 0 0.81 5 0.875
0.10 0.13 0 7 0.28 0.28 6 0.43 3 0.56 2 0.71
9 4 0 0 2 3 8
0.10 0.14 0.32 0.32 0.50 0.71 0.90
9 8 2 2 0 8 6
10 10.750 0.13 0.16 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.36 0.50 0.500 0.59 0.71 0.84 1.00 1.12
12 12.750 4 5 0 7 5 5 0 0.500 3 8 3 0 5
14 14.000 0.15 0.18 0.25 0.33 0.37 0.40 0.56 0.500 0.68 0.84 1.00 1.12 1.31
16 16.000 6 0 0 0 5 6 2 0.55 7 3 0 5 2
0.25 0.31 0.37 0.37 0.43 0.59 0.75 0.93 1.09 1.25 1.40
0 2 5 5 8 3 0 7 3 9 6
0.25 0.31 0.37 0.37 0.50 0.65 0.84 1.03 1.21 1.43 1.59
0 2 5 5 0 6 3 1 8 8 3
18 18.000 0.25 0.31 0.43 0.37 0.56 0.75 0.500 0.93 1.15 1.37 1.56 1.78
20 20.000 0 2 8 5 2 0 0.500 7 6 5 2 1
24 24.000 0.25 0.37 0.50 0.37 0.59 0.81 0.500 1.03 1.28 1.50 0.75 1.96
0 5 0 5 3 2 1 1 0 0 8
0.25 0.37 0.56 0.37 0.68 0.96 1.21 1.53 1.81 2.06 1.34
0 5 2 5 7 8 8 1 2 2 3