Applied Thermal Engineering 140 (2018) 679–685

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Applied Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng

Research Paper

An empirical correlation for exergy destruction of fluid flow through helical T

tubes
⁎
Samira Pourhedayat, Hamed Sadighi Dizaji, Samad Jafarmadar , Shahram Khalilarya
Faculty of mechanical Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

H I GH L IG H T S

• Exergy gained and exergy given-out by cold/hot water are discussed for coiled tubes.
• NTU-dimensionless exergy charts are presented.
• An exergetic sensitivity analysis is provided for coiled tubes.
• A new empirical correlation was proposed to predict the dimensionless exergy loss.

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Frictional and thermal characteristics in helically coiled tubes have been abundantly probed in the recent
Empirical correlation decade. Nonetheless, exergy analysis has not been conducted impressively. Particularly, no empirical correlation
Exergy destruction has been provided for exergetic parameters of coiled-tubes. Hence, the aim of this research is developing a new
Experiment empirical correlation to evaluate the non-dimensional exergy destruction of fluid flow through the helical tubes.
Exergy gained by cold fluid (coil side), exergy given-out by hot fluid (shell-side), total exergy destruction, NTU
and non-dimensional exergy destruction are investigated. Coiled tube is adjusted inside a cylindrical shell and
then two fluid streams are flowed toward the both shell-tube side and coiled-tube side. Each side has its own
exergetic specifications which are separately calculated and discussed. Finally, an empirical correlation is pro-
vided for total non-dimension exergy loss as a function of Number of Thermal Units (NTU).

1. Introduction systems. The information about internal efficiency equipment cannot be

Knowledge about the pressure drop, heat transfer rate and exergy
destruction in coiled-tubes are considered by many academic in-
vestigators because of their key role in thermal process of the industrial
sectors. In comparison with straight tubes, helical-tubes occupy smaller
space and they have stronger heat transfer coefficient which have made
them as a popular heat-exchanger [1].
Although most heat-exchangers including helical-tubes have been
optimized from the view point of energy issues, extremely few opti-
mization has been performed for heat exchangers from the exergy
viewpoint. In other words, numerous methods and correlations have
been suggested to energetic evaluations of heat-exchangers, but almost
no correlation is available for exergetic characteristics of most heat
exchangers. Thus, further studies about availability and irreversibility
concepts (which are strong optimization tools of any thermodynamic
process) are required. As described by Rakesh and Ramana [2], energy
evaluation provides only energy consumption and energy losses of
obtained by energy analysis [2]. When the exergy evaluation is applied
to a whole plant, it informs us how much is the usable exergy supplied
(work potential) as input to the system and consumed by the plant. As
the heat exchangers are inevitable part of most plants, exergetic ana-
lysis of heat exchangers are required as well to evaluate the exergetic
characteristic of whole plant. Dincer [3] indicated that the exergy
analysis is the only tool for rational-meaningful assessment and com-
parison of processes and systems. Besides, he believes that the exergetic
analysis can be employed as an optimization (improvement) utility
based on two key features of exergy concept: (a) it yields efficiencies
that provide a true measure of how nearly actual performance ap-
proaches the ideal, and (b) it identifies more clearly than energy ana-
lysis the types, causes, and locations of thermodynamic losses [3].
Academic researches on coiled-tube based heat-exchangers are
briefly reviewed according to publication date. Ko [4] analyzed the
optimal mass flow rate in a helical coiled tube with fixed size and
constant wall heat flux based on the minimal entropy generation

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: S.jafarmadar@urmia.ac.ir (S. Jafarmadar), Sh.Khalilarya@urmia.ac.ir (S. Khalilarya).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.05.065
Received 20 February 2018; Received in revised form 8 May 2018; Accepted 16 May 2018
Available online 26 May 2018
1359-4311/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
S. Pourhedayat et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 140 (2018) 679–685

Fig. 1. (a) Experimental facilities, 1 – insulated heat-exchanger, 2 – Flow-meter, 3 – Hot-water reservoir, 4 – cold-water reservoir 5 – heater, 6 – pump, 7, 8 and 9 –
components of refrigerator.

Table 1 Table 3
Different coiled-tube geometry. Uncertainty.
Coiled tube number p (mm) 2Rc (mm) di (mm) do (mm) Characteristics Unit Uncertainty

1 12 110 5 8 Temperatures
2 18 110 5 8 Inlet temperature of hot water Celsius ± 0.5
3 24 110 5 8 Outlet temperature of hot water Celsius ± 0.5
4 30 110 5 8 Inlet temperature of cold water Celsius ± 0.5
5 12 55 5 8 Outlet temperature of cold water Celsius ± 0.5
6 18 55 5 8
Flow rates
7 24 55 5 8
Shell-side fluid flow m3/h ± 0.3
8 30 55 5 8
Coil-side fluid flow m3/h ± 0.03
Uncertainty of results Percent
Exergy loss Percent ± 9.78
Table 2
Different tested conditions.
Coiled tube (Table 1) D (mm) Dh (mm) Shell side Re De geometrical aspects of coiled-tube on heat transfer coefficient of heat
exchanger. No impressive influence of coli-diameter was observed on
1 120 69.4 750 1000–4000 shell-side heat transfer coefficient. However, increment of dimension-
2 120 81.2 750 1000–4000
less coli-pitch augmented the convection heat transfer coefficient of
3 120 88.52 750 1000–4000
4 120 93.5 750 1000–4000 shell-side. Saeedinia and et al. [8] performed an experimental study of
5 120 102 750 1000–4000 heat transfer and pressure drop of nanofluid flow in a horizontal coiled
6 120 107.45 750 1000–4000 wire inserted tube under constant heat flux. Narrein et al. [9] studied
7 120 110.35 750 1000–4000 the influence of geometrical parameters on thermal-frictional char-
8 120 112.16 750 1000–4000
acteristics in coiled-tubes as well. However, they employed nanofluid
instead of pure water in their research. Enhancement of tube-diameter
principle. Salimpour [5] experimentally studied the heat transfer and reduction of helical-diameter and annulus-diameter showed a po-
characteristics of temperature-dependent-property engine-oil inside sitive effect on heat transfer rate. Influence of flow parameters on heat
shell and coiled tube heat exchangers. Salimpour [6] carried out an transfer rate of coiled-tubes probed by Jamshidi et al. [10]. Increment
experimental investigation to study the heat transfer coefficients of of coil diameter/pitch and also mass flow rate of shell showed a positive
shell and helically-coiled-tube heat exchangers. Two correlations were effect on heat transfer coefficient. Khairul et al. [11] studied the heat
developed to predict the inner and outer heat transfer coefficients of the transfer and thermodynamic characteristics of a helically coiled heat
coiled tube heat exchangers. Ghorbani et al. [7] evaluated the effects of exchanger using different types of nanofluids. Neshat et al. [12] and

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S. Pourhedayat et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 140 (2018) 679–685

Fig. 2. Variation of Eh with Dean-number for different coli pitches, (a) 2Rc = 55 mm and (b) 2Rc = 110 mm.

Fig. 3. Variation of Ec with Dean-number for different coli pitches, (a) 2Rc = 55 mm and (b) 2Rc = 110 mm.

Kumar et al. [13] worked on thermal characteristics of helically coiled number based on Reynolds number and Prandtl number.
tube heat exchangers too. Recently, Dizaji et al. [14–17] experimentally
studied the exergetic specifications of different types of heat ex-
2. Experimental set-up
changers. However, they never provided correlation for their results.
According to the literature review, no empirical correlation was
2.1. Experimental instruments and geometries
provided for exergy loss of coiled tubes. In this paper, after an experi-
mental sensitivity analysis of various parameters on exergy destruction
As can be seen in Fig. 1, coiled-tube is adjusted inside a cylindrical
of shell side and tube-side (separately) a correlation is developed to
tube (shell) and hot/cold water is pumped inside the coil/shell re-
calculate the non-dimensional exergy-loss of fluid flow along the coiled-
spectively. A controllable heater/refrigerator was placed inside the hot-
tubes. It is noted that, inlet/outlet temperatures of heat exchanger is
water/cold-water reservoirs which are responsible for adjusting the
required to calculate the exergetic characteristics of the heat ex-
inlet temperatures. More detail of test section can be found in Dizaji
changers. However, those temperatures are not always available. Thus,
et al. [14–17] as well. Lutron data logger (BTM-4208SD) with K type
empirical exergetic correlations based on NTU (which creates a con-
thermocouples was used for recording the temperatures at the inlets
nection between thermal and exergetic characteristics) can be useful to
and outlets of heat-exchanger. Different coiled-tubes used in experi-
evaluate the exergy destruction of heat exchangers by knowing the
ments are presented in Table 1.
thermal behaviour (NTU) of heat exchanger. Similar explanation is true
Different tested conditions are illustrated in Table 2. Indeed, coil-
for empirical energy correlations which calculate the amount of Nusselt
pitch, coil-diameter and coiled-tube water flow rate (Dean number) are

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S. Pourhedayat et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 140 (2018) 679–685

Fig. 4. Variation of E with Dean-number for different coli pitches (E), (a) 2Rc = 55 mm and (b) 2Rc = 110 mm.

Fig. 5. Variation of exergy destruction with coiled-tube diameter (a) minimum De and (b) maximum De.

variant in this research. As seen in Table 2 four different coil-pitches at
two different coil-diameters were investigated. Each case was tested at
five amounts of Dean numbers. Totally, forty test-runs were performed.
Hot and cold water inlet temperatures were 40 °C and 12 °C respec-
tively. Reynolds number of shell-tube was around 750 for all experi-
ments. However, hot water was pumped inside the coiled tube with
various Dean numbers from 1000 to 4000.
2.3. Formulations
In equipment such as heat-exchangers in which there is no shaft
work, exergy obtained by one fluid flow in compared with exergy given
out by other fluid flow and exergy destruction (E) is analyzed by the
following formulation.
Exergy balance for any steady-state system is indicated as Eq. (2).

∑ Ein = ∑ Eout− ∑ E product (2)

2.2. Calculation of experimental uncertainties
Because of the existence of insulator around the heat exchanger, Qh
The uncertainties in calculating a result (WR+) due to some in- is assumed to be equal with Qc. Exergy destruction of heat-exchangers
dependent variables are evaluated by following equation [18–20]: which include two working fluids can be written as shown in Eq. (3):
[21–24]
1
+ 2 + 2 + 2 2 E= Eh + Ec (3)
∂R ∂R ∂R
WR+ = ⎜⎛ ⎛⎜ w1⎞ + ⎛
⎟ w2 ⎞ +…+⎛
⎜ wn ⎞ ⎟⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎝ ∂X1 ⎠ ⎝ ∂X2 ⎠ ⎝ ∂Xn ⎠ ⎠ (1) Eh and Ec are the exergy given out by hot water and obtained exergy
by cold water respectively. Said parameters are calculated as presented
The results of uncertainty calculated from Eq. (1) for each char- in Eqs. (4) and (5) for an adiabatic heat exchanger: [16–19,22–26]
acteristic is indicated in Table 3.
Eh = Te {ṁ h (shout−shin)} (4)

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S. Pourhedayat et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 140 (2018) 679–685

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Sensitivity exergetic analysis

Exergy given out by hot water (Eh, coil side) and exergy-gained by
cold water (Ec) for each tested Dean number calculated by Eqs. (7) and
(8) respectively and the results are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
Centrifugal forces are the main feature of coiled-tubes that influence
both thermal and exergetic characteristics and results in creation of
secondary flows which induce eddies along the whole coiled-tube. The
eddies are created in cross-section of tube and enforce the water flow
toward the wall and then returns back through the wall which subse-
quently increases exergy destruction in coiled-tubes compared to the
straight tubes.
According to Fig. 2, as coil-pitch decreases, Eh (tube side exergy
change) increases. The maximum exergy change is obtained by the
minimum coil pitch. Indeed, if the coil pitch is decreased the curvature
of coiled tube increases. So, the result is stronger secondary flow
through the coiled tube and more exergy change.
As seen in Fig. 3, coil-pitch impresses extremely the shell side exergy
change (Ec). By increment of coil pitch, the shell side exergy-change
Fig. 6. Variation of non-dimensional exergy destruction and NTU.
increases. Indeed, in higher amounts of coil pitch, further contact be-
tween tube and shell-side water flow is created. Another reason lies
under the fact of having more total exergy loss (E) by increasing coil
pitch. Fig. 4 demonstrates the variation of the total exergy-destruction
(E) by Dean-number.
Based on Fig. 4, total exergy loss (calculated by Eq. (9)) is increased
with increment of coil pitch. It is clear from Fig. 4 that the exergy loss
(E) is intensified with increment of Dean number for all pitches.
Moreover, it can be seen that the difference between the different pit-
ches are more severe in higher Dean numbers. It means that when the
Dean number is increased, the choice of appropriate coil pitch with
considered exergy quality becomes more significant.
All coiled-tubes in present paper have the same turns. Obviously, in
the fixed coil turns, larger coil diameter means further tube length.
Therefore, the residence time of hot fluid inside the coiled-tube is in-
creased and the water has extra time to be influenced by the other fluid
and consequently higher heat transfer occurs which results in more
exergy destruction. This phenomenon is proven by Fig. 5 which re-
presents the variation of exergy destruction with coiled-tube diameter.

3.2. Exergy loss – NTU chart and proposing a correlation

Non-dimensional exergy loss – NTU charts are presented in order to

have a simultaneous comparison between thermal and exergetic char-
acteristics of heat exchanger. Indeed, the influence of coil-geometry on
Fig. 7. Comparison of experimental e with predicted e.
exergy-destruction and heat transfer enhancement (which are con-
sidered as a negative and positive parameter respectively) should be
Ec = Te {ṁ c (scout−scin)} (5) concurrently compared to better inform decision making on coiled-tube
For liquid (water in present work) entropy gained/given can be geometry. Non-dimensional exergy destruction (e) and NTU can be
evaluated by Eq. (6). evaluated as shown below.
1
T Q= (Q h + Qc)
sout−s in = c pcln ⎛ out ⎞
⎜ ⎟ 2 (10)
⎝ Tin ⎠ (6)
Q h = ṁ h c ph (Th,in−Th,out) (11)
Substituting Eq. (6) into Eqs. (4), (5) and (3) gives Eqs. (7)–(9):
Qc = ṁ c c pc (Tc,out−Tc,in) (12)
T
Eh = Te ⎧ṁ h c phln ⎛ ho ⎞ ⎫
⎜ ⎟

⎨
⎩ ⎝ Thi ⎠ ⎬
⎭ (7) Q
U=
AΔTLMTD (13)
T
Ec = Te ⎧ṁ c c pcln ⎛ co ⎞ ⎫
⎜ ⎟
AU
⎨
⎩ ⎝ Tci ⎠ ⎬
⎭ (8) NTU =
Cmin (14)

T T E
E= Te ⎧ṁ h c phln ⎛ ho ⎞ + ṁ c c pcln ⎛ co ⎞ ⎫
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
e=
⎨
⎩ ⎝ Thi ⎠ ⎝ Tci ⎠ ⎬
⎭ (9) Te Cmin (15)

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S. Pourhedayat et al.
Cmin = Min{Ch = ṁ h c ph and Cc = ṁ c c pc} (16)
Shell-surface is adiabatic and the difference between the cold water
heat absorbed and hot water heat released is less than 2%. ΔTLMTD is the
logarithmic mean temperature difference across the heat exchanger.
Cmin is related to hot water (coil side, ṁ hcph) in this study for all ex-
periments. The relationship between e and NTU is illustrated in
Fig. 6.As seen in Fig. 6, increment of NTU or coil-pitch causes increment
of non-dimensional exergy destruction. Besides, non-dimensional ex-
ergy destruction decreases with the increment of coil- diameter, but the
value of this reduction is small for the tested coil diameters. It should be
noted that, according to above explanations (in Fig. 5), exergy de-
struction (E) has higher value for larger coil-diameter, but non-di-
mensional exergy destruction (e) has smaller value for larger coil dia-
meter (Fig. 6). This phenomenon can be further clarified by more
explanation. Indeed, different amounts of hot water mass flow rate
(inside the coiled tube) should be pumped inside different coiled-tubes
(with different diameters) in order to have an identical Dean-number
for all of them. Thus, the mass flow rate of the first tube
(2Rc = 110 mm) is more than the mass flow rate of the second coiled
(smaller diameter, 2Rc = 55 mm) in the same Dean number (see Eq.
(17)).
0.5
d ⎞
De = Re × ⎛ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2R c ⎠ (17)
On the other hand, according to the Eqs. (15) and (16), although the
non-dimensional exergy destruction (e) increases with the increase of
exergy destruction E (in numerator of Eq. (15)), it is decreased with the
increment of water mass flow rate (in denominator of Eq. (15)). The
reduction of “e” due to the enhancement of mass flow rate is more than
the increment of “e” due to the enhancement of exergy loss (E). To this
reason, contrary to exergy loss (E), non-dimensional exergy loss de-
creases with the increment of coil diameter.It is noted that, if the water
mass flow rate of shell side is kept always lower than the coil-side water
mass flow rate (which is not in present paper), the value of Cmin will be
evaluated by shell-side mass flow rate and the denominator of Eq. (15)
stays the same and consequently the behavior of “e” will be the same as
“E”. The most erratic curve behavior will be observed when the shell-
side water mass flow arte is less than coil-side water mass flow rate for
some points and is more than coil-side water mas flow rate for other
points. It is mentioned again that, the value of Cmin in this study was
always calculated by coil-side mass flow rate because its mass flow rate
is always less than the shell-side mass flow rate in this study. An
average correlation between the dimensionless exergy loss, NTU and
dimensionless pitch (γ) is obtained based on the curve fitting on ex-
perimental results. Dimensionless pitch is defined as below.
p [13] P.C. Mukesh Kumar, J. Kumar, R. Tamilarasan, S. Sendhil Nathan, S. Suresh, Heat
γ=
2πR c (18)
∗∗The following correlation was found with maximum deviation of 6%
(see Fig. 7).
e= 4.693 × 10−3 × NTU 0.736 × γ 0.032 (19)
The region where this correlation was developed is shown in below.
⎧ 0.052 < γ < 0.175
0.15 < NTU < 0.65
⎨
⎩ ṁ h < ṁ c (20)
Obviously coil pitch/diameter impress the amount of NTU. Hence,
the influence of the coil-pitch and coil-diameter on non-dimensional
exergy loss lies under both of the NTU and γ in the said correlation. A
comparison between the experimental data and the results obtained
from the proposed correlation is shown in Fig. 7 in order to show the
accuracy of the correlation.
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Applied Thermal Engineering 140 (2018) 679–685
4. Conclusion
In the present study, an empirical correlation is developed for non-
dimensional exergy destruction of fluid flow through the coiled tubes.
Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is carried out for both exergy gained
by cold water and exergy given-out by hot water to clarify the exergetic
behavior of both of them against flow and geometry specifications.
Experimental results indicated that:
1. By increasing the coil pitch both of the exergy destruction and non-
dimensional exergy destruction increases.
2. The highest non-dimensional exergy destruction was gained by the
highest coil-pitch and the smallest coil diameter.
3. In order to compare the effect of coil tube geometry on thermal and
exergetic characteristics simultaneously, NTU-e charts were pre-
sented and it was observed that with the increase of NTU, non-di-
mensional exergy destruction increases.
4. The maximum number of thermal units (NTU) is obtained by the
highest coil pitch and the highest coil diameter.
5. An empirical correlation of non-dimensional exergy destruction has
a good agreement with experimental results.
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