IIT JEE Math Formulas PDF

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SL# FORMULA
1 a
2
− b
2
= (a + b)(a − b)
2 a
3
− b
3
= (a − b)(a
2
+ ab + b )
2
3 a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)(a
2
− ab + b )
2
4 a
4
− b
4
= (a
2 2
− b )(a
2 2
+ b ) = (a − b)(a + b)(a
2
+ b )
2
5
5 5 4 3 2 2 3 4
a − b = (a − b)(a + a b + a b + ab + b )
6 a
5
+ b
5
= (a + b)(a
4 3
− a b + a b
2 2
− ab
3
+ b )
4
If n is odd, then
7
a
n
+ b
n
= (a + b)(a
n−1
− a
n−2
b + a
n−3
b
2
− … − ab
n−2
+ b
n−1
) .
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If n is even, then

8 a
n
− b
n
= (a − b)(a
n−1
+ a
n−2
b + a
n−3
b
2
+ … + ab
n−2
+ b
n−1
) ,

a
n
+ b
n
= (a + b)(a
n−1
− a
n−2
b + a
n−3
b
2
− … + ab
n−2
− b
n−1
) .
9 (a − b)
2
= a
2
− 2ab + b
2
10 (a + b)
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
11 (a − b)
3
= a
3 2
− 3a b + 3ab
2
− b
3
12 (a + b)
3
= a
3 2
+ 3a b + 3ab
2
+ b
3
13 (a − b)
4
= a
4 3
− 4a b + 6a b
2 2
− 4ab
3
+ b
4
14 (a + b)
4
= a
4 3
+ 4a b + 6a b
2 2
+ 4ab
3
+ b
4
Binomial Formula
15
n
(a + b) = ^ nC0 a
n
+ ^nC_1a^(n1)b+ ^ nC2 a
n−2
b
2
+ … + ^nC_(n1)ab^(n1)+ ^ nCn b
n
,
16 (a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
17 (a + b + c + … + u + v)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ … + u
2
+ v
2
+ 2(ab + ac + … + au + av + bc + … + bu + bv + … + uv)
18 a
m
a
n
= a
m+n
m
a
19 = a
m−n
n
a
m
20 (ab) = a
m
b
m
m m
a a
21 ( ) =
m
b b
n
22 (a
m
) = a
mn
23 a
0
= 1, a ≠ 0
24 a
1
= 1
1
25 a
−m
=
m
a
26 a n
= √a
n m
27 n
√ab = √a√b
n n
28 n
√a√b =
m nm
√a
m
b
n
n
a √a
29 n
√ = , b ≠ 0
b n
√b
n nm m m
√a √a a
30 = = √
nm
n
, b ≠ 0 .
m
√b
nm
√b
n b
P
31 (√a
n m
) = √a
n mp
n
32 (√
n
a) = a
33 m np mp
n
√a = √a
34 n
√a
m
= a n
35 m
√√a =
n mn
√a
m
36 (√
n
a) = √a
n m
n
1 √an − 1
37 = , a ≠ 0
n
√a a
√a + √a2 − b √a − √a2 − b
38 √a ± √b = ±
2 2
1 √a ± √b
39 =
a − b
√a ± √b
40 Definition of Logarithm

y = log
a
x if and only if x = a
y
where a > 0, a ≠ 1 .
41 log
a
1 = 0
42 log
a
a = 1
−∞ if a > 1
43 log
a
0 = {
+∞ if a < 1
44 log (xy) = log

a a
x + log
a
y
log x
45 a
= log
a
x − log
a
y
y
46 log (X
a
n
) = n log
a
x
1
47 log
a
n
√x = log
a
x
n
log x
c
48 log
a
x = = log
c
a ⋅ log
a
c, c > 0, c ≠ 1 .
log a
c
1
49 log
a
c =
log a
c
50 x = a
loga x
Logarithm to Base 10
51
log x = log x
10
Natural Logarithm

52 1
k
log
e
x = ln x , where e = lim (1 + ) = 2.718281828…
k→ ∞ k
1
53 log x = ( )ln x = 0.434294 ln x
ln 10
1
54 ln x = ( )log x = 2.302585 log x
log e
Linear Equation in One Variable

55 b
ax + b = 0, x = −
a
Quadratic Equation

56 2
− b ± √b − 4ac
2
ax + bx + c = 0, x1 , 2 =
2a
Discriminant
57
2
D = b − 4ac
Viete\'s Formulas

58 x1 + x2 = − p
If x2 + px + q = 0 , then {
x1 x2 = q
59 2
b
ax + bx = 0, x1 = 0, x2 = −
a
c
60
2
ax + c = 0, x1 , 2 = ± √−
a
Cubic Equation. Cardano\'s Formula.

y + py + q = 0,
3

1 √3
61 y1 = u + v, y2 , 3 = − (u + v) ± (u + v)i ,
2 2

2 2 2 2
q q p q q p
where u = √−
3
+ √( ) + ( ) , v = √−
3
− √( ) + ( )
2 2 3 2 2 3
Inequality Interval Notation

a ≤ x ≤ b [a, b]

a < x ≤ b (a, b]

a ≤ x < b [a, b)

62 a < x < b (a, b)

− ∞ < x ≤ b, x ≤ b ( − ∞, b]

− ∞ < x < b, x < b ( − ∞, b)

a ≤ x < ∞, x ≥ a [a, ∞)

a < x < ∞, x > a (a, ∞)
63 If a > b , then b < a .
64 If a > b , then a − b > 0 or b − a < 0 .
65 If a > b , then a + c > b + c
66 If a > b , then a − c > b − c
67 If a > b and c > d , then a + c > b + d
68 If a > b and c > d , then a − d > b − c
69 If a > b and m > 0 , then ma > mb
a b
70 If a > b and m > 0 , then >
m m
71 If a > b and m < 0 , then ma < mb
a b
72 If a > b and m < 0 , then <
m m
73 If 0 < a < b and n > 0 , then a

n
< b
n
74 If 0 < a < b and n < 0 , then a

n
> b
n
75 If 0 < a < b , then √a n

< √b
n
76 a + b
√ab ≤ , where a > 0, b > 0 ; an equality is valid only if a = b
2
1
77 a + ≥ 2 , where a > 0 ; an equality takes place only at a = 1
a
a1 + a2 + … + an
78 √a1 a2 …an ≤
n
, where a1 , a2 , …, an > 0
n
b
79 If ax + b > 0 and a > 0 , then x > −
a
b
80 If ax + b > 0 and a < 0 , then x < −
a
81 ax
2
+ bx + c > 0
82 |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
83 If |x| < a , then − a < x < a , where a > 0 .
84 If |x| > a , then x < − a and x > a , where a > 0
85 If x , then |x| , where a

2
< a < √a > 0
86 If x , then |x| , where a

2
> a > √a > 0
f (x) f (x) ⋅ g(x) > 0

87 If > 0 , then {
g(x) g(x) ≠ 0
f (x) f (x) ⋅ g(x) < 0

88 < 0 , then {
g(x) g(x) ≠ 0
General Compound Interest Formula

89 r nt
A = C(1 + )
n
Simplified Compound Interest Formula
90
t
If interest is compounded once per year, then the previous formula simplifies to: A = C(1 + r)
Continuous Compound Interest
91
If Interest is compounded continually (n → ∞) , then A = Ce
rt
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SERIES


SL# FORMULA
1 an = an − 1 + d = an − 2 + 2d = … = a1 + (n − 1)d
2 a1 + an = a2 + an − 1 = … = ai + an + 1 − i
ai − 1 + ai + 1
3 ai =
2
a1 + an 2a1 + (n − 1)d
4 Sn = . n = . n
2 2
5 an = qan − a = a1 q
n−1
6 a1 . an = a2 . an − 1 = … = ai . an + 1 − i
7 ai =
√
ai − 1 . ai + 1 .
n
an q − a1 a1 (q − 1)
8 Sn = =
q − 1 q − 1
∣ a1 ∣
9 S = lim Sn ∣ = F or ∣q ∣ < 1 , the sum S converges as n → ∞ .
n→ ∞ ∣ 1 − q ∣
n(n + 1)
10 1 + 2 + 3 + ………. . + n =
2
11 2 + 4 + 6 + … + 2n = n(n + 1)
12 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n − 1) = n
2
n(2k + n − 1)
13 k + (k + 1) + (k + 2) + … + (k + n − 1) =
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
14 1
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
+ … + n
2
=
6
2
n(4n − 1)
15 1
2
+ 3
2
+ 5
2
+ … + (2n − 1)
2
=
3
3
16 1
3
+ 3
3
+ 5
3
+ … + (2n − 1)
2
= n (2n
2
− 1)
1 1 1 1
17 1 + + + + … +
n
+ … = 2
2 4 8 2
1 1 1 1
18 + + + … + + … = 1
1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n + 1)
1 1 1 1
19 1 + + + + … +
1! 2! 3! (n − 1) ! + …. = e
Infinite Series

20 ∞
∑ an = a1 + a2 + … + an + …
n=1
Nth Partial Sum

21 n
S n = ∑ an = a1 + a2 + … + an
n=1
Convergence of Infinite Series

22 ∞
∑ an = L , if lim Sn = L
n→ ∞
n=1
Nth Term Test

23 ∞
, If the series ∑ an is convergent, then lim an = 0 , If lim an ≠ 0, then the series is divergent.

n → 00 n→ ∞
n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
24 ∑ (an + bn ) = ∑ an + ∑ bn = A + B
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
25 ∑ can = c ∑ an = cA
n=1 n=1
The Comparison Test

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
Let ∑ an and ∑ bn be series such that 0 < a n ≤ bn for all n. If ∑ bn is convergetn then ∑ an is

26
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
also convergent. If ∑ an is divergent then ∑ bn is also divergent.

n=1 n=1
∞
1
27 Pseries ∑ p
converges for p > 1 and diverges for 0 < p ≤ 1
n
n=1
28 The integral Test

Let f (x) be a function which is continuous, positive, and decreasing for all x ≥ 1 . The series
∞ ∞
∑ f (n) = f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + … + f (n) + … converges if ∫ f (x)dx converges, and divrges if

1
n=1
n
∫ f (x)dx → ∞asn → ∞
1
The ratio test

∞ ∞
an + 1
Let ∑ an be a series with positive terms. If lim < 1 then ∑ an is convergent., If
n→ ∞ an
29 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
an + 1 an + 1
lim > 1 then ∑ an is divergent., If lim ( = 1then ∑ an may converge or diverge
n→ ∞ an n→ ∞ an
n=1 n=1
and the ratio test is inconclusive, some other tests must be used.
The Root Test

∞ ∞
Let ∑ an be a series with positive terms. If lim n

√
an < 1then ∑ an is convergent., If
n→ ∞
30 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
lim n
√
an > 1then ∑ an is convergent., If lim n
√
an = 1then ∑ an may converge or diverge, but
n→ ∞ n→ ∞
n=1 n=1
no conclusion can be drawn from this test.
The Alternating Series Test (Leibniz\'s Theorem) Let {an } be a sequence of positive numbers such that
∞ ∞
n n−1
31 an + 1 < an for all n. lim an = 0 ., Then the alternating series ∑ ( − 1) an and ∑ ( − 1) an both
n→ ∞
n=1 n=1
converge.
Absolute Convergence

∞ ∞ ∞
32 A series ∑ an is absolutely convergetn if the series ∑ |an | is convergent., If the series ∑ an is
n=1 n=1 n=1
absoluytely convergent then it is convergent.
Conditional Convergence

33 ∞
A series ∑ an is conditionally convergent if the series is convergent but is not absolutely convergent.
n=1
Power Series in x

34 ∞
n 2 n
∑ an x = a0 + a1 x + a2 x + … + an x + …
n=0
Power Series

35 ∞
n 2 n
∑ an (x − x0 ) = a0 + a1 (x − x0 ) + a2 (x − x0 ) + … + an (x − x0 ) + …
n=0
Interval of Convergence

∞
36 The set of those values of x for which the function f (x) = ∑ an (x − x0 )
n
is convergent is called the
n=0
interval of conergence.
37 Radius of Convergence

If the interval of convergence is (x0 − R, x0 + R) for some R ≥ 0 the R is called the radius of
1 ∣ an ∣
convergence. It is given as R = lim or R = lim ∣ ∣ .
n→ ∞ n→ ∞ ∣ an + 1 ∣
√an
n
Differentiation of Power Series

∞
Let f (x) = ∑ an x
n
= a0 + a1 x + a2 x
2
+ … for |x| < R. Then, for |x| < R , f (x) is contiuous, the
38 n=0
derivative f ' (x) exists and

∞
d d d
.
2 2 n−1
f ' (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x )… = a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x + … = ∑ nan x
dx dx dx
n=1
Integration of Power Series

∞
Letf (x) = ∑ an x
n
= a0 + a1 x + a2 x
2
+ … for |x| < R Then for |x| < R , the indefinite integral
n=0
39
∫ f (x)dx exists and
2 3 ∞ n+1
x x x
2
∫ f (x)dx = ∫ a0 dx + ∫ a1 xdx + ∫ a2 x dx + … = a0 x + a1 + a2 + … ∑ an + C
2 3 n + 1
n=0
Taylor Series

∞ n 2 n n
I (x − a) f ' ' (a)(x − a) f (a)(x − a)
40 n
f (x) = ∑ f (a) = f (a) + f ' (a)(x − a) + + … = + Rn
n! 2! n!
n=0
The Remainder After n + 1 Terms is given by

41 f
n+1
(ξ)(x − a)
n+1
Rn = , a < ξ < x .
(n + 1) !
Maclaurin Series

42 x
n
f ' ' (0)x
2
f
n
(0)x
n
n
f (x)f (0) = f (0) + f ' (0)x + = … + + Rn
n! 2! n!
2 3
x x
43 e
x
= 1 + x + + + … + x (n !) + …
n
2! 3!
2 3 n
x ln a (x ln a) (x ln a) (x ln a)
44 a
x
= 1 + + + ( + … + + …
1! 2! 3! n!
n n+1
2 3 3
x x x ( − 1) x
45 ln(1 + x) = x − + − + … + ± …, − 1 < x ≤ 1 .
2 3 4 n + 1
3 5 7
ln(1 + x) x x x
46 = 2(x + + + + …), |x| < 1 .
1 − x 3 5 7
3
x − 1 1 x − 1 1 x − 1
47 ln x = 2[ + ( ) + ( …], x > 0 .
5
x + 1 3 x + 1 5
(x + 1)
n 2n
2 4 6
x x x ( − 1) x
48 cos x = 1 − + + + … + ± …
2! 4! 6! (2n) !
n 2n + 1
3 5 7
x x x ( − 1) x
49 sin x = x − + − + … + ± …
3! 5! 7! (2n + 1) !
3 5 7 9
x 2x 17x 62x π
50 tan x = x + + + + + …, |x| <
3 15 315 2835 2
3 5 7
1 x x 2x 2x
51 cot x = − ( + + + ) + …), |x| < π .
x 3 45 945 4725
3 5 2n + 1
x 1.3x 1.3.5…(2n − 1)x
52 sin
−1
x = x + + + … + + …, |x| < 1
2.3 2.4.5 2.4.6…(2n)(2n + 1)
3 5 2n + 1
π x 1.3x 1.3.5. (2n − 1)x
53 cos
−1
x = − (x + + + … + + …), |x| < 1 .
2 2.3 2.4.5 2.4.6…(2n)(2n + 1)
n 2n + 1
3 5 7
x x x ( − 1) x
54 tan
−1
x = x − + − + … + ± …, |x| ≤ 1 .
3 5 7 2n + 1
2 4 6 2n
x x x x
55 cosh x = 1 + + + + … + + …
2! 4! 6! (2n) !
3 5 7 2n + 1
x x x x
56 sinh x = x + + + + … + + …
3! 5! 7! (2n + 1) !
n
57 (1 + x) = 1 +
n
C1 x +
n
C2 x
2
+ . . +
m
Cn x
m
+ … + x
n
n(n − 1)…[n − (m − 1)]

58 ^ nCm = , |x| < 1
m!
1
59 = 1 − x + x
2
− x
3
+ …, |x| < 1 .
1 + x
1
60 = 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+ …, |x| < 1
1 − x
2 3 4
x x 1.3x 1.3.5x
61 √1 + x = 1 + − + − + …, |x| ≤ 1
2 2.4 2.4.6 2.4.6.8
2 3 4
x 1.2x 1.2.5x 1.2.5.8x
62 3
√1 + x = 1 + − + − = …, |x| ≤ 1 .
3 3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
∞
a0
63 f (x) = + ∑ (an cos nx + bn sin nx)
2
n=1
π
1
64 an = ∫ f (x)cos nxdx
π
−π
π
1
65 bn = ∫ f (x)cos nxdx
π
−π




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CIRCLE


SL# FORMULA
Equation of a Circle Centered at the Origin (Standard Form)
1
2 2 2
x + y = R
Equation of a Circle Centered at Any Point
2
2 2
(a, b) ,(x − a) + (y − b) = R
2
Three Point Form

2 2
∣x + y x y 1∣
∣ ∣
3 ∣
2
x + y
1
2
1
x1 y1 1
∣
∣ 2 2
∣ = 0
∣ x2 + y 2 x2 y2 1∣
∣ ∣
2 2
∣x + y 3 3
x3 y3 1∣
Parametric Form
4
x = R cos t, y = R sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
General Form

2 2
Ax + Ay + Dx + Ey + F = 0

(A ≠ 0 D , 2
+ E
2
> 4AF ) .

5
D E
The center of the Circle has coordinates (a, b) where a = − , b = − .
2A 2A

2 2
D + E − 4AF
The radius of the circle is R = √
2|A|




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COMPLEX NUMBERS


SL# FORMULA
1 5 4n + 1
i = i i = i i = i
2 6 4n + 2
i = − 1 i = − 1 i = − 1
1
3 7 4n + 3
i = − i i = − i i = − i
4 8 4n
i = 1 i = 1 i = 1
2 z = a + bi
3 (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
4 (a + bi) − (c + di) = (a − c) + (b − d)i
5 (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i
a + bi ac + bd bc − ad
6 = + i ⋅
2 2 2 2
c + di c + d c + d
Conjugate Complex Numbers
7
¯
a¯¯
¯¯
+¯
¯¯¯¯ = a − bi
bi
8 a = r cos φ b = r sin φ,
Polar Presentation of Complex Numbers
9
a + bi = r(cos φ + i sin φ)
Modulus and Argument of a Complex Number: If a + bi is a complex number, then
r = √a
2
+ b
2
(modulus),
10
b
φ = tan
−1
( ) (argument).
a
11 Product in Polar Representation

z1 ⋅ z2 = r1 (cos φ + isin φ ) ⋅ r2 (cos φ + isin φ ) = r1 r2 [cos(φ1 + φ2 ) + i sin(φ1 + φ2 )]
1 1 2 2
Conjugate Numbers in Polar Representation
12
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
r(cos φ + i sin φ) = r[cos( − φ) + i sin( − φ)]
Inverse of a Complex Number in Polar Representation

13 1 1
= [cos( − φ) + i sin( − φ)]
r(cos φ + i sin φ) r
Quotient in Polar Representation

14 z1 r1 (cos φ + isin φ ) r1
1 1
= = [cos(φ1 − φ2 ) + i sin(φ1 − φ2 )]
z2 r2 (cos φ + isin φ ) r2
2 2
Power of a Complex Number
15
n n n
z = [r(cos φ + i sin φ)] = r [cos(nφ) + i sin(nφ)]
De Moivre
16
n
(cos φ + i sin φ) = cos(nφ) + i sin(nφ)
nth Root of a Complex Number

17 cos(φ + 2πk) φ + 2πk
n
√z =
n
√r(cos φ + i sin φ) = n r(
√ + i sin( ) ,
n n
Euler\'s Formula
18
ix
e = cos x + i sin x




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CONIC SECTIONS


SL# FORMULA
Equation of an Ellipse (Standard Form)

1 x
2
y
2
+ = 1
2 2
a b
2 r1 + r2 = 2a, wherer1 , r2 are distances from any point P (x, y) on the ellipse to the two foci.
3 a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
c
4 Eccentricity e = < 1
a
2
a a
5 Equations of Directrices x = ± = ±
e c
x = a cos t
6 Parametric Form { where (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π)
y = b sin t
General Form
7
Ax
2
+ Bxy + Cy
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 , where B2 − 4AC < 0
General Form with Axes Parallel to the Coordinate Axes
8
Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0, where AC > 0
2 2
Circumference L = 4aE(e),
9
where the function E is the complete elliptic integral of the second kind.
Approximate Formulas of the Circumference

10
L = π(1.5(a + b) − √ab) L = π√2(a , 2
+ b )
2
.
11 S = πab
12 Equation of a Hyperbola (Standard Form)

2 2
x y
− = 1
2 2
a b
|r1 − r2 | = 2a , where r1 , r2 are distances from any point P (x, y) on the hyperbola to the two
13
foci.
Equations of Asymptotes

14 b
y = ± x
a
15 c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
c
16 Eccentricity e = > 1
a
2
a a
17 Equations of Directrices x = ± = ±
e c
Parametric Equation of the Right Branch of a Hyperbola

18 x = a cosh t
{ where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
y = b sin ht
19 General Form(0letle2pi Ax
2
+ Bxy + Cy
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 , whereB
2
− 4AC < 0
Asymptotic Form

2 2
e k e
20 xy = or y = , where k = .
4 x 4

In this case, the asymptotes have equations x = 0 and y = 0
Equation of a Parabola (Standard Form)
21
2
y = 2px
General Form
22
Ax
2
+ Bxy + Cy
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 , where B2 − 4AC = 0
2
y = ax , p = (2a)

p
Equation of the directrix y = −
2
23
p
Coordinates of the focusF (o, )
2

Coordinates of the vertex M (0, 0)
24 General Form, Axis Parallel to the yaxis

1
Ax
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 (A,E nonzero), y = ax
2
+ bx + c, p = .
2a

p
Equation of the directrix y = y0 − ,
2

p
coordinates of the focus F (x0 , y0 + ),
2

2
b 4ac − b
Coordinates of the vertex x0 = − , y0 = ax
2
2
+ bx0 + C =
2a 4a







FOR IIT JEE

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS


SL# FORMULA
Even Function
1
F ( − x) = f (x)
Odd Functin
2
f ( − x) = − f (x)
Periodic Function
3
f (x + nT ) = f (x)
4 Inverse Function y = f (x) is any function x = g(y) or y = f

−1
(x) is its inverse function.
5 Composite Functin y = f (u), u = g(x), y = f (g(x)) is a composite function.
Linear Function
6
y = ax + b, x ∈ R, a = tan α is the slope of the line, b is the yintercept.
Quadratic Function

2
7 y = x , xεR.

y = ax
2
+ bx + c xεR.,
Cubic Function

3
8 y = x , xεR

3 2
y = ax + bx + cx + d, xεR
Power Function
9
y = x , nεN .
n
Square Root function
10
y = √x, xε[0, ∞).
Exponential Functions
11
x
y = a , a > 0, a ≠ 1, y = e
x
if a = e, e = 2.71828182846……. .
Logarithmic Functions
12
y = log
a
x, xε(0, ∞), a > 0, a ≠ 1, y = ln x if a = e, x > 0
Hyperbolic Sine Function

13 e
x
− e
−x
y = sinh x, sinh x = , xεR.

2
Hyperbolic Cosine Function

14 e
x
+ e
−x
y = cosh x, cosh x = , xεR .

2
15 Hyperbolic Tangent Function

x −x
sinh x e − e
y = tanh x, y = tanh x = =
x −x
, xεR .
cosh x e + (e )
Hyperbolic Cotangent Function

16 cosh x e
x
+ e
−x
y = cot hx, y = coth x = = , xεR, x ≠ 0

x −x
sinh x e − e
Hyperbola Secant Function

17 1 2
y = sech x, y = sech x = =
x −x
, xεR .
cosh x e + e
Hyperbolic Cosecant Function

18 1 2
y = cos echx, y = cos echx = = , xεR, x ≠ 0
x −x
sinh x e − e
Inverse Hyperbolic Sine Function
19
hx, xεR.
−1
y = sin
Inverse Hyperbolic cosine Function
20
hx, xε[1, ∞).
−1
yi = cos
Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent Function
21
hx, xε( − 1, 1).
−1
y = tan
Inverse Hyperbolic Contagent Function
22
y = cot
−1
hx, xε( − ∞, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞) .
Inverse Hyperbola Secant Function
23
hx, xε(0, 1].
−1
y = sec
Inverse Hyperbolic Cosecant Function
24
−1
y = cos echx, xεR, x ≠ 0
25 lim
x→a
[f (x) + g(x)] = lim
x→a
f (x) + lim
x→a
g(x)
26 lim
x→a
[f (x) − g(x)] = lim
x→a
f (x) − lim
x→a
g(x)
27 lim
x→a
[f (x). g(x)] = lim
x→a
f (x). lim
x→a
g(x)
lim f (x)
⎛ f (x) x→a
28 lim = if lim g(x) ≠ 0 .
x→a x→a
⎝ g(x) lim g(x)
x→a
29 lim
x→a
[kf (x)] = k lim
x→a
f (x)
30 lim f (g(x)) = f ( lim g(x))

x→a x→a
31 lim f (x) = f (a) if the function f (x) is continuous at x=a

x→a
sin x
32 lim = 1
x→0 x
tan x
33 lim = 1
x→0 x
34 sin
−1
x
lim = 1
x→0 x
−1
tan x
35 lim = 1
x→0 x
ln(1 + x)
36 lim = 1
x→0 x
x
1
37 lim (1 + ) = e
x→ ∞ x
x
k
38 lim (1 + ) = e
k
x→ ∞ x
x
39 lim
x→0
a = 1
f (x + △ x) − f (x) △ y dy
40 y' (x) = lim = lim =
△x→0 △ x δx → 0 △ x dx
dy
41 = tan α
dx
d(u + v) du dv
42 = +
dx dx dx
d(u − v) du dv
43 = +
dx dx dx
d(ku) du
44 = k
dx dx
Product Rule

45 d(u. v) du dv
= . v + u.
dx dx dx
Chain Rule

46 dy dy dg
y = f (g(x)), y = g(x), = .
dx dg dx
Derivative of Inverse function

47 dy 1
= where x(y) is the inverse function of y(x).
dx dx
dy
dy
d 1
48 Reciprocal Rule ( ) = −
dx
2
dx y y
dy d
49 Logarithmic Differentiation y ,
= f (x) ln y = ln f (x) , = f (x). [ln f (x)]
dx dx
d
50 (C) = 0
dx
d
51 (x) = 1
dx
d
52 (ax + b) = a
dx
d
53 (ax
2
+ bx + c) = 2ax + b
dx
54 d
n n−1
(x ) = nx
dx
d n
55 x
−n
= −
n+1
dx x
d 1 1
56 ( ) = −
2
dx x x
d 1
57 (√x) =
dx 2√ x
d 1
58 (√
n
x) =
dx n n−1
n√x
d 1
59 (ln x) =
dx x
d 1
60 (log
a
x) = , a > 0, a ≠ 1 .
dx x1na
d
61 x
(e ) = e
x
dx
d
62 (sin x) = cos x
dx
d
63 (cos x) = − sin x
dx
d 1
64 (tan x) = = sec
2
x
2
dx cos x
d 1
65
2
(cot x) = = cos ec x
2
dx sin x
d
66 (sec x) = tan x. sec x
dx
d
67 (cos ecx) = − cot x. cos ecx
dx
d 1
−1
68 (sin x) =
dx √1 − x
2
d 1
−1
69 (cos x) = −
dx √1 − x
2
d 1
70 (tan
−1
x) =
2
dx 1 + x
d 1
71
−1
(cot x) = −
2
dx 1 + x
d 1
−1
72 (sec x) =
dx |x|√x
2
− 1
d 1
−1
73 (cos ecx) = −
dx |x|√x
2
− 1
74
d
(sinh x) = cos hx
dx
d
75 (cosh x) = sinh x
dx
d 1 2
76 (tanh x) =
2
= sech x
dx cosh x
d 1 2
77 (coth x) = −
2
= sech x
dx sinh x
d
78 (sech x) = − sech x. tanh x
dx
d
79 (cos echx) = − cos echx. coth x
dx
d 1
−1
80 (sin hx) =
dx √x
2
+ 1
d 1
−1
81 (cos hx) =
dx √x
2
− 1
d 1
82
−1
(tan x) = , |x| < 1
2
dx 1 − x
d 1
83
−1
(cot hx) = − , |x| > 1
2
dx x − 1
d du dv
84 v
(u ) = vu
v−1
. + u
v
ln u.
dx dx dx
2
dy d d y
85 Second derivative f ' ' = (f ' )' = ' = =
2
dx dx dx
n
d y
86 HigherOrder derivative f
n
=
n
= y
n
= (f
n−1
)
dx
n
87 (u + v) = u
n
+ v
n
n
88 (u − v) = u
n
− v
n
Leibnitz\'s formulas
89 n n n−1
n(n − 1)
n−2 n
(uv)' ' = u' ' v + 2u' v' + uv' ' , (uv)' ' ' + u' ' ' v + 3u' ' v' + 3u' v' ' + uv' ' ' , (uv) = u v + ν v' + u v' ' + … + uv
1.2
m!
90 m n m−n
(x ) = !x
m − n
n
91 (x )
n
= n!
n−1
( − 1) (n − 1) !
92 (log x)
a
=
a n
x 1na
n−1
( − 1) (n − 1) !
93 (ln x)
n
=
n
x
n
94 x
(a ) = a
x
ln
n
a
n
95 x
(e ) = e
x
96 (a
mx
)
n n
= m a ⋅ (mx)1n a
n
n
nπ
97 (sin x) = sin(x + )
2
n
nπ
98 (cos x) = cos(x + )
2
Velocity and Acceleration

s = f (t) is the position of an object relative to a fixed coordinate system at a time t,
99
v = s' = f ' (t) is the instantaneous velocity of the object

w = v' = s' ' = f ' ' (t) is the intantaneous acceleration of the object.
Tangent Line
100
y − y0 = f ' (x0 )(x − x0 )
Normal Line

101 1
y − y0 = −
f ' (x0 )(x − x0 )
Increasing and Decreasing Functions.

102 If f ' (x0 ) > 0 , then f (x) is increasing at x0 .

If f ' (x0 ) < 0, then f (x) is decreasing at x0 .
103 If f ' (x0 ) does not exist or is zero, then the test fails.
Local extrema

A function f (x) has as local maximum at x1 if and only if there exists some interval containing x1 such that f (x1 ) ≥ f (x) for all x in the
104 interval.

A function f (x) has a local minimum at x2 if and only if there exists some interval contaiing x2 such that f (x2 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in the
interval.
Cirtical Points
105
A critical points on f (x) occurs at x0 if and only if either f ' (x0 ) is zero or the derivative doesn\'t exist.
First Derivative Test for Local extrema

106 If f (x) is increasing (f ' (x) > 0 for all x in some interval (a, x1 ] and f (x) is decreasing (f ' (x) < 0) for all x in some interval [x1 , b), then
f (x) has a local maximum at x1 .
If f (x) is decreasing (f ' (x) < 0) for all x in some interval (a, x20 and f (x) is increasing (f ' (x) > 0) for all x in some interval [x2 , b), then
107
f (x) has a local minimum at x2 .
Second Derivative Test for local Extrema
108
If f ' (x1 ) = 0 and f ' ' (x1 ) < 0, then f (x) has a local maximum at x1 . If f ' (x2 ) = 0 and f ' ' (x2 ) > 0 , then f (x) has a local minimum at x2 .
Concavity
109
f (x) is concave upward at x0 if and only if f ' (x) is increasing at x0 f (x) is concave downward at x0 if and only if f ' (x) is decreasing at x0 .
Second Derivative Test for Concavity

110
If f ' ' (x0 ) > 0, then f (x) is concave upward at x0 , If f ' ' (x0 ) < 0 , then f (x) is concave downward at x0 , If f ' ' (x) does not exist or is zero,
then the test fails.
Inflection Points

111 If f ' (x3 ) exists and f ' ' (x) changes sign at x = x3 , then the point (x3 , f (x3 )) is an inflection point of the graph of f (x) If f ' ' (x3 ) exists at
the inflection point, then f ' ' (x3 ) = 0
112 L\' Hopital\'s Rule

⎧ 0
⎪
f (x) f ' (x)
lim = lim if lim f (x) = lim g(x) = ⎨ .
x→c x→c x→c x→c
g(x) g' (x) ⎩
⎪
∞
113 dy = y' dx
114 f (x + △ x) = f (x) + f ' (x) △ x
Small Change in
115
y △ y = f (x + △ x) − f (x)
116 d(u + v) = du + dv
117 d(u − v) = du − dv
118 d(Cu) = Cdu
119 d(uv) = vdu + udv
u vdu − udv
120 d( ) =
2
v v
First Order Partial Derivatives

∂f ∂z
The partial derivative with respect to x = fx (also = zx ),
121 ∂x ∂x

∂f ∂z
The partial derivative with respect to y = fy (also = zy ) .
∂y ∂y
Second Order Partial Derivatives

2 2 2
∂ ∂f ∂ ∂ f ∂f ∂ f ∂f ∂ f
= (∂
2 2
f )( ∂ x ) = f × , = fyy , patial( ∂ y( = = fxy , ∂ ( ∂ x)( = = fyx .
122 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

2
∂f ∂ f
If the derivatives are continuous, then = .
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
Chain Rules

∂f ∂h ∂f ∂h
123 If f (x, y) = g(h(x, y)) g ( is a function of one variable h), then = g' (h(x, y)) , = g(h(x, y)) . If h(t) = f (x(t), y(t)) ,then
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂f dx ∂ f dy ∂z ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂z ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
h' (t) = + . I z = f (x(u, v), y(u, v)0 then = + , = x) + .
∂x dt ∂y dt ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂v ∂y ∂v
Small Changes

124 ∂f ∂f
△ ≈ ( )x + ( )y .
∂x ∂y
Local Maxima and Minima

125 f (x, y) has a local maximum at (x0 , y0 ) if f (x, y) ≤ f (x0 , y0 ) for all (x, y) sufficiently close to (x0 , y0 )f (x, y) has a local minimum at
(x0 , y0 ) if f (x, y) ≥ f (x0 , y0 )f or all(x, y) sufficiently close (x0 , y0 ).
Saddle Point
126
A stationary point which is neither a local maximum nor a local minimum
Stationary Points

127 ∂f ∂f
= = 0 Local maxima and local minima occur at stationary points.
∂x ∂y
Tangent Plane
128
The equation of the tangent plane to the surface z = f (x, y)at(x0 , y0 , z0 ) is z − z0 = fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 )
129 Normal to Surface

x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
The equationn of the normal to the surface z = f (x, y) at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is = =
fx (x0 , y0 ) fy (x0 , y0 ) −1
Gradient of a Scalar Function

∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f = ∇f = ( , , )
130 ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂u ∂u ∂u
∇u = ∇u = ( , , ……, )
∂ x1 ∂ x2 ∂ xn
Directional Derivative

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
131 = cos α + cos β + cos γ, where the direction is defined by the vector
∂1 ∂x ∂y ∂z
→
.
2 2 2
1 (cos α, cos β, cos γ), cos α + cos β + cos γ = 1
Divergence of a Vector Field

132 → → ∂P ∂Q ∂R
÷ F ≡ ∇. F = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
Laplacian Operator

133 ∂
2
f ∂
2
f ∂
2
f
2
∇ f = + +
2 2 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
→ →
134 ÷ (curlF ) = ∇ . ( ∇ × F ) = 0
135 curl( ∇ f ) = ∇ × (v ∇ f ) ≡ 0
136 ÷ ( ∇ f) = ∇ . ( ∇ ) = ∇
2
f
→ → → → →
137 curl(curlF ) ≡ ∇ ( ÷ F ) − ∇ F − ∇( ∇. F ) − ∇
2
F .




 Free Video Solutions of NCERT, RD Sharma, RS Aggarwal, Cengage (G.Tewani), Resonance DPP, Allen, Bansal, FIITJEE, Akash,
Narayana, VidyaMandir



FOR IIT JEE

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


SL# FORMULA
dy ∫ u(x)q(x)dx + C
Linear Equation + p(x)y = q(x). The general solutin is y = , where
dx u(x)
1
u(x) = exp(∫ p(x)dx).
dy
Separable Equations = f (x, y) = g(x)h(y) The general solution is given by
dx
2 dy
∫ = ∫ g(x)dx + C , or H (y) = G(x) + C
h(y)
dy
Homogeneous Equations The differential equation = f (x, y) is homogeneous, if the
dx
3 function f (x, y) is homogeneous, that is f (tx, ty) = f (x, y) The substitution
y dz
z = (theny = zx) leads to the separable equation x + z = f (1, z) .
x dx
dy
Bernoulli Equation + p(x)y = q(x)y
n
. The substitution z = y
1−n
leads to the linear
dx
4
dz
equation + (1 − n)p(x)z = (1 − n)q(x) .
dx
dy
Riccati Equation = p(x) + q(x)y + r(x)y
2
If a particular solution y1 is known, then the
dx
1
5 general solution can be obtained with the help of substitutin z = which leads to the first
y − y1
dz
order linear equation = − [q(x) + 2y1 (x)]z − r(x) .
dx
Exact and Nonexact Equations The equation M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 is called exact if
∂M ∂N
6 = , nd nonexact other wise. The general solution is ∫ M (x, y)dx + ∫ N (x, y)dy = C
∂Y ∂x
dy
Radioactive Decay = − ky, where y(t) is the amount of radioactive element at time t,k is
7 dx
the rate of decay. The solution is y(t) = y0 e
− kt
, wherey0 = y(0) is the initial amount.
8
dT
Newton\'s Law of cooling = − k(T − S) , where T(t) is the temperature of an object at time
dt
t,S is the temperature of the surrounding environement k, is a possitive constant.The Solution is
, whereT0 = T (0) is the initial temperature of the object at time t=0.
− kt
T (t) = S + (T0 − S)e
dP P
Population Dynamics (Logistic Model) = kP (1 − ), where P(t) is population at time
dt M
9 t,k is a positive costant, M is a limiting size for the population . The solution of the differential
M P0
equation is P (t) = , whereP0 = P (0) is the initial population at time t=0.
− kt
P0 + (M − P0 )e
Homogeneous Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients y' ' + py' + qy = 0 The
characteristic equatin is λ + pλ + q = 0 If λ1 and are distinct real roots of the
2
λ2
characteristc equation then the general solution is y = C1 e

λ1
+ C2 (e
λ2
, whereC1 and C2
p
integration constants. If λ1 = λ2 = − then the general solution is
10 p
2
y = (C1 + C2 x)e
−
2
x
. I f λ1 and λ2 are complex numbers.
2
p √4q − p
λ1 = α + βi, λ2 = α − βi, whereα = − , β = , then the general solutin is
2 2
y = e
αx
(C1 cos βx + C2 sin βx) .
Inhomogeneous Linear Equations with Constant Coefficietns y' ' + py' + qy = f (x). The
general solution is given by y = yp + yh , whereyp is a particular solution o fthe inhomogeneous
equation and yh is the general solution of the associated homogeneous equation. If the right
11 side has the form f (x) = eαx (P1 (x)cos βx + P1 (x)sin βx), then the particular solution yp is
given by yp = xk eαx (R1 (x)cos βx + R2 (x)sin βx), where the polynomials R1 (x) and R2 (x)
have to be found by using the method of undetermined coefficiets. If α + βi is a simle root, then
k = 1, If α + βi is a double root, then k = 2.
Differential Equatins with y missing y' ' = f (x, y' ). Setu = y' . then the new equation satisfied

12
by v is u' = f (x, u) where is a first order differential equation.
du du dy du
Differential Equations with x missing y' ' = f (y, y' ) . Since y' ' = = = u , we
dx dy dx dy
13
du
have u = f (y, u), which is a first order differential equation.
dy
Free Undamped Vibrations The motion of a Mass on a Spring is described by the equation
..
my + ky = 0, where m is the mass of the object, k is the stiffness of the spring, y is
displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The general solution is y = A cos(ω0 t − δ), where

14
is the amplitude of the displacement, omη0 is the fundamenta frequency, the perod is
2π
T = , δ is phase angle o the displacement. This is an example of simple harmonic motion.
ω0
.. .
Free Damped Vibrations my + γy + ky = 0 , where gamma is the damping coefficient. There are
3 cases for the general solution:

2
− γ − √γ − 4km
Case 1. γ
2
> 4km (overdamped) y(t) = Ae
λ1 t
+ Be
λ2 t
, where λ1 = ,
2m
15 − γ + √γ
2
− 4km
λ2 = .
2m

Case 2. γ
2
= 4km (critically damped)y(t)=(A+Bt)e^(lambdat), wherelambda= gamma/(2m)
γ
. Case3. gamma^2lt4km(underdamed) y(t) = e
−
2m
A cos(ωt − δ) , where, ω = √4km − γ
2
2
d θ g
simple Pendulum 2
+ θ = 0, where theta is the angular displacement, L is the pendulum
dt L
16 length, g is the acceleration of gravity. The general solution for small angles theta is
g L
θ(t) = θ max sin(√ t, the period is T = 2π√ .
L g
2
d I dI 1
RLC circuit L 2
+ R + I = V ' (t) = ωE0 cos(ωt) , where I is the current is an RLC
dt dt C
circuit with an ac voltage source V (t) = E0 sin(ωt) . The general solution is
2 4L
− R ± √R −
C
I (t) = C1 e
r1 t
+ C2 e
r2 t
+ A sin(ωt − φ) , where r1 , 2 = ,
17 2L
⎞
ωE0 Lω 1
A =
⎟
⎟
,
φ = tan
−1
( − ), C1 , C2 are constants depending on
2 R RCω
1
√Lω2 − + R ω
2 2
⎠
C
intial conditions.
2 2
∂ u ∂ u
The Lalace Equation 2
+
2
= 0 applies to potential energy function u(x, y) for a
18 ∂x ∂y
conservative force field in the xyplane. Partial differential equations of this type are called
elliptic.
2
∂ u
The Heat Equation 2
applies to the temperature distributionu(x, y) in the xy
2 ∂ u ∂u
19 ∂x +
∂y
2
=
∂t
plane whenheat is allowed to flow from warm areas to cool ones. The equations of this type are
called parabolic.
2 2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂ u
The Wave Equatin + = applies to the displacement u(x, y) of vibrating
20 ∂x
2
∂y
2
∂t
2
membrances and other wave functions. The equations of this type are caled hyperbolic.







FOR IIT JEE

GEOMETRY


SL# FORMULA
1
∘
α + β = 90
a
2 sin α = = cos β
c
b
3 cos α = = sin β
c
a
4 tan α = = cot β
b
b
5 cot α = = tan β
a
c
6 sec α = = cos ecβ
b
c
7 cos ecα = = sec β
a
Pythagorean Theorem
8
2 2 2
a + b = c
= gc,
2 2
a = f c, b
9
where f and c are projections of the legs a and b, respectively, onto the hypotenuse c.
= f g,
2
h
10
where h is the altitude from the right angle.
2 2
a b
2
ma = b
2
− , m
2
= a
2
− ,
11 4
b
4

where ma and mb are the medians to the legs a and b.
12 c
mc = ,
2

where mc is the median to the hypotenuse c.
c
13 R = = mc
2
a + b − c ab
14 r = =
2 a + b + c
15 ab = ch
ab ch
16 S = =
2 2
α
17 β = 90
∘
−
2
2
a
18 h
2
= b
2
−
4
19 L = a + 2b
2
ah b
20 S = = sin α
2 2
a√3
21 h =
2
2 a√3
22 R = h =
3 3
1 a√3 R
23 r = h = =
3 6 2
24 L = 3a
2
ah a √3
25 S = =
2 4
26 α + β + γ = 180
∘
In a △ ABC with sides a, b and c

a + b > c,

27
b + c > a,

a + c > b.

28 In a △ ABC with sides a, b and c

|a − b| < c ,

|b − c| < a ,

|a − c| < b .

Midline

29 a
q = , q ∣ ∣ a .
2
Law of Cosines

a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
− 2bc cos α ,
30
b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
− 2ac cos β ,

2 2 2
c = a + b − 2ab cos γ
Law of Sines

a b c
31 = = = 2R ,
sin α sin β sin γ

where R is the radius of the circumscribed circle.
a b c bc ac ab abc
32 R = = = = = = =
2 sin α 2 sin β 2 sin γ 2ha 2hb 2hc 4S
bc ac ab abc
33 R = = = =
2ha 2hb 2hc 4S
(p − a)(p − b)(p − c)
,
2
r =
p
34
1 1 1 1
= + +
r ha hb hc
α (p − b)(p − c)
sin( ) = √ ,
2 bc

α p(p − a)
35 cos( ) = √ ,
2 bc

α (p − b)(p − c)
tan( ) = √ .
2 p(p − a)
36 2
ha = √p(p − a)(p − b)(p − c) ,
a

2
hb = √p(p − a)(p − b)(p − c) ,
b

2
hc = √p(p − a)(p − b)(p − c) .
c
ha = b sin γ = c sin β ,

37 hb = a sin γ = c sin α ,

hc = a sin β = b sin α.
2 2 2
b + c a
ma =
2
− ,
2 4

2 2 2
a + c b
38 m
2
= −

b
2 4

2 2 2
a + b c
mc =
2
− .
2 4
2 2 2
39 AM = ma , BM = mb , CM = mc
3 3 3
4bcp(p − a)
ta =
2
,
(b + c)
2

4acp(p − b)
40 t
2
= ,
b
(a + c)
2

4abp(p − c)
tc =
2
.
2
(a + b)
aha bhb chc

S = = = ,
2 2 2

ab sin γ ac sin β bc sin α
S = = = ,
2 2 2

S = √p(p − a)(p − b)(p − c) (Heron\'s Formula),

41 S = pr ,

abc
S = ,
4R

S = 2R
2
sin α sin β sin γ ,

α β γ
.
2
S = p tan( )tan( )tan( )
2 2 2
42 d = a√2
d a√2
43 R = =
2 2
44
a
r =
2
45 L = 4a
46 S = a
2
47 d = √a
2
+ b
2
d
48 R =
2
49 L = 2(a + b)
50 S = ab
51 α + β = 180
∘
52 2 2 2 2
d + d = 2(a + b )
1 2
53 h = b sin α = b sin β
54 L = 2(a + b)
1
55 S = ah = ab sin α S = , d1 d2 sin φ
2
56 α + β = 180
∘
57 d
2
1
+ d
2
2
= 4a
2
d1 d2
58 h = a sin α =
2a
h d1 d2 a sin α
59 r = = =
2 4a 2
60 L = 4a
S = ah = a
2
sin α ,

61
1
S = d1 d2
2
a + b
62 q =
2
63 a + b
S = ⋅ h = qh
2
a + b
64 q =
2
65 d = √ab + c
2
1
66 h = √c
2
− (b − a)
2
2
c√ab + c
67 R =
√(2c − a + b)(2c + a − b)
a + b
68 S = ⋅ h = qh
2
69 a + b = 2c
a + b
70 q = = c
2
71 d
2
= h
2
+ c
2
h √ab
72 r = =
2 2
2
cd cd c c c a + b a b
73 R = = = √1 + = √h
2
+ c
2
= √ + 6 +
2h 4r 2 ab 2h 8 b a
74 L = 2(a + b) = 4c
a + b (a + b)√ab Lr
75 S = ⋅ h = = qh = ch =
2 2 2
76 a + b = c + d
a + b c + d
77 q = =
2 2
78 L = 2(a + b) = 2(c + d)
79 a + b c + d
S = ⋅ h = ⋅ h = qh ,
2 2

1
S = d1 d2 sin φ
2
80 α + β + 2γ = 360
∘
81 L = 2(a + b)
d1 d2
82 S =
2
83
∘
α + γ = β + δ = 180
Ptolemy\'s Theorem
84
ac + bd = d1 d2
85 L = a + b + c + d
1 (ac + bd)(ad + bc)(ab + cd)

R = √ ,
4 (p − a)(p − b)(p − c)(p − d)
86

L
where p =
2
1
S = d1 d2 sin φ ,
2

87 S = √(p − a)(p − b)(p − c)(p − d) ,

L
where p =
2
88 a + c = b + d
89 L = a + b + c + d = 2(a + c) = 2(b + d)
2 2
√d 2 d 2 − (a − b) (a + b − p)
1 2
r = ,
90
2p

L
where p =
2
1
91 S = pr = d1 d2 sin φ
2
92 α + β + γ + δ = 360
∘
93 L = a + b + c + d
1
94 S = d1 d2 sin φ
2
95 α = 120
∘
a√3
96 r = m =
2
97 R = a
98 L = 6a
2
a 3√3
S = pr = ,
2
99
L
where p =
2
n − 2
100 α = ⋅ 180
∘
a
R =
101 π
2 sin( )
n
2
a a
102 r = m =
π
= √R
2
−
2 tan( ) 4
n
103 L = na
2
nR 2π
S = sin( ) ,
2 n
104
2
a L
S = pr = p√R
2
− , where p =
4 2
α
105 a = 2R sin( )
2
106 a 1 a 2 = b1 b2
107 ee1 = f f1
108 g
2
= f f1
α
109 β =
2
110 L = 2πR = πd
2
πd LR
111 S = πR
2
= =
4 2
112 s = Rx
πRα
113 s =
∘
180
114 L = s + 2R
2 2
Rs R x πR α
115 S = = =
∘
2 2 360
116 a = 2√2hR − h
2
1
117 h = R − √4R
2 2
− a , h < R
2
118 L = s + a
2 2
1 R απ R
S = [sR − a(R − h)] = (
∘
− sin α) = (x − sin x) ,
2 2 180 2
119
2
S ≈ ha
3
120 d = (a√3)
a
121 r =
2
a√3
122 R =
2
123 S = 6a
2
124 V = a
3
125 d = √a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
126 S = 2(ab + ac + bc)
127 V = abc
128 S = SL + 2SB
Lateral Area of a Right Prism
129
SL = (a1 + a2 + a3 + … + an )l
Lateral Area of an Oblique Prism

130 SL = pl,

where p is the perimeter of the cross section.
131 V = SB h
Cavalieri\'s Principle

132
Given two solids included between parallel planes. If every plane cross section parallel to the
given planes has the same area in both solids, then the volumes of the solids are equal.
2
133 h = √ a
3
2
√3a
134 SB =
4
135 S = √3a
2
3
1 a
136 V = SB h =
3
6√ 2
2
a
137 m = √b
2
−
4
2 π
√4b2 sin ( ) − a
2
n
138 h =
π
2 sin( )
n
1 1
139 SL = nam = na√4b
2
− a
2
= pm
2 4
140 SB = pr
141 S = SB + SL
1 1
142 V = SB h = prh
3 3
143 b1 b2 b3 bn b
= = = … = = = k
a1 a2 a3 an a
S2
144 = k
2
S1
m(P1 + P2 )
145 SL =
2
146 S = SL + S1 + S2
h
147 V = (S1 + √S1 S2 + S2 )
3
2
hS1 b b hS1
148 V = [1 + + ( ) ] = [1 + k + k ]
2
3 a a 3
1
149 SL = (a + c)√4h
2
+ b
2
+ b√ h
2
+ (a − c)
2
150 SB = ab
151 S = SB + SL
bh
152 V = (2a + c)
6
Five Platonic Solids: The platonic solids are convex polyhedra with equivalent faces composed
of congruent convex regular polygons.
Solid No. of Vertices No. of Edges No. of Faces Section
Tetrahedron 4 6 4 3.25
153 Cube 8 12 6 3.22
Octahedron 6 12 8 3.27
Icosahedron 12 30 20 3.27
Dodecahedron 20 30 12 3.27
a√6
154 r =
6
a√2
155 R =
2
156 S = 2a √3
2
157 a √2
3
V =
3
a√3(3 + √5)
158
r =
12
a
159 R = √2(5 + √5)
4
160 S = 5a √3
2
3
5a (3 + √5)
161
V =
12
a√10(25 + 11√5)
162
r =
2
a√3(1 + √5)
163
R =
4
164 2
S = 3a √5(5 + 2√5)
3
a (15 + 7√5)
165
V =
4
166 SL = 2πRH
d
167 S = SL + 2SB = 2πR(H + R) = πd(H + )
2
168 V = SB H = πR H
2
169 SL = πR(h1 + h2 )
2
h1 − h2
170 SB = πR
2
+ πR√R
2
+ ( )
2
2
⎡ h1 − h2 ⎤
171 S = SL + SB = πR h1 + h2 + R + √ R
2
+ ( )
⎣ 2 ⎦
172
2
πR
V = (h1 + h2 )
2
173 H = √m
2
− R
2
πmd
174 SL = πRm =
2
175 SB = πR
2
1 d
176 S = SL + SB = πR(m + R) = πd(m + )
2 2
1 1
177 V = SB H = πR H
2
3 3
178 H = √m
2
− (R − r)
2
R
179 = k
r
2
S2 R
180 = = k
2
2
S1 r
181 SL = πm(R + r)
182
2 2
S = S1 + S2 + SL = π[R + r + m(R + r)]
h
183 V = (S1 + √S1 S2 + S2 )
3
2
hS1 R R hS1
184 V = [1 + + ( ) ] = [1 + k + k ]
2
3 r r 3
185 S = 4πR
2
4 1 1
186 V = πR H =
3
πd
3
= SR
3 6 3
2 2
r + h
187 R =
2h
188 SB = πr
2
189 SC = π(h
2 2
+ r )
190 S = SB + SC = π(h
2 2
+ 2r ) = π(2Rh + r )
2
π π
2 2 2
191 V = h (3R − h) = h(3r + h )
6 6
192 S = πR(2h + r)
2
193 V = πR h
2
194 SS = 2πRh
195 S = SS + S1 + S2 = π(2Rh + r
2
1
2
+ r )
2
1
196 V = πh(3r
2
1
+ 3r
2
2
+ h )
2
2
πR
197 SL = α = 2R x
2
90
2
πR
198 S = πR
2
+ α = πR
2
+ 2R x
2
90
3
πR 2
199 V = α =
3
R x
270 3
4
200 V = πabc
3
−1
a sin e
S = 2πb(b + ) ,
e
201
2 2
√a − b
where e = .
a
4
202 V = πb a
2
−1 be
⎛ a sin h( ) ⎞
a
S = 2πb⎜b + ⎟ ,
⎝
be / a
⎠

203

2 2
√b − a
where e =
b
204
4
2
V = πb a
3
205 S = 4π Rr
2
206 V = 2π Rr
2 2







FOR IIT JEE

INTEGRAL CALCULUS


SL# FORMULA
1 ∫ f (x)dx = F (x) + C if F ' (x) = f (x) .
2 (∫ f (x)dx)' = f (x)
3 ∫ kf (x)dx = k∫ f (x)dx
4 ∫ [f (x) + g(x)]dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ g(x)dx
5 ∫ [f (x) − g(x)]dx = ∫ f (x)dx − ∫ g(x)dx
1
6 ∫ f (ax)dx = F (ax) + C
a
1
7 ∫ f (ax + b)dx = F (ax + b) + C
a
1
8 ∫ f (x)df ' (x)dx = f
2
(x) + C
2
f ' (x)
9 ∫ dx| = ln|f (x) ∣ + C
f (x)
Method of Substitution

10
∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (u(t))u' (t)dt if x = u(t) .
Integration by Parts

11
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu, whereu(x), v(x) are differentiable functions.
12 ∫ adx = ax + C
2
x
13 ∫ xdx = + C
2
3
x
14 2
∫ x dx = + C
3
p+1
x
15 p
∫ x dx = + C, p ≠ − 1
p + 1
n+1
(ax + b)
16
n
∫ (ax + b) dx = + C, n ≠ − 1 .
a(n + 1)
dx
17 ∫ = ln|x| + C
x
dx 1
18 ∫ = ln|ax + b| + C
ax + b a
19 ax + b a
2
∫ dx = x + (bc − ad)c ln|cx + d| + C
cx + d c
dx 1 ∣ x + b ∣
20 ∫ (x + b) = ln∣ ∣ + C, a ≠ b .
x + a a − b ∣ x + a ∣
xdx 1
21 ∫ =
2
(a + bx − ln|a + bx|) + C
a + bx b
2
x dx 1 1 2
22
2
∫ = [ (a + bx) + a ln|a + bx|] + C
3
a + bx b 2
dx 1 ∣ a + bx ∣
23 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
x(a + bx) a ∣ x ∣
dx 1 b ∣ a + bx ∣
24 ∫
2
= − +
2
ln∣ ∣ + C
x (a + bx) ax a ∣ x ∣
xdx 1 a
25 ∫ =
2
(ln|a + bx| + ) + C
a + bx b a + bx
2 2
x dx 1 a
26 ∫ = (a + bx − 2a ln|a + bx| − ) + C
2 3
a + bx b a + bx
dx 1 1 ∣ a + bx ∣
27 ∫
2
= +
2
ln∣
∣
∣ + C
∣
a(a + bx) a x
x(a + bx)
dx 1 ∣ x − 1 ∣
28 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
x
2
− 1 2 ∣ x + 1 ∣
dx 1 ∣ 1 + x ∣
29 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
1 − x
2
2 ∣ 1 − x ∣
dx 1 ∣ a + x ∣
30 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
a
2
− x
2
2a ∣ a − x ∣
dx 1 ∣ x − a ∣
31 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
x
2
− a
2
2a ∣ x + a ∣
dx
32 ∫ = tan
−1
x + C
2
1 + x
−1
dx 1 tan x
33 ∫ = + C
2 2
a + x a a
xdx 1
34 ∫ = ln(x
2
+ a ) + C
2
2 2
x + a 2
dx 1 b
35 ∫ = tan
−1
(x√ ) + C, ab > 0
2 a
a + bx √ab
xdx 1 ∣ 2 a ∣
36 ∫ = ln x + + C
2
2b ∣ b ∣
a + bx
2
dx 1 ∣ x ∣
37 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
2 2
x(a + bx ) 2a ∣ a + bx ∣
dx
∫
38 1 a + bx
ln∣ ∣ + C
2 2 2
a − b x =
2ab ∣ a − bx ∣
dx 1 ∣ 2ax + b − √b2 − 4ac ∣

39 ∫ = ln∣
2
∣ + C, b − 4ax > 0
2
ax + bx + c √b
2
− 4ac ∣ 2ax + b + √b2 − 4ac ∣
−1
dx 2 tan (2ax + b)
40 ∫ = + C, b
2
− 4ac < 0
2
ax + bx + c √4ac − b 2
√4ac − b2
41 dx 2
∫ = √ax + b + C
√ax + b a
2 3
42 ∫ √ax + bdx = (ax + b)

2
+ C
3a
xdx 2(ax − 2b)

43 ∫ =
2
√ax + b + C
√ax + b 3a
2(3ax − 2b) 3
44 ∫ x√ax + bdx = (ax + b)

2
+ C
2
15a
dx 1 ∣ √ax + b − √b − ac ∣
45 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C, b − ac > 0 .
(x + c)√ax + b √b − ac ∣ √ax + b + √b − ac ∣
dx 1 ax + b
46 ∫ = tan
−1
√ + C, b − ac < 0 .
(x + c)√ax + b √ac − b ac − b
2 2 2
2(8a − 12abx + 15b x )
47 2
∫ x √a + bxdx = √(a + bx)
3
+ C
3
105b
2 2 2
2 2(8a − 4abx + 3b x )
x dx
48 ∫ = √a + bx + C
3
√a + bx 15b
∣ √a + bx − ∣
dx 1 √a
49 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C, a > 0
x√a + bx √a ∣ √a + bx + √a ∣
dx 2 ∣ a + bx ∣
50 ∫ = tan
−1
∣ ∣ + C, a < 0 .
∣ −a ∣
x√a + bx √− a
a − x x + b
51 ∫√ dx = √(a − x)(b + x) + (a + b)sin
−1
√ + C
b + x a + b
a + x b − x
52 ∫√ dx = − √(a + x)(b − x) − (a + b)sin
−1
√ + C
b − x a + b
dx x − a
−1
53 ∫ = 2 sin √ + C
√x − a(b − a) b − a
2 −1
2cx − b b − 4ax sin (2cx − b)
54 ∫ √a + bx − cx dx =
2
√a + bx − cx
2
+ + C
4c 3
√b2 + 4ac
8√ c
dx 1
∣ 2 ∣
55 ∫ = ln 2ax + b + 2√ax + bx + c + C, a > 0
∣ ∣
√a
2
√ax + bx + c
−1
dx 1 sin (2ax + b)
56 ∫ = − √b
2
− 4ac + C, a < 0
√ax2 + bx + c √a 4a
2
x a
57 ∫ √x
2
+ a dx =
2
√x
2
+ a
2
+
∣ 2
ln x + √x + a
∣
2∣
∣
+ C
2 2
3
1
58 x√ x
2
+ a dx =
2
(x
2
+ a )
2 2
+ C
3
4
x a
59 2
∫ x √x
2 2
+ a dx = (2x
2
+ a )√x
2 2
+ a
2
−
∣
∣
2
ln x + √x + a
2∣
∣
+ C
8 8
2 2 2 2
√x + a √x + a
60 ∫ dx = −
∣
∣
2
+ ln x + √x + a
2∣
∣
+ C
2
x x
2 2 ∣ ∣
√x + a x
61 ∫( )dx = √x
2
+ a
2
+ a ln∣ ∣ + C
x ∣ a + √x2 + a2 ∣
xdx
2 2
62 ∫ = √x + a + C
2 2
√x + a
63
2 2
x dx x a
√x
2 2 ∣ 2 2∣
∫ = + a − ln x + √x + a + C
∣ ∣
√x
2
+ a
2 2 2
dx 1 ∣ x ∣
64 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C
2 2 a ∣ a + √x 2 2 ∣
x√x + a + a
2
x a
65 ∫ √x
2
− a dx =
2
√x
2
− a
2
−
∣ 2
ln x + √x − a
∣
2∣
∣
+ C
2 2
3
1
66 ∫ x√ x
2
− a dx =
2
(x
2
− a )
2 2
+ C
3
2 2
√x − a a
67 ∫ dx = √x
2
− a
2
+ a sin
−1
( ) + C
x x
2 2 2 2
√x − a √x − a
68 ∫ dx = −
∣ 2
+ ln x + √x − a
2∣
+ C
2 ∣ ∣
x x
dx
∣ 2 2∣
69 ∫ = ln x + √x − a
∣ ∣
+ C
2 2
√x − a
xdx
2 2
70 ∫ = √x − a + C
2 2
√x − a
2 2
x dx x a
∣ 2∣
71
2 2 2
∫ = √x − a + ln x + √x − a + C
∣ ∣
√x
2
− a
2 2 2
dx 1 a
−1
72 ∫ = − sin ( ) + C
x√x
2
− a
2 a x
dx 1 x − a
73 ∫ = √ + C
(x + a)√x
2
− a
2 a x + a
dx 1 x + a
74 ∫ = − √ + C
(x − a)√x
2
− a
2 a x − a
2 2
dx √x − a
75 ∫ = (
2
) + C
2
x √x
2
− a
2 a x
dx x
76 ∫
3
= −
2 2 2
+ C
2 2 2 a √x − a
(x − a )
3 4
x 3a
77 ∫ (x
2
− a )
2 2
dx = − (2x
2
− 5a )√x
2 2
− a
2
+ +
∣
∣
2
ln x + √x − a
2∣
∣
+ C
8 8
2
x a x
78 ∫ √a
2
− x dx =
2
√a
2
− x
2
+ sin
−1
( ) + C
2 2 a
3
1
79
2 2 2 2
∫ x√ a
2
− x dx = − (a − x ) + C
3
4
x a x
80 2
∫ x √a
2
− x dx =
2
(2x
2
− a )√a
2 2
− x
2
+ sin
−1
( ) + C
8 8 a
2 2 ∣ ∣
√a − x x
81 ∫ dx = √a
2
− x
2
+ a ln∣ ∣ + C
x ∣ a + √a2 − x2 ∣
2 2 2 2 −1
√a − x √a − x sin x
82 ∫ dx = − − + C
2
x x a
dx
−1
83 ∫ = sin x + C
2
√1 − x
84
dx sin x
∫ = + C
√a
2
− x
2 a
xdx
2 2
85 ∫ = − √a − x + C
2 2
√a − x
2 2
x dx x a x
86
2 2 −1
∫ = − √a − x + sin ( ) + C
√a
2 2 2 2 a
− x
dx 1 a − x
87 ∫ = − √ + C
(x + a)√a
2
− x
2 2 a + x
dx 1
∫ = − + C
88 2 2
(x − a)√a − x a+x
√
a−x
−1 2
dx 1 sin (bx + a )
89 ∫ = + C, b > a .
(x + b)√a
2
− x
2
√b2 − a2 a(x + b)
dx 1 ∣ x + b ∣
90 ∫ = ln∣ ∣ + C, b < a .
2 2
(x + b)√a − x √a2 − b2 ∣ √a2 − b2 √a2 − x2 + a2 + bx ∣
2 2
dx √a − x
91 ∫ = − + C
2
2
x √a
2
− x
2 a x
3 4
x 3a x
92 ∫ (a
2
− x )
2 2
dx = (5a
2
− 2x )√a
2 2
− x
2
+ sin
−1
( ) + C
8 8 a
dx x
93 ∫
3
=
2 2 2
+ C
2 2 2 a √a − x
(a − x )
94 ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + C
95 ∫ cos xdx = sin x + C
x 1
96
2
∫ sin xdx = − sin 2x + C
2 4
x 1
97 ∫ cos
2
xdx = + sin 2x + C
2 4
1 1 3
98
3 3
∫ sin xdx = cos x − cos x + C = cos 3x − cos x + C
3 12 4
1 1 3
99 ∫ cos
3
xdx = sin x − sin
3
x + C = sin 3x + sin x + C
3 12 4
dx x π
∣ ∣
100 ∫ = ∫ sec xdx = ln tan(
∣
+ )
∣
+ C
cos x 2 4
dx ∣ tan x ∣
101 ∫ = ∫ cos ecxdx = ln∣ ∣ + C
sin x ∣ 2 ∣
dx
102 ∫ = ∫ cos c xdx =
2
− cot x + C
2
sin x
dx
103
2
∫ = ∫ sec xdx = tan x + C
2
cos x
dx cos x 1 ∣ tan x ∣
104
3
∫ = ∫ cos ec xdx = − = ln∣ ∣ + C
3 2
2 ∣ 2 ∣
sin x 2 sin x
dx sin x 1 x π
∣ ∣
105 ∫ = ∫ sec
3
xdx = + ln tan( + ) + C
3 2 ∣ ∣
cos x 2 cos x 2 2 4
106 1
∫ sin x cos xdx = − cos 2x + C
4
1
107
2 3
∫ sin x cos xdx = sin x + C
3
1
108
2 3
∫ sin x cos xdx = − cos x + C
3
x 1
109 ∫ sin
2
x cos
2
xdx = − sin 4x + C
8 32
110 ∫ tan xdx = − ln|cos x| + C
sin x 1
111 ∫
2
dx = + C = sec x + C
cos x cos x
2
sin x x π
∣ ∣
112 ∫ dx = ln tan( + ) − sin x + C
cos x ∣ ∣
2 4
2
113 ∫ tan xdx = tan x − x + C
114 ∫ cot xdx = ln|sin x| + C
cos x 1
115 ∫ dx = − + C = − cos ecx + C
2
sin x sin x
2
cos x ∣ tan x ∣
116 ∫ dx = ln∣ ∣ + cos x + C
sin x ∣ 2 ∣
2
117 ∫ cot xdx = − cot x − x + C
dx
118 ∫ = ln|tan x| + C
cos x sin x
dx 1 x π
∣ ∣
119 ∫ = − + ln tan( + ) + C
2 ∣ ∣
sin x cos x sin x 2 4
dx 1 ∣ tan x ∣
120 ∫ = + ln∣ ∣ + C
sin x cos
2
x cos x ∣ 2 ∣
dx
121 ∫
2
= tan x − cot x + C
2
sin x cos x
sin(m + n)x sin(m − n)x

122 ∫ sin mx sin nxdx = − + + C, m
2
≠ n ,
2
2(m + n) 2(m − n)
cos(m + n)x cos(m − n)x

123
2 2
∫ sin mx cos nxdx = − − + C, m ≠ n .
2(m + n) 2(m − n)
sin(m + n)x sin(m − n)x

124 ∫ cos mx cos nxdx = + + C, m
2
≠ n
2
.
2(m + n) 2(m − n)
125 ∫ sec x tan xdx = sec x + C
126 ∫ cos ecx cot xdx = − cos ecx + C
n+1
cos x
127 ∫ sin x cos
n
xdx = − + C
n + 1
128
n+1
sin x
n
∫ sin x cos xdx = − + C
n + 1
−1 −1 2
129 ∫ sin xdx = x sin x + √1 − x + C
−1 −1 2
130 ∫ cos xdx = x cos x − √1 − x + C
1
131
−1 −1 2
∫ tan xdx = x tan x − 1n(x + 1) + C
2
1
132 ∫ cot
−1
xdx = x cot
−1
x + 1n(x
2
+ 1) + C
2
133 ∫ sinh xdx = cosh x + C
134 ∫ cosh xdx = sinh x + C
135 ∫ tanh xdx = 1n cosh x + C
136 ∫ coth xdx = 1n|sinh x| + C
2
137 ∫ sech xdx = tanh x + C
2
138 ∫ cos ech dxdx = − coth x + C
139 ∫ sech x tanh xdx = − sech x + C
140 ∫ cos echx coth xdx = − cshx + C
x x
141 ∫ e dx = e + C
x
a
142
x
∫ a dx = + C
1na
ax
e
143 ∫e
ax
dx = + C
a
ax
e
144 ∫ xe
ax
dx = (ax − 1) + C
2
a
145 ∫ 1nxdx = x1nx − x + C
dx
146 ∫ = 1n|1nx| + C
x1nx
1nx 1
147
n n+1
∫ x 1nxdx = x [ − ] + C
2
n + 1
(n + 1)
a sin bx − b cos bx
148
ax ax
∫e sin bxdx = e + C
2 2
a + b
a cos bx + b sin bx
149
ax ax
∫e cos bxdx = e + C
2 2
a + b
1 n
150
m mx n mx n−1 mx
∫x e dx = x e − ∫x e dx
m m
mx mx mx
e e m e
151 ∫
n
dx = −
n−1
+ ∫
n−1
dx, n ≠ 1,
x (n − 1)x n − 1 x
n
1 n−1
n − 1 n−2
152 ∫ sinh xdx = sinh x cosh x − ∫ sinh xdx
n n
dx cosh x n − 2 dx
153 ∫
n
= − ∫
n−2
, n! − 1 .
n−1
sinh x (n − 1)sinh x n − 1 sinh x
n
1 n−1
n − 1 n−2
154 ∫ cosh xdx = sinh x cosh x cosh x ∫ cosh xdx
n n
dx sinh x dx
155 ∫
n
= ∫
n−2
, n ≠ 2 .
n−2 cosh
cosh x n − 1(cos
n−1
x) +
n−1 x
n m
sinh x
∫ sinh x cosh xdx =
156 x cosh
m−1
x m−1 n m−2
n + 1 ∫ sinh x cosh xdx
n+m n+m
n−1 m+1
sinh x cosh x n − 1
157 ∫ sinh nx cosh
m
xdx = − ∫ sin
n−2
x cosh
m
xdx
n + m n + m
n
1 n−1 n−2
158 ∫ tanh xdx = − tanh x + ∫ tanh xdx, n ≠ 1 .
n − 1
n
1 n−1 n−2
159 ∫ coth xdx = − coth x + ∫ coth xdx, n ≠ 1 .
n − 1
n−2
sech x tanh x n − 2
160 ∫ sech
n
xdx = + ∫ sech
n−2
xdx, n ≠ 1 .
n − 1 n − 1
1 n − 1
161
n n−1 n−2
∫ sin xdx = − sin x cos x + ∫ sin xdx
n n
dx cos x n − 2 dx
162 ∫
n
= − + ∫ , n ≠ 1 .
n−1 n−2
sin x (n − 1)sin x n − 1 sin x
1 n − 1
163
n n−1 n−2
∫ cos xdx = sin x cos x + ∫ cos xdx
n n
dx sin x n − 2 dx
164 ∫
n
= + ∫
n−2
, n ≠ 1
n−1
cos x (n − 1)cos x n − 1 cos x
n+1 m−1
sin x cos x m − 1
165 ∫ sin
n
x cos
m
xdx = + ∫ sin
n
x cos
m−2
xdx
n + m n + m
n−1 m+1
sin x cos x n − 1
166 ∫ sin
n
x cos
m
xdx = − + ∫ sin
n−2
x cos
m
xdx
n + m n + m
1
167 .
n n−1 n−2
∫ tan xdx = tan x − ∫ tan xdx, n ≠ 1
n − 1
1
168 .
n n−1 n−2
∫ cot xdx = − cot x − ∫ cot xdx, n ≠ 1
n − 1
n−2
sec x tan x n − 2
169 ∫ sec
n
xdx = + ∫ sec
n−2
xdx, n ≠ 1 .
n − 1 n − 1
n−2
csn x cot x n − 2
170 ∫ cos ec xdx =
n
+ ∫ cos
n−2
xdx, n ≠ 1
n − 1 n − 1
n+1 m
x 1n x m
171 n m n m−1
∫x ln xdx = − ∫ x 1n xdx
n + 1 n + 1
m m m−1
1n x ln x m 1n x
172 ∫
n
dx = − + ∫
n
dx, n ≠ 1 .
n−1
x (n − 1)x n − 1 x
173
n
∫ 1n xdx = x1n x − n∫ 1n
n n−1
xdx .
174
.
n n n−1
∫x sinh xdx = x cosh x − n∫ x cosh xdx
.
n n n−1
175 ∫x cosh xdx = x sinh x − n∫ x sin hxdx
n n n−1
176 ∫x sin xdx = − x cos x + n∫ x cos xdx
.
n n n−1
177 ∫x cos xdx = x sin x − n∫ x sin xdx
n+1 n+1
x 1 x
178
n −1 −1
∫x sin xdx = sin x − ∫ dx
n + 1 n + 1 √1 − x
2
n+1 n+1
x 1 x
179 .
n −1 −1
∫x cos xdx = cos x + ∫( dx
n + 1 n + 1 √1 − x
2
n+1 n+1
x 1 x
180 ∫x
n
tan
−1
xdx = tan
−1
x − ∫ dx .
2
n + 1 n + 1 1 + x
n
x dx x b dx
181 ∫ = − ∫
n n
ax + b a a ax + b
dx − 2ax − b 2(2n − 3)a dx

182 ∫
2
n
=
n−1
−
2
∫
n−1
, n ≠ 1.
(ax + bx + c) (n − 1)(b
2
− 4ac)(ax bx + c)
2 (n − 1)(b − 4ac) (ax
2
+ bx + c)
dx x 2n − 3 dx
183 ∫
n
= + ∫ .
2 2 n−1 2 n−1
(x + a ) 2(n − 1)a (x
2 2
+ a )
2 2(n − 1)a (x
2
+ a )
2
, n ≠ 1
dx x 2n − 3 dx
184 ∫
n
= − − ∫ , n ≠ 1 .
2 2 n−1 2 n−1
(x − a ) 2(n − 1)a (x
2 2
− a )
2 2(n − 1)a (x
2
− a )
2
b n
185 ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∑ f (ξi ) △ xi , where △ xi = xi − xi − 1 , xi − 1 ≤ ξi ≤ xi .

x→ ∞
a
i=1
186 ∫ 1dx = b − a
a
b b
187 ∫ kf (x)dx = k∫ f (x)dx

a a
b b b
188 ∫ [f (x) + g(x)]x = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ g(x)dx

a a a
b b b
189 ∫ [f (x) − g(x)]x = ∫ f (x)dx − ∫ g(x)dx

a a a
190 ∫ f (x)dx = 0
a
b a
191 ∫ f (x)dx = − ∫ f (x)dx

a b
b c b
192 ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dxf or a < c < b .

a a c
193 ∫ f (x)dx ≥ 0 if f (x) ≥ 0on[a, b]

a
194 ∫ f (x)dx ≤ 0 if f (x) ≤ 0on[a, b]

a
195 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

b
∫ f (x)dx = F (x) ∣a
b
= F (b) − F (a) if F (x) = f (x) .
a
Method of substitution

196 b d
If x , then ∫ , where c .

−1 −1
= g(t) f (x)dx = ∫ f (g(t))g' (t)dt = g (a), d = g (b)
a c
Integration by Parts

197 b b
b
∫ udv(uv) ∣a − ∫ vdu
a a
Traezoidal Rule

198 b
b − a
n−1
∫ f (x)dx = [f (x0 ) + f (xn ) + 2 ∑ f (xi )]

a
2n
i=1
Simpson\'s Rule

199 b
b − a b − a
∫ f (x)dx = [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 4f (x3 ) + + 2f (x4 ) + … + 4f (xn − 1 + f (xn )] , where xi = a + i, i, 0, 1, 2, . , n .
3n n
a
Area Under a Curve

200 b
S = ∫ f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a) , where F ' (x) = f (x) .

a
Area Between Two Curves

201 b
S = ∫ [f (x) − g(x)]dx = F (b) − G(b) − F (a) + G(a) , where F ' (x) = (x), G' (x) = g(x) .
a
202 The definite integral ∫ f (x)dx is called an improper integral if , a or b is infinite, f (x) has one or more points of discontinuity in the interval [a, b].

a
∞ n
203 If f (x) is a continuous functn on [a, ∞) then ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∫ f (x)dx .

n→ ∞
a a
b b
204 If f (x) is continuous function on ( − ∞, b) , then ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∫ f (x)dx .

n→ ∞
− ∞ n
∞ c ∞
205 ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx

− ∞ − ∞ c
Comparison Theorem:

∞
206 Let f (x) and g(x) be continuous functions on the closed interval [a, ∞). Suppose that 0 ≤ g(x) ≤ f (x) for all x in [a, ∞)., If ∫ f (x)dx is convergent,
a
∞ ∞ ∞
then ∫ g(x)dx) is also convergent, if ∫ g(x)dx is divergent then ∫ f (x)dx is also divergent.

a a a
Absolute Convergence

207 ∞ ∞
If ∫ |f (x)|dx is convergent then the integral ∫ f (x)dx is absolutely convergent.

a a
Discontinuous Integrand

208 b b−ξ
Let f (x) be a function which is continuous on the interval [a, b) but is continuous at x = b . Then ∫ f (x)dx = lim ∫ f (x)dx .

ξ→0+
a a
Let f (x) be a continuous function for all real numbers x in the interval [a, b] except for some point c in (a, b) . Then
b b
209
c−ξ
∫ f (x)dx − lim f (x)dx + lim ∫ f (x)dx

ξ→0+ δ→0+
a c+δ
210 Double Integral Functions of two variables

f (x, y), (u, v)

Double integrals: ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy, ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dxdy

r r

m n
Riemann sum: ∑ ∑ (f (ui , vj ) △ xi △ yj ,

i=1 j=1

Small changes: △ xi , △ yj

Regions of integration :R,S

Polar coordinates rθ

Area:A, Surface area;

Volume of a solid:V

Mass of a lamina:m

Density;ρ(x, y)

First moments : Mx , My

Moments of inertial: Ix , Iy , I0

Charge of a plate: Q

Charge density: σ(x, y),

Coordinates of center of mass: x̄, ȳ

Average of a function :μ
211 ∫∫ [f (x, y) + g(x, y)]dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA + ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dA

R R R
212 ∫∫ [f (x, y) − g(x, y)]dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA − ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dA

R R R
213 ∫∫ kf (x, y)dA = k∫ ∫ (x, y)dA where k is a constant.

R R
214 If f (x, y) ≤ g(x, y) on R, then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA ≤ ∫ ∫ g(x, y)dA .

R R
215 If f (x, y) ≥ 0 on R and S ⊂ sec R , then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA ≤ ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA .
S R
If f (x, y) ≥ 0 on R and R and S are nonoverlapping regions, then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA + ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dA Here R ∪ S is the union of the
216 R∪S R S
regions R and S .
Integrated Integrals and Fubini\'s Theorem

217 b q(x)
∫∫ f (x, y)dA = ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dydx for a region on type I, R − {(x, y) ∣ a ≤ x ≤ b, p(x) ≤ y ≤ (x)}

R a p(x)
Doubles Integrals over Rectangular Regions

b d d b
If R is the rectangular regin [a, b] × [c, d] , then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy = ∫ (∫ (x, y)dy)dx = ∫ (∫ f (x, y)dx)dy . In the special case whre the integrand
218 R a c c a
b d
f (x, y) can be written as g(x)h(y) we have ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy = ∫ ∫ g(x)h(y)dxdy = (∫ g(x)dx)(∫ h(y)dy)

R R a c
Change of Variables

∂ (x, y)
219 ∫∫ f (x, y)dxdy ≡ ∫ ∫ f [x(u, v), y(u, v)] ∣ is the jacobian of the transformatons
∂ (x,y)
R S
∂ (u, v)|dudv, where|
∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ (u,v) | = | ( , ) , ( , ( ∂y) , ( ∂v) ) ∣ ≠0
∂u ∂v ∂u
(x, y) → (u, v) and S is the pullbasck of R which can be computed by x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v) into the definitins of R.
Polar Coordinates
220
`x=rcostheta, y=rsintheta\`
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinats

∣ ∂ (x, y) ∣
The diferential dxdy for Polar Coordinate is dxdy = ∣ ∣drdthη = rdrdthη. Let the region R is determined as follows:
221 ∣ ∂ (r, θ) ∣
β h(θ)
0 ≤ g(θ), = r ≤ h(θ), α ≤ θ ≤ β, whereβ − α ≤ 2π / Then ∫ ∫ f (x, y)dxdy = ∫ ∫ f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdthη .

R α g(θ)
Area of Region

222 b f (x)
A = ∫ ∫ )dydx (for a type I region).
a g(x)
223 Volume of a Solid

V = ∫∫ f (x, y)dA
R
Area and Volume in Polar Coodinates

224 β g(θ)
If S is a region in the xyplane bounded by θ = α, θ = β, r = h(θ), r = g(θ), thenA = ∫ ∫ dA = ∫ ∫ rdrdθ, V = ∫∫ f (r, θ)rdrdθ .

S α h(θ) S
2 2
∂z ∂z
225 Surface Area S = ∫∫ √1 + ( ) + ( ) dxdy
R
∂x ∂z
Mass of a Lamina m = ∫ ∫ ρ(x, y)dA,

226 R

where the lamina occupies a regions R and its density at a point (x, y) is ρ(x, y)
Moments

The moment of the lamna abut the xaxis is given by formula Mx ∫ ∫ yρ(x, y)dA . The moment of the lamina about the y=axis is My ∫ ∫ xρ(x, y)dA . The
R R
227
moment of inertia about the xaxis is Ix ∫ ∫ . The moment of inertia about the yaxis is Ix ∫ ∫ . The polar moment of inertia is
2 2
y ρ(x, y)dA x ρ(x, y)dA
R R
2 2
I0 = ∫ ∫ (x + y )ρ(x, y)dA
R
Center of Mass

My 1 ∫∫ xρ(x, y)dA
R
x̄ = = ∫∫ xρ(x, y)dA = ,
228 m m
R ∫∫
R
ρ(x, y)dA

Mx 1 ∫∫ yρ(x, y)dA
R
ȳ = = ∫∫ yρ(x, y)dA = ,
m m ∫∫ ρ(x, y)dA
R
R
Charge of a Plate

229
Q = ∫∫ σ(x, y)dA, where electrical charge is distributed over a region R and its charge density at a point (x, y) is σ(x, y)
R
Average of Function

230 1
μ = ∫∫ f (x, y)dA , where S = ∫∫ dA .
S
R R
Definition of Triple Integral

The triple integral over as parallelopiped [a, b] × [c, d] × [r, s] is defined to be
m n p
231 ∫∫∫ f (x, y, z)dV = lim ∑ ∑ ∑ f (ui , vj , wk ) △ xi △ yj △ zk , where(ui , vj , wk ) is some point in the paralleloiped
max △ xi → 0
[a,b] × [c,x] × [r,s]
i=1 j=1 k=1
max △ yj → 0
max △ zk → 0
(xi − 1 , xi ) × (yj − 1 , yj _ ) × (zk − 1 , zk ) and △ xi = xi − xi − 1 , △ yj = yj − yj − 1 , △ zk = zk − zk − 1 .
232 ∫∫∫ [f (x, y, z) + g(x, y, z)]dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV + ∫ ∫ ∫ g(x, y, z)dV

G g G
233 ∫∫∫ [f (x, y, z) − g(x, y, z)]dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV − ∫ ∫ ∫ g(x, y, z)dV

G g G
234 ∫∫∫ kf (x, y, z)dV = k∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV where k is a constant.

G g
If f (x, y, z) ≥ 0 and G and T are nonoverlapping basic regions then ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV − ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV + ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dV . Here G ∪ T is
235 G∪T G T
the union of the regions G and T.
Evaluation of Triple Integrals by Repeated Integrals

χ2 ( x , y ) ( x , y , z ) dz
If the solid G is the set of points (x, y, z) such that (x, y)εR, χ1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ χ2 (x, y) then ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = ∫ ∫ [∫ dxdy, where
236 G R χ1 ( x , y )
R is projection of G onto the xyplane. If the solid G is the set of points (x, y, z) such that a ≤ x ≤ b, φ1 (x) ≤ y ≤ φ2 (x), χ1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ χ2 (x, y) , then
b φ2 ( x ) χ2 ( x , y )
∫∫∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = ∫ [(∫ (∫ f (x, y, z)dz)dy]dx

G a φ1 ( x ) χ1 ( x , y )
237 Triple Integrals over Parallelepiped

b d x,y,z
If G is a paraelepiped [a, b] × [c, d] × [r, s] then ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = ∫ [∫ (∫ dz)dy]dx . In the special case where in the integrand f (x, y, z)

G a c r
b d s
can be written as g(x)h(y)k(z) we have ∫ ∫ ∫ dxdydz = (∫ g(x)dx)(∫ h(y)dy(∫ k(z)dz).

f (x,y,z) a c r
Change of Variables

∂x ∂x ∂x
, ,
∣ ∂ (x, y, z) ∣ ∣ ∂ (x, y, z) ∣ ∂u ∂v ∂w ∂z ∂z ∂z ⎞
238 ∫∫∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = ∫ ∫ ∫ f [(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)]∣ ∣dxdydz , where ∣ ∣ = , ( u), , ≠ 0 is
∂y ∂y ∂y
G S
∣ ∂ (u, v, w) ∣ ∣ ∂ (u, v, w) ∣ ∂ ∂v ∂w ⎠
, ,
∂u ∂v ∂w
the jacobian of the transformation (x, y, z) → (u, v, w) and S is the pull back of G which canbe computed by x = x(u, v, w), y = y(u, v, w)z = z(u, v, w)
into the definition of G.
Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates

The Differential dxdydz for Sphericla Coordinates is
239 ∂ (x, y, z)
where
2 s
dxdydz = ∣ drdthηdφ = r sin θdrdtehtasdφ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dxdydz = , = ∫∫∫ f (r sin θ cos φ, r sin θ sin φ, r cos θ)r sin θdrdthηdφ,
∂ (r, θ, φ) R S
the solid S is the pullback of G is spherical coordinates. the angle θ ranges from 0 to 2π, the angle varphi ranges from 0 → π .
Volume of a solid

240
V = ∫∫∫ dxdydz
G
Volume of Cylindrical Coordinates

241
V = ∫∫∫ rdrdthηdz
S(r,θ,z)
242 Volume of Spherical Coordinates V = ∫∫∫ r

2
sin θdrdthηdφ
S(r,θ,φ)
243 Mass of a solid m = ∫∫∫ μ(x, y, z)dV , where the soid occupies a region G and its density at a point (x, y, z)isμ(x, y, z)

G
Myz Mxy Mxy

Center of mass of a solid x̄ = ( , ȳ = , z̄ = , where Myz = ∫∫∫ xμ(x, y, z)dV , Mxz = ∫ ∫ ∫ yμ(x, y, z)dV , Mxy = ∫ ∫ ∫ zμ(x, y, z)dV
244 m m m G G G
are the first moments about the coordinte planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 respectively, m(x, y, z) is the density function.
Moments of Inertia about the xyplane (or z = 0 ), yzplane (x = 0 ) and xz=plane (y = 0 )

245
Ixy = ∫ ∫ ∫
2
z μ(x, y, z)dV , Iyz = ∫ ∫ ∫
2
x μ(x, y, z)dV , Ixz = ∫ ∫ ∫
2
y μ(x, y, z)dV .
G G G
Moment of Inertial about the xaxis, yaxis, and zzxis

2 2
Ix = Ixy + (Ixz = ∫ ∫ ∫ (z + y )μ(x, y, z)dV
246 G

2 2 2 2
Iy = Ixy + (Iyz = ∫ ∫ ∫ (z + x )μ(x, y, z)dV , Iz = Ixz + (Iyz = ∫ ∫ ∫ (y + x )μ(x, y, z)dV
G G
Polar Moment of Inertia

247 2 2 2
I0 = Ixy + Iyz + Ixz = ∫ ∫ ∫ (x + y + z )μ(x, y, z)dV
G
Line Integral of a Scalar Function

→ →
248 Let a curve C be given by the vector function r = r (s), 0 ≤ s < + S, and a scalar function F is defined over the curve C. Then
s
→
∫ F ( r (s))ds = ∫ F (x, y, z)ds = ∫ F ds, where ds is the arc length differential.
0 C C
249 ∫ F ds = ∫ F ds + ∫ F ds
C1 ∪ C2 C1 C2
β
→ →
250 If the month smooth Curve C is parametrized by r = r (t)α, ≤ t ≤ β , then ∫ F (x, y, z)ds = ∫ F (x(t), y(t), z(t))√(x' (t))
2
+ (y' (t))
2 2
+ (z' (t)) dt.
C α
251
2
If C si a smooth curve in the xyplane given by the equation y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b, then ∫ (x, y)ds = ∫ F (x, f (x))√1 + (f ' (x)) dx .
F a
252 Line Integral of Scalar Function in Polar coordinates

β 2
dr
, where the curve C is defined by the polar function r(θ).
2
∫ F (x, y)ds = ∫ F (r cos θ, r sin θ)√r _ ( ) dθ
C α
dθ
Line Integral of Vector Field

253 → → dverr →
Let a curve C be defined by the vector function r = r (s), 0 ≤ s ≤ S. Then = τ = (cos α, cos β, cos γ) is the unit vector of the tangent line to this
ds
crurve.
Properties of Line Integrals of Vector fields

→ →
→ →
254 ∫ (F . d r ) = − ∫ (F . d r ), where C denote the curve with the opposite orientation.
−C C
→ → → →
→ → → →
∫ (F . d r ) = ∫ (F . d r ) = ∫ (F . d r ) + ∫ (F . d r ), where C is the union of the curve C1 and C2 .
C C1 ∪ C2 C1 C2
If the curve C is parameterized by

β
→ dx dy dz
255 r (t) = {x(t), y(t), z(t)}, α ≤ t ≤ β, then∫ P dx + Qdy + Rdz = , = ∫ (P (x(t), y(t), z(t)) + Q(x(t), y(t), z(t)) + R(x(t), y(t), z(t)) )dt
dt dt dt
C α
b
df
256 If C lis in the xyplane and given by the equation y = f (x) , then ∫ P dx + Qdy = ∫ (P (x, f (x)) + Q(x, f (x)) )dx .
C a
dx
Green\'s Theorem

∂Q ∂P → → →
257 ∫∫ ( − )dxdy = ∮ P dx + Qdy , where F = P (x, y) i + Q(x, y) j is a continuous vector function with continuous first partial derivatives
R
∂x ∂y
∂P ∂Q
, in a some domain R, which is bounded by a close, piecewise smooth curve C.
∂y ∂x
1
258 Area of a Region R bounded by the curve C S = ∫∫ dxdy = ∮ xdy − ydx
R
2 C
Path Independence of Line Integrals

→ → → →
The line integral of a vector function F = P i + Q j + R k is said to be path independent, if and only if P,Q andR are continuous in a domain D, and if
259 → ∂u ∂u ∂u
there exists some scalar function u = u(x, y, z) (a scalar potential) in D such that F = ∇u , or = P , = Q , artilz) = R Then
∂x ∂y p
→
→ →
∫ F ( r ). d r ∫ P dx + Qdy + Rdz = u(B) − u(A) .
C C
Test for a conservative field

→ → → → →
A vector field of the form F = ∇u is called a conservative fiedl. The line integral of a vector function F = P i + Q j + R k is path independent if and
→ → →
∣ ∣
i j k
∣ ∣
260 →
∣ ∂ ∣
→
only if curlF =
∣ ∂x
∂ ∂
∣
= 0 . If the line integral is taken in xyplane so that ∫ P dx + Qdy = (B) − u(A) , then the test for determining if a vector
∂y ∂z
C
∣ ∣
∣ P Q R ∣
∂P ∂Q
field is conservative can be written in the form = .
∂y ∂x
Length of a Curve

2
β → β 2 2
∣ ∣ dy ⎞
d r dx dz
L = ∫ ds = ∫
∣
∣
∣
(t)∣dt = ∫ √( ) + ( ) + ⎟dt, where C is a piecewie smooth curve described by the position vector
dt dt dt dt
C α ∣ ∣ α ⎠
261 β → β 2 2
∣ d r ∣ ((dx)) dy
→
r (t), α ≤ t ≤ β . If the curve C is two dimensional , then L = ∫ ds = ∫ ∣
∣
(t)∣dt = ∫
∣
√ + ( ) dt . The curve C is the graph of a
dt dt dt
C α ∣ ∣ α
b 2
dy
function y = f (x) in the xy plane (a ≤ x ≤ b), then L = ∫ √1 + ( ) dx
dx
a
Length of a curve in polar coordinates


262 β
 dr

where the curve C is given by the equationi r in polar coordinates.
2
L = ∫ ( + r )dθ, = r(θ)α ≤ θ ≤ β
⎷ 2
α (dθ)
Mass of a wire

→
m = ∫ ρ(x, y, z)ds , where ρ(x, y, z) is the mass per unt length of the wire. If C is a curve parametrized by the vector function r (t) = {x(t), y(t), z(t) , then
C
2 2 2
263 ⎛ dx dy dz
the mass can be computed by the formula m = ∫α ρ
β
x(t), y(t), (t)√( ) + ( ) + ( ) dt . If C is a curve in xyplane then the mass of the wire
⎝ dt dt dt
β 2 2
⎛ dx dy
is given by m = ∫ ρ(x, y, z)ds, or m = ∫ ρ x(t), y(t)√( ) + ( ) dt (in parametric form)
⎝ dt dt
C α
Center of mass of a wire

264 Myz Mxz Mxy
x̄ = , ȳ = , z̄ = whereMyz = ∫ xρx, y, z)ds, Mxz = ∫ yρx, y, z)ds, Mxy = ∫ zρx, y, z)ds,
m m m C C C
Moments of Inertia

265 The moments of inertia about the xaxis, yaxis, and zaxis are given by the formulas
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ix = ∫ (y + z )ρ(x, y, z)ds, Iy = ∫ (x + z )ρ(x, y, z)ds, Iz = ∫ (x + y )ρ(x, y, z)ds
C C C
Area of a Region Bounded by a closed curve

266 1
S = ∮ xdy = − ∮ ydx = ∮ xdy − ydx .
c C
2 C
Volume of a Solid Formed by Rotating a Closed Curve about the xaxis

267 2
π
2
V = − π∮ y dx = − 2π∮ xydy = − ∮ 2xydy + y dx
c C
2 C
Work done by a force

→ → →
268 F on an object moving along a curve C is given by the line integral W = ∫
→
F . d r , where F is the vector force field acting on the object d r is the unit
→
tangent vector.
Ampere\'s Law

269 →
→
→
∮ B . d r = μo I . The line integral of a magnetic field B around a closed path C is equal to the total current I flowing through the area bunded by the path.
C
Faraday\'s Law

→
270 → dy
ε = ∮ CE . d r = − Th electromotive force (emf) epsilon induced around a closed loop C is equal to the rate to the change of magnetic flux ψ passing
dt
through the loop.
Surface Integral of a scalar function

→ → →
→
Let a surface S be given by the positin vector r (u, v) = x(u, v) i + y(u, v) j + z(u, v) k , where (u, v) ranges over some domain D(u, v) of the uvplane.
→ →
∣ ∂ r ∂ r ∣
The surface integral of a scalar function f (x, y, z) over the surface S is defined as ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z)dS = ∫ ∫ f (x(u, v), y(u, v))∣
∣
× ∣dudv,
∣
271 S D(u,v) ∣
∂u ∂v
∣
→ →
∂ r ∂ r
where the partia,l derivaties and are given by
∂u ∂v
→ → → →
∂ r ∂x → ∂y → ∂z → ∂ r ∂x → ∂y → ∂z → ∂ r ∂ r
= (u, v) i + (u, v) j + (u, v) k , = (u, v) i + (u, v) j + (u, v) k and × is the cross product.
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂z ∂u ∂v
If the surface S is given by the equation z = z(x, y) where z(x, y) is a differentiable function in the domain D(x, y) , then
2 2
272 ∂z ∂z
∫∫ f (x, y, z)dS = ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z(x, y))√1 + + ( ) )dxdy.
S D(x,y)
∂x ∂y
→
Surface integral of the vector field F over the surface S If S is oriented outward, then
→ →
273 → → →
→
→ ∂ r ∂ r
∫∫ F (x, y, z). d S = ∫∫ F (x, y, z). n dS = ∫ ∫ F (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)). [ × ]dudv .
S S D(u,v)
∂u ∂v
→ →
→ → → → ∂ r ∂ r →
→ →
If S is oriented inward, then ∫ ∫ F (x, y, z). d S = ∫∫ F (x, y, z). n dS = ∫ ∫ (u, v)F (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)). [ v) × ]dudv. d S = n dS
S S D
∂ ∂u
→ →
∂ r ∂ r
274 is called the vector element of the surface. Dot means the scalar product of the appropriate vecrtors. The partial derivatives and are given by
∂u ∂v
→ →
∂ r ∂u → ∂y → partalz → ∂ r ∂x → ∂y → ∂z →
= (u, v). i + (u, v). j + (u, v). k , = (u, v). i + v)(u, v). j + (u, v). k .
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂ ∂v
If the surface S is given by the equation z = z(x, y) where z(x, y) is a differentiable function in the domain
−−→
D(x, y), thenI f Sis or ientedupward, i. e. thek − thcompo ≠ ntof the∥a∥l −−→ rispositive, then int int_S vecF(x,y,z).dvecS=int int_S vecF(x,y,z).vecn
275 dS= int int_(D(x,y)) vecF(x,y,z).((partialz)/(partialy)vecj+veck) dxdy, If S is oriented downward, i.e. the kth component of the normal vector is negative, then
→ → → → ∂z → ∂z → →
→
∫∫ F (x, y, z). d S = ∫∫ F (x, y, z). n dS = ∫ ∫ (x, y)F (x, y, z). ( i + j − k )dxdxy .
S S d
∂x ∂y
→
→
∫∫ (F . n )dS = ∫ ∫ P dydz = Qdzdx + Rdxdy = ∫ ∫ (P cos α + Q cos β + R cos γ)dS, whereP (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) are the components
276 S S S
→
→
of the vector field F ., cos alph, cos β, cos γ are the angles between the outer unit normal vector n and the xaxis, yaxis, and zaxis, respectively.
277
→
If The surface S is given in parametric form by the vector r (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)), then the latter formula can be written as
∂x ∂y ∂z
∣ ∣
→ , ,
→ ∣ ∂u ∂u ∂u ∣
∫∫ (F . n )dS = ∫ ∫ P dydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = ∫ ∫
∣
(P , Q, R),
∣
dudv, where(u, v) ranges over some domain D(u, v) of the uv
∂x ∂y ∂z
S S D(u,v) , ,
∣ ∣
∂v ∂v ∂v
plane.
Divergence Theorem

→ → → →
∮∮ F . dS = ∫∫∫ ( ∇ . F )dV , whereF (x, y, z) = {P (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)} is a vectro field whose components P,Q, and R have continuous
278 S G
→ ∂P ∂Q ∂R → →
partial derivatives, ∇ . f = + + is the divergence of F also denoted ÷ F . The symbol ∮ ∮ indicates that the surface integral is taken over
∂x ∂y ∂z
a closed surface.
Divergence Theorem in Coordinate Form

279 ∂P ∂Q ∂R
∮∮ P dydz + Qdxdz + Rdxdy = ∫ ∫ ∫ + G( + + )dxdydz .
S
∂x ∂y ∂z
Stoke\'s Theorem

→ → → →
→
∮ F . d r = ∫∫ ( ∇ × F ). d S , whereF (x, y, z) = {P (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)} is a vector field whose components P,Q, and R have continuous
C S
→ → →
∣ ∣
i j k
280 → ∣ ∣
∂R ∂Q → ∂P ∂R → ∂Q ∂P → → →
∣ ∂ ∣
partial derivatives ∇ × f =
∣
∂ ∂
∣
= ( − ) i + ( − ) j = ( − ) k is teh curl of F , also denoted curl F . The
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
∣ ∣
∣ P Q R ∣
symbol, ∮ indicates that the line integral is taken over a closed curve.
Stroke\'s Theorem in Coordinate Form

281 ∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
∮ + CP dx + Qdy + Rdz = ∫ ∫ + S − )dydz + ( − )dzdx + ( − )dxdy
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
282 Surface Area A = ∫∫ dS
S
→ → →
→
If the surface S is parametrized by the vector r (u, v) = x(u, v) i + y(u, v) j + z(u, v) k , then the surface area is
283 →
A = ∫∫
→ →
is the domain where the surfasce r (u, v) is defined.
∣ ∂ r ∂ r ∣
D(u,v) × dudv , whereD ( u , v )
∣ ∂u ∂v ∣

2

∂z ∂z

If S given explicitly by the function z(x, y) then the surface area is A = ∫∫ 1 + ( + ( ) )dxdy, whereD(x, y) is the projection of the
284 ⎷ 2
∂y
D(x,y) ( ∂ x)
surface S onto the xyplane.
285 Mass of a surface m = ∫∫ μ(x, y, z)dS, whereμ(x, y, z) is the mass per unit area (density function).

S
Myz Mxz
Center of Mass of a shell x̄ = , ȳ = , z̄ = (Mxy )m, whereMyz = ∫ ∫ xμ(x, y, z)dS, Mxz = ∫ ∫ yμ(x, y, z)dS, Mxy = ∫ ∫ zμ(x, y, z)dS, are
286 m m S S S
the first moments about the coordinate planes x=0, y=0, z=0, respectively. μ(x, y, z) is the density function.
287 Moment of Iertia the xyplane (or z=0), yzplane (x = 0), and xzplane (y 2

= 0)Ixy = ∫ ∫ Sz μ(x, y, z)dS, Iyz ∫ ∫
2
x μ(x, y, z)dS, Ixz = ∫ ∫
2
y μ(x, y, z)dS .
S S
288 Moments of Inertia about the xaxis, yaxis, and zaxis Ix = ∫∫ (y
2 2
+ z )μ(x, y, z)dS, Iy = ∫ ∫ (x
2 2
+ z )μ(x, y, z)dS, Iz = ∫ ∫ (x
2 2
+ y )μ(x, y, z)dS,
S S S
1 ∣ ∣
289 Volume of a solid Bounded by a closed surface V = ∣∮ ∮ dxydz + ydxdz + zdxdy∣
3 ∣ ∣
S
→
→ r →
290 Gravitational Force F = G min t∫ μ(x, y, z) dS , where m is a mass at a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) outside the surface, r = (x − x2 , y − y0 , z − z0 ) , μ(x, y, z)
3
S r
is the density function, and G is a gravitational constant.
→ →
→ → →
291 Pressure Forece F = ∫∫ p( r )d S , where the pressure p( r ) acts on the surface S given by the position vector r .
S
→
→ → → →
292 Fluid Flux (across the surface S) Φ = ∮ ∮ v ( r ). d S , where v ( r ) is the fluid velocity.
293
→ →
→ → →
Mass Flux (across the surface S) Φ = ∫∫ ρ v ( r ). d S , whereF = ρ v is the vector field, rho is the fuid density,
S
294 Surface Charge Q = ∫∫ σ(x, y)dS, whereσ(x, y) is the surface charge density.

S
→ → Q
Gauss\' law the electric flux through any closed surface is proportional to the charge Q enclosed by the surface Φ = ∫∫ E . dS = where Φ is the
ε0
295 S
→ F
electric flux, E e is the magnitude of the electric field strength, ε0 = 8, 85 × 10
− 12
is permittivity of free space.
m




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FOR IIT JEE

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS


SL# FORMULA
Second Order Determinant

1 ∣ a1 b1 ∣
det A = ∣ ∣ = a 1 b2 − a 2 b1
∣ a2 b2 ∣
Value of Determinant

∣ a11 a12 a13 ∣
2
∣ ∣
det A = a21 a22 a23 = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32 − a11 a23 a32 − a12 a21 a33 − a13 a22 a31
∣ ∣
∣ a31 a32 a33 ∣
Nth Order Determinant

∣ a11 a12 … a1j … a1n ∣
∣ ∣
a21 a22 … a2j … a2n
∣ ∣
3 ∣
… … … … … …
∣
∣ ∣
det A =
∣ ∣
ai1 ai2 … aij … ain
∣ ∣
∣ … … … … … … ∣
∣ ∣
∣ an1 an2 … anj … ann ∣
Minor

4 The minor Mij associated with the element aij of nth order matrix A is the (n1)th order determinant
derived from the matrix A by deletion of its ith row and jth column.
Cofactor
5
i+j
Cij = ( − 1) Mij
Laplace Expansion of nth Order Determinant

Laplace expansion by elements of the ith row

n
det A = ∑ aij Cij , i = 1, 2, …. , n

6 j=1

Laplace expansion by elements of the jth column

n
det A = ∑ aij Cij , j = 1, 2, …. , n
i=1
7 The value of a determinant remains unchanged if rows are changed to columns and columns to rows.

∣ a1 a2 ∣ ∣ a1 b1 ∣
∣ ∣ = ∣ ∣
∣ b1 b2 ∣ ∣ a2 b2 ∣
If two rows (or two columns) are interchanged, the sign of the determinant is changed.

8 ∣ a1 b1 ∣ ∣ a2 b2 ∣
∣ ∣ = − ∣ ∣
∣ a2 b2 ∣ ∣ a1 b1 ∣
If two rows (or two columns) are identical, the value of the determinant is zero.

9 ∣ a1 a1 ∣
∣ ∣ = 0
∣ a2 a2 ∣
If the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by a common factor, the determinant is
multiplied by that factor.

10
∣ ka1 kb1 ∣ ∣ a1 b1 ∣
∣ ∣ = k∣ ∣
∣ a2 b2 ∣ ∣ a2 b2 ∣
If the elements of any row (or column) are increased (or decreased) by equal multiples of the
corresponding elements of any other row (or column), the value of the determinant is unchanged.

11
∣ a1 + kb1 b1 ∣ ∣ a1 b1 ∣
∣ ∣ = ∣ ∣
∣ a2 + kb2 b2 ∣ ∣ a2 b2 ∣
An m × n matrix A is a rectangular array of elements (numbers or functions) with m rows and n
columns.

a11 a12 … a1n
⎡ ⎤
12
⎢ a21 a22 … a2n ⎥
⎢ ⎥
A = [aij ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
am1 am2 … amn
13 Square matrix is a matrix of order n × n
14 A square matrix ⌊aij ⌋ is symmetric if aij = aji , i.e. it is symmetric about the leading diagonal.
15 A square matrix ⌊aij ⌋ is skewsymmetric if aij = − aji
16 Diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all elements zero except those on the leading diagonal.
Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which the elements on the leading diagonal are all unity. The unit
17
matrix is denoted by I
18 A null matrix is one whose elements are all zero
Two matrices A and B are equal if, and only if, they are both of the same shape m × n and
19
corresponding elements are equal.
20 Two matrices A and B can be added (or subtracted) of, and only if, they have the same shape m × n .
If

a11 a12 … a1n
⎡ ⎤
⎢ a21 a22 … a2n ⎥

⎢ ⎥
A = [aij ] = ⎢ ⎥ ,
⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
am1 am2 … amn

b11 b12 … b1n
⎡ ⎤
⎢ b21 b22 ... b2n ⎥

⎢ ⎥
B = [bij ] = ⎢ ⎥ ,
⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
bm1 bm2 ... bmn

then,

a11 + b11 a12 + b12 ... a1n + b1n
⎡ ⎤
⎢ a21 + b21 a22 + b22 ... a2n + b2n ⎥

⎢ ⎥
A + B = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
am1 + bm1 am2 + bm2 ... amn + bmn
If k is a scalar, and A = ⌊aij ⌋ is a matrix, then

ka11 ka12 … ka1n
⎡ ⎤
21 ⎢ ka21 ka22 … ka2n ⎥
⎢ ⎥
kA = [kaij ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
kam1 kam2 … kamn
22 Multiplication of Two Matrices

Two matrices can be multiplied together only when the number of columns in the first is equal to the
number of rows in the second.

If

a11 a12 … a1n
⎡ ⎤
⎢ a21 a22 … a2n ⎥

⎢ ⎥
A = [aij ] = ⎢ ⎥ ,
⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
am1 am2 ... amn

b11 b12 ... b1k
⎡ ⎤
⎢ b21 b22 ... b2k ⎥

⎢ ⎥
B = [bij ] = ⎢ ⎥ ,
⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
bn1 bn2 ... bnk

c11 c12 ... c1k
⎡ ⎤
⎢ c21 c22 ... c2k ⎥

⎢ ⎥
then AB = C = ⎢ ⎥ ,
⎢
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
bm1 cm2 ... cmk

n
where cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + ... + ain bnj = ∑ aiλ bλj

λ=1

(i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., k) .

bi
⎡ ⎤
a11 a12 a13
Thus if A = [aij ] = [ ], B = [bi ] = ⎢ b2 ⎥ ,
a21 a22 a23
⎣ ⎦

b3

b1
⎡ ⎤
a11 a12 a13 a11 b1 a12 b2 a13 b3
then, AB = [ ] ⋅ ⎢ b2 ⎥ = [ ]
a21 a22 a23 a21 b1 a22 b2 a23 b3
⎣ ⎦
b3
Transpose of a Matrix

23 If the rows and columns of matrix are interchanged, then the new matrix is called the transpose of the
original matrix. If A is the original matrix, its transpose is denoted AT or Ã
24 The matrix A is orthogonal if AAT = I
If the matrix product AB is defined, then
25
T T T
(AB) = B A
Adjoint of Matrix

26 If A is a square n × n matrix, its adjoint, denoted by adj A, is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors
T
Cij of A : adjA = [Cij ] .
Trace of a Matrix

27
If A is a square n × n matrix, its trace, denoted by tr A, is defined to be the sum of the terms on the
leading diagonal: trA = a11 + a22 + … + ann .
Inverse of a Matrix

28 If A is a square n × n matrix with a nonsingular determinant det A, then its inverse A − 1 is given by
adjA
−1
A =
det A
If the matrix product AB is defined, then
29
−1 −1 −1
(AB) = B A
If A is a square n × n matrix, the eigenvectors X satisfy the equation AX = λX , while the
30
eigenvalues λ satisfy the characteristic equation |A − λI | = 0
a1 x + b1 y = d1
{
a2 x + b2 y = d2

Dx Dy
x = , y = (Cramer\'s rule),
D D

where

31 ∣ a1 b1 ∣
D = ∣ ∣ = a 1 b2 − a 2 b1 ,
∣ a2 b2 ∣

∣ d1 b1 ∣
Dx = ∣ ∣ = d1 b2 − d2 b1 ,
∣ d2 b2 ∣

∣ a1 d1 ∣
Dy = ∣ ∣ = a 1 d2 − a 2 d1
∣ a2 d2 ∣
If D ≠ 0 , then the system has a single solution:

Dx Dy
x = , y = .
32 D D

If D = 0 and Dx ≠ 0( or Dy ≠ 0) , then the system has no solution.

If D = Dx = Dy = 0 , then the system has infinitely many solutions.
⎧ a x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
⎪ 1
⎨ a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
⎩
⎪
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3

Dx Dy Dz
x = , y = , z = (Cramer\'s rule),
D D D

where
33
∣ a1 b1 c1 ∣ ∣ d1 b1 c1 ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
D =
∣
a2 b2 c2
∣
, Dx =
∣
d2 b2 c2
∣
,

∣ a3 b3 c3 ∣ ∣ d3 b3 c3 ∣

∣ a1 d1 c1 ∣ ∣ a1 b1 d1 ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
Dy =
∣
a2 d2 c2
∣
, Dz =
∣
a2 b2 d2
∣
.
∣ a3 d3 c3 ∣ ∣ a3 b3 d3 ∣
If D ≠ 0 , then the system has a single solution:

Dx Dy Dz
x = , y = , z = .
34 D D D

If D = 0 and Dx ≠ 0( or Dy ≠ 0 or Dz ≠ 0) , then the system has no solution.

If D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0 , then the system has infinitely many solutions.
35 Matrix Form of a System of n Linear Equations in n Unknowns

The set of linear equations

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + … + a1n xn = b1
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + … + a2n Xn = b2
⎨
⎪
⎪
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
⎪
⎩
⎪
an1 X1 + an2 X2 + … + ann Xn = bn

can be written in matrix form

a11 a12 ... a1n X1 b1
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ a21 a22 ... a2n ⎟ ⎜ X2 ⎟ ⎜ b2 ⎟

⎜
⎜
⎟ ⋅ ⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟ = ⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟
⎟
,
⎜ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎟ ⎜ ⋮ ⎟ ⎜ ⋮ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
an1 an2 ... ann Xn bn

i.e. A ⋅ X = B ,

⎛ a11 a12 ⋮ a1n ⎞ X1 b1
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ X2 ⎟ ⎜ b2 ⎟
a21 a22 ⋮ a2n
where, A = ⎜
⎜
⎟, X = ⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟, B = ⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟
⎟
.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⋮ ⎟ ⎜ ⋮ ⎟
⎜ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠ Xn bn
an1 an2 ... ann
Solution of a Set of Linear Equations n × n

⋅ B,
−1
X = A
36

where A is the inverse of A.
−1








FOR IIT JEE

PROBABILITY


SL# FORMULA
1 Factorial n ≠ 1.2.3…(n − 2)(n − 1)n0 ≠ 1
2 ^ Pn = n !
n!
3 ^ Pm =
(n − m) !
n n!
4 Binomial Coefficient ^ Cm = ( ) =
m m !(n − m) !
5
n
^ nCm = Cn − m
6 ^ nCm +
n
Cm + 1 =
n+1
Cm + 1
7
n n n n
^ nC0 + C1 + C2 + … + Cn = 2
m
Probability of an Event P (A) = , where m is the number of possible positive outcomes n is the total
8 n
number of possible outcomes.
9 Range of Probability Values 0 ≤ P (A) ≤ 1
10 Certain Event P (A) = 1
11 Impossible Event P (A) = 0
12 Complement P (A
¯
¯¯) = 1 − P (A)
A B
13 Independent Events P ( ) = P (A), P ( ) = P (B)
B A
14 Addition Rule for Independent Events P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B)
15 Multipication Rule of Independent Events P (AcpB) = P (A). P (B)
16 General Addition Rule P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B), whereAcubB is the union of events A
and B, AcabB is the intersection of events A and B.
A P (A ∩ B)
17 Conditional Probability P ( ) =
B P (B)
A B
18 P (A ∩ B) = P (B). P ( ) = P (A). P ( )
B A
m
A
Law of Total Probability P (A) = ∑ P (Bi )P ( ) , where Bi is a sequence of mutually exclusive
19 Bi
i=1
events.
A
P( ). P (B)
20 B B
Bayes\' Theorem P ( ) =
A P (A)
A
P (Bi ). P ( )
Bi Bi
Bayes\' Formula P ( ) = where Bi is a set of mutually exclusive events

A m A
∑ P (Bi ). P ( )
21 k=1 Bi
Bi
(hypotheses), A is the final event, P (Bi ) are the prior probabilities, P( ) are the posterior
A
probabilities.
Law of Large Numbers P (|(Sn )n − μ| ≥ ε) → 0asn → ∞, P (|(Sn )n − μ| < ε) → 1asn → ∞, where

22
Sn is the sum of random variables, n is the number of possible outcomes.
V (X)
23 Chebyshev Inequality P (|X − μ| ≥ ε) ≤ , wehreV (X) is the variace of X
2
ε
2
(x−μ)
1
24 Normal Density Function φ(x) = e 2σ
2
, whre x is a particular outcome.
σ√2π
2
1 z
Standard Normal Density Function φ(z) Average value μ deviation σ

−
25 = e 2
= 0 = 1
√2π
X − μ
26 Standard Z value Z =
σ
x 2
(t−μ)
1 − dt ,
Cumulative Normal Distribution Functon F (x) = ∫ e 2σ
2
where x is a particular
27 σ√2π − ∞
outcome, t is variable of integration.
α − μ β − μ
P (α < X < β) = F ( ) − F( ) , where X is normally distributed random variable, F is
28 σ σ
cumulative normal distribution function, P (α < X < β) is interval probability.
ε
P (|X − μ| < ε) = 2F ( ), where X is normally distributed random variable, F is cumulative normal
29 σ
distribution function.
30 Cumulative Distribution Function F (x) = P (X < x) = ∫ f (t)dx , where t is a variable of integration.

− ∞
31 Bernoulli Trails Process μ = np, σ = npq, where n is a sequence of experimets, p is the probability of
2
success of each experiments, q is the probability of failure, q = 1, 1 − p
n n
Binomial Distribution Function
k n−k 2 x
b(n, p, q) = ( )p q , μ = np, σ = npq, f (x) = (q + pe ) ,
32 k
where n is the number of trials of selections p is the pribabilityi of success, q is the probability of failure
q=1p.
1 1
Geometric Disrtribution P (T = j) − q
i−j
p, , μ = , σ
2
=
2
, where T is the first successful event is
p p
33
the series, j is the event number, p is the probability that any one event is successful, q is the probability
of failure q = 1 − p.
k
λ
Poisson Distribution lamds is the rate of
−λ 2
P (x = k) ≈ e , λ − np, μ = λ, σ = λ, where
34 k!
occurrence, k is the number of positive outcomes.
35 Density Function P (a ≤ X ≤ b) = ∫ f (x)dx
a
1 a + b
36 Continuous Uniform Density f = , μ = , where f is the density function.
b − a 2
37 Exponential Density Function f (t) = λe
− λt
, μ = λ, σ
2
= λ
2
where t is the lambda is the failure rate.
38 Exponential Distribution Function F (t) = 1 − e( − λt), where t is the lambda is the failure rate.
Expected Value of Discrete Radom Variables μ = E(X) = ∑ xi pi , wherexi is a particular outcomes pi

39
i=1
is its probabilaty.
40 Expected Value of Continuous Random Variables μ = E(X) = ∫ xf (x)dx

− ∞
Propeties of Expectations

41 E(X + Y ) = E(X) + E(Y ), E(X − Y ) = E(X) − E(Y ), E(cX) = CE(X), E(XY ) = E(X). E(Y ),
where c is a constant.
42 is the expected value, V (X) is the variance.
2 2
E(X ) = V (X) + μ , whereμ = E(X)
E(X)
43 Markov Inequality P (X > k) ≤ , where k is some constant.
K
n
2 2
Variance of Discrete Random Variables σ , where xi is a
2
= V (X) = E[(X − μ) ] = ∑ (xi − μ) pi
44
i=1
particular outcome, pi is its probability.
∞
2 2
45 Variance of Continuous Random Variables σ
2
= V (X) = E[(X − μ) = ∫ (x − μ) f (x)dx
− ∞
46 Properties of Variance
2
V (X + Y ) = V (X) + V (Y ), V (X − Y ) = V (X) + V (Y ), V (X + c) = V (X), V (cX) = c V (X),
where c is a constant.
2
47 Standard Deviationn D(X) = √V (X) = √E[(X − μ) ]
Covariance cov(X, Y ) = E[(X − μ(X))(Y − μ))] = E(XY ) − μ(X)μ(Y ), where X is random variable

48
V (X) is the variance of X, mu is the expected vlue of X or Y.
cov(X, Y )
49 Correlation ρ(X < Y) + , where V (X) is the variasnce of X, V (Y ) is the variance of Y.
√V (X)V (Y )
2
50 Standard Deviationn D(X) = √V (X) = √E[(X − μ) ]
Covariance cov(X, Y ) = E[(X − μ(X))(Y − μ))] = E(XY ) − μ(X)μ(Y ), where X is random variable

51
V (X) is the variance of X, mu is the expected vlue of X or Y.
cov(X, Y )
52 Correlation ρ(X < Y) + , where V (X) is the variasnce of X, V (Y ) is the variance of Y
√V (X)V (Y )







FOR IIT JEE

SETS


SL# FORMULA
1 A ⊂ I
2 A ⊂ A
3 A = B if A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A .
4 Empty Set ∅ ⊂ A
5 Union of Sets C = A ∪ B = {x ∣ x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
6 Commutativity A ∪ B = B ∪ A
7 Associativity A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
8 Intersection of Sets C = A ∩ B = {x ∣ x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
9 Commutativity A ∩ B = B ∩ A
10 Associativity aA ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Distributivity

11 A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C) ,

A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) .
Idempotency

12 A ∩ A = A,

A ∪ A = A
Domination:

13 A ∩ O = O,

A ∪ I = I
14 Identity

A ∪ O = A ,

A ∩ I = A
Complement
15
A' = {x ∈ I ∣ x ∉ A}
Complement of Intersection and Union

16 A ∪ A' = I ,

A ∩ A' = ∅
DeMorgan\'s Laws

17 (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B' ,

(A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B'
Difference of Sets
18
∣
C = B\A = {x ∣ x ∈ B and x ∉ A}
19 B\A = B\(A ∩ B)
20 B\A = B ∩ A'
21 A\A = ∅
22 A\B = A if A ∩ B = ∅
23 (A\B) ∩ C = (A ∩ C)\(B ∩ C)
24 A' = I \A
Cartesian Product
25

C = A × B = {(x, y) ∣x ∈ A and y ∈ B}
Natural numbers
26
Counting numbers: N = {1, 2, 3, . . . } .
Whole numbers
27
Counting numbers and zero: N0 = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . } .
28 Integers

Whole numbers and their opposites and zero:

Z
+
= N = {1, 2, 3, …} ,

Z
≡
{…, − 3, − 2, − 1} ,

.
− ∪ +
Z = Z {0} ∪ Z = {…, − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …. }
Rational numbers: Repeating or terminating decimals:

29 a
Q = {x ∣ x = and a ∈ Z and b ∈ Z and b ≠ 0} .
b
30 Irrational Numbers: Nonrepeating and nonterminating decimals.
31 Real Numbers: Union of rational and irrational numbers: R.
32 Complex Numbers: C = {x + iy ∣ x ∈ R and y ∈ R} , where i is the imaginary unit.
33 N ⊂ Z ⊂ Q ⊂ R ⊂ C
34 Additive Identity: a + 0 = a
35 Additive Inverse: a + ( − a) = 0
36 Commutative of Addition: a + b = b + a
37 Associative of Addition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
38 Definition of Subtraction: a − b = a + ( − b)
39 Multiplicative Identity: a ⋅ 1 = a
1
40 Multiplicative Inverse: a ⋅ = 1, a ≠ 0
a
Multiplication Times 0
41
a ⋅ 0 = 0
Commutative of Multiplication
42
a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a
Associative of Multiplication
43
(a ⋅ b) ⋅ c = a ⋅ (b ⋅ c)
Distributive Law
44
a(b + c) = ab + ac
45 Definition of Division

a 1
= a ⋅
b b







FOR IIT JEE

STRAIGHT LINE


SL# FORMULA
Distance Between Two Points
1
d = AB = |x2 − x1 | = |x1 − x2 |
Dividing a Line Segment in the Ratio

2 x1 + λx2 AC
λx0 = , λ , λ ≠ − 1 .
1 + λ CB
Midpoint of a Line Segment

3 x1 + x2
x0 = , λ = 1 .
2
Distance Between Two Points

4
2 2
d = AB = √(x2 − x1 ) + (y2 − y1 )
Distance Between Two Points in Polar Coordinates

5
2 2
d = AB = √r + r − 2r1 r2 cos(ϕ2 − ϕ1 )
1 2
Converting Rectangular Coordinates to Polar Coordinates
6
x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ψ.
Converting Polar Coordinates to Rectangular Coordinates

7 y
.
2 2
r = √x + y , tan ϕ =
x
General Equation of a straight Line
8
Ax + By + C = 0
Normal Vector to a Straight Line The Vector

9 −−
−→
A, B is noramal to the line Ax + By + C = 0
10 Explicit Equation of a straight Line (Slope Intercept Form)y = kx + b .
Gradient of a Line

11 y2 − y1
k = tan α =
x2 − x1
Equation of a line given a point and the Gradient

12 y = y0 + k(x − x0 ), where k is the gradient,

P (x0 , y0 ) is a point on the line.
Equation of a Line That Passes Through Two Points

∣ x y 1∣
13 y − y1 x − x1 ∣ ∣
= or ∣ x1 y1 1∣ = 0
y2 − y1 x2 − x1 ∣ ∣
∣ x2 y2 1∣
Intercept Form

14 x y
+ = 1
a b
Normal Form
15
x cos β + y sin β − p = 0
Point Direction Form

x − x1 y − y1
16 = ,
X Y

where (X, Y ) is the direction of the ine and P1 (x1 , y1 ) lies on the line.
Vertical Line
17
x = a
Horizontal Line
18
y = b
→
→ →
Vector equation of a Straight Line r = a + t b , where O is the origin of the coordinates,

X is any variable point on the line,

→
19 a is the position vector of a known point A on the line,

→
b is a known vector of direction, parallel to the line, t is a parameter,

→ −
−→
r = OX is the position vector of any pont X on the line.
20 x = a1 + tb1
Straight Line in Parametric Form { where (x, y) are the coordinates of any
y = a2 + tb2
unknown point on the line,

(a1 , a2 ) are the coordinates of a known point on the line,

are the coordinates of a vector parallel to the line,
(b1 , b2 )

t is a parameter.
Distance From a Point To a Line

The distance from the point P (a, b) to line Ax + By + C = 0 is
21
|Aa + Bb + c|
d =
2 2
√A + B
Parallel Lines Two lines

y = k1 x + b1 and y = k2 x + b2 are parallel if

k1 = k2 .
22
Two lines A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 and A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 are parallel if

A1 B1
= .
A2 B2
Perpendicular Lines

Two Lines

y = k1 x + b1 and y = k2 x + b2 are perpendicular if

1
23 k2 = − or, equivalently, k1 k2 = − 1 .
k1

Two lines A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 and A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 perpendicular if

A 1 A 2 + B1 B2 = 0
k2 − k1 A 1 A 2 + B1 B2
Angle Between Two Lines tan ϕ = , cos ϕ =
24 1 + k1 k2 2 2 2 2
√A + B . √A + B
1 1 2 2
Intersection of Two Lines

If two lines A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 and A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 intersect, the intersection point
has coordinates

25 − C 1 B2 + C 2 B1
x0 = ,
A 1 B2 − A 2 B1

− A1 C2 + A2 C1
y0 =
A 1 B2 − A 2 B1







FOR IIT JEE

3D GEOMETRY


SL# FORMULA
Distance Between two points

1
2 2 2
d = AB = √(x2 − x1 ) + (y2 − y1 ) + (z2 − z1 )
Dividing a Line Segment in the Ratio

x1 + λx2
λx0 = ,
1 + λ

2 y1 + λy2
y0 = ,
1 + λ

z1 + λz2 AC
z0 = , whereλ = , λ ≠ − 1 .
1 + λ CB
Midpoint of a Line Segment

x1 + x2
x0 = ,
2
3
y0 = (y1 + y2 ) / 2 ,

z1 + z2
z0 = , λ = 1 .
2
Area of a Triangle The area of a triangle with vertices

P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ), and P3 (x3 , y3 , z3 ) is given by

4  2 2 2
 ∣ y1 z1 1∣ ∣ z1 x1 1∣ ∣ x1 y1 1∣

1 ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣

S =  ∣ y2 z2 1∣ +
∣
z2 x2 1
∣
+ ∣ x2 y2 1∣ .
2 ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
⎷
∣ y3 z3 1∣ ∣ z3 x3 1∣ ∣ x3 y3 1∣
5 Volume of a Tetrahedron

The volume of a tetrahedron with vertices P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ), P3 (x3 , y3 , z3 ) and
P4 (x4 , y4 , z4 ) is given by

∣ x1 y1 z1 1∣
∣ ∣ ∣ x1 − x4 y1 − y4 z1 − z4 ∣
1 x2 y2 z2 1 1 ∣ ∣
∣ ∣
V = ± , or V = ± ∣ x2 − x4 y2 − y4 z 2 − z 4 ∣.
∣ ∣
6 x3 y3 z3 1 6 ∣ ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ x3 − x4 y3 − y4 z3 − z4 ∣
∣ x4 y4 z4 1∣

Note: We choose the sign (+) or () so that to get a positive answer for volume.
General Equation of a Plane
6
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Normal Vector to a plane
7
→
The vector n (A, B, C) is normal to the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Particular Cases of the Equation of a plane

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

If A = 0, the plane is parallel to the xaxis.

If B = 0, the plane is parallel to the yaxis.

8 If C = 0 the plane is parallel to the zaxis.

If D = 0, the plane lies on the origin.

If A = B = 0, the plane is paralle to the xyplane,

If B = C = 0 the plane is parallel to the yzplane.

If A = C = 0 the plane is parallel to the xzplane.
Point Direction form

9
A(x − x0 ) + B(y − y0 ) + C(z − z0 ) = 0 where the point P (x0 , y0 , z0 ) lies in the plane, and
the vector (A,B,C) is normal to the plane.
Intercept form

10 x y z
+ + = 1
a b c
Three Point Form

∣ x y z 1∣
∣ ∣
∣ x − x3 y − y3 z − z3 ∣ x1 y1 z1 1
11 ∣ ∣
∣ ∣
∣ ∣
∣ x1 − x3 y1 − y3 z1 − z3 ∣ = 0, or x1 y1 z1 1 = 0
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
∣ x2 − x3 y2 − y3 z2 − z3 ∣ ∣x y2 z2 1∣
2
∣ ∣
∣ x3 y3 z3 1∣
Normal Form

12 cos α + y cos β + z cos gama − p = 0 where p is the perpendicular distance from the origin to
the plane, and cos α, cos β, cos γ are the direction cosines of any line normal to the plane.
Parametric form

⎧ x = x1 + a 1 s + a 2 t
⎪
13 ⎨ y = y1 + b1 + b2 t where (x, y, z) are the coordinates of any unknown point on the line the

⎩
⎪
z = z1 + c 1 s + c 2 t
point P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies in the plane, the vectors (a1 , b1 , c1 ) and (a2 , b2 , c2 ) are parallel to the
plane.
14 Dihedral Angle Between Two Planes

If the planes are given by A1 x + B1 y + C 1 z + D 1 = 0 , A2 x + B2 y + C 2 z + D 2 = 0 , then the
→ →
n 1. n 2 A 1 A 2 + B1 + B2 + C 1 C 2
dihedral angle between them is cos ϕ = =
∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣ 2 2 2 2 2 2
n 1 . n 2 √A + B + C . √A + B + C
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 1 1 1 2 2 2
Parallel Planes Two planes

15 A 1 x + B1 y + C 1 z + D 1 = 0 and A 2 x + B2 y + C 2 z + D 2 = 0 are parallel if
A1 B1 C1
= =
A2 B2 C2
Perpendicular planes

16 Two planes A1 x + B1 y + C 1 z + D1 = 0 and A2 x + B2 y + C 2 z + D 2 = 0 are perpendicular if
A 1 A 2 + B1 B2 + C 1 C 2 = 0
Equation of a Plane Through P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Parallel to the vectors (a1 , b1 , c1 ) and (a2 , b2 , c2 )

17 ∣ x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 ∣
∣ ∣
∣ a1 b1 c1 ∣ = 0
∣ ∣
∣ a2 b2 c2 ∣
Equation of a plane through

P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ), and Parallel to the vector (a, b, c) is

18
∣ x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 ∣
∣ ∣
∣ x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 ∣ = 0
∣ ∣
∣ a b c ∣
Distance From a point to a plane the distance from the point P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to the plane
19 ∣ Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D ∣
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0isd = ∣ ∣ .
∣ √ A 2 + B2 + C 2 ∣
Point Direction Form of the Equation of a Line

20 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= , , where the point P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies on the lines and (a, b, c) is the
a b c
direction vector of the line.
Two Point Form

21 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
Parametric Form

⎧ x = x1 + t cos α
⎪
⎨ y = y1 + t cos β ,
22 ⎩
⎪
z = z1 + t cos γ

where the point P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies on the straight lines, cos α, cos β, cos γ are the direction
cosines of the direction vector of the line, the parameter t is any real number.
23 Angle Between Two Straight Lines

→ →
s 1. s 2 a 1 a 2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2
cos ϕ = = .
∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣ 2 2 2 2 2 2
s 1 . s 2 √a + b + c . √a + b + c
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 1 1 1 2 2 2
Parallel Lines

24 a1 b1 c1
→ →
Two lines are parallel if s 1 ∣ ∣ s 2, or = = .
a2 b2 c2
Perpendicular Lines
25
→ →
Two lines are perpendicular if s 1. s 2 = 0 , or a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2 = 0
Intersection of two lines Two Lines

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
= = and = = intersect at
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
26
∣ x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 ∣
∣ ∣
∣ a1 b1 c1 ∣ = 0
∣ ∣
∣ a2 b2 c2 ∣
Parallel Line and Plane

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
27 The straight line = = and the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 are
a b c
→ →
parallel iif n . s = 0 , or Aa + Bb + Cc = 0
Perpendicular Line and Plane

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
28 The straight line = = and the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 are
a b c
→ → A B C
perpendicular if n ∣ ∣ s or = = .
a b c
General Quadratic Equation
29
2 2 2
Ax + By + Cz + 2F yz + 2Gzx + 2H xy + 2P x + 2Qy + 2Rz + D = 0
Real Ellipsoid (Case 1)

30 x
2
y
2
z
2
+ + = 1
2 2 2
a b c
Imaginary Ellipsoid (Case 2)

31 y
2
z
2
2 2
x + a + + = − 1
2 2
b c
32 Hyperboloid of 1 Sheet (Case 3)

2 2 2
x y z
+ − = 1
2 2 2
a b c
Hyerboloid of 2 Sheets (case 4)

33 x
2
y
2
z
2
+ − = − 1
2 2 2
a b c
Real Quadric Cone (Case 5)

34 x
2
y
2
z
2
+ − = 0
2 2 2
a b c
Imaginary Quadric Cone (case 6)

35 x
2
y
2
z
2
+ + = 0
2 2 2
a b c
Elliptic Paraboloid (Case 7 )

36 x
2
y
2
+ − z = 0
2 2
a b
Hyperbolic Paraboloid (Case 8)

37 x
2
y
2
− − z = 0
2 2
a b
Real Ellipstic Cylinder (case 9)

38 x
2
y
2
+ = 1
2 2
a b
Imaginary Elliptic Cylinder (case 10)

39 x
2
y
2
+ = − 1
2 2
a b
Hyperbolic Cylinder (Case 11)

40 x
2
y
2
− = 1
2 2
a b
Real Intersecting Planes (Case 12)

41 x
2
y
2
− = 0
2 2
a b
Imaginary Intersecting Planeks (case 13)

42 x
2
y
2
+ = 0
2 2
a b
43 Parabolic Cylinder (Case 14)

2
x
− y = 0
2
a
Real Parallel Planes (case 15)

44 x
2
= 1
2
a
Imaginary Parallel Planes (case 16)

45 2
x
= − 1
2
a
Coincident Planes (case 17)
46
2
x = 0
Equation of a sphere Centered at the origin (standard form)
47
2 2 2 2
x + y + z = R
Equation of a Circle Centered at Any point
48
2 2 2 2
(a, b, c), (x − a) + (y − b) + (z − c) = R
Diameter Form

49 (x − x1 )(x − x2 )(y − y1 )(y − y2 ) + (z − z1 )(z − z2 ) = 0 where

P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ), P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) are the ends of a diameter.
Four Point Form

2 2 2
∣x + y + z x y z 1∣
∣ 2 2 2 ∣
x + y + x x1 y1 z1 1
∣ 1 1 1 ∣
50
∣ 2 2 2 ∣
x + y + x x2 y2 z2 1 = 0
2 2 2
∣ ∣
2 2 2
∣x + y + x x3 y3 z3 1∣
3 3 3
∣ ∣
2 2 2
∣ x4 + y 4 + x4 x4 y4 z4 1∣
General Form

Ax
2
+ Ay
2
+ Az
2
+ Dx + Ey + F z + M = 0 (A is nonzero).

51 The center of the sphere has coordinates (a,b,c) where a = −
D
, b = −
E
, c = −
F

2A 2A 2A

√D2 + E 2 + F 2 2
− 4A M
The radius of the sphere is R =
2A







FOR IIT JEE

TRIANGLE


SL# FORMULA
Centroid (Intersection of Medians) of a Triangle

x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
1 x0 = , y0 = , whereA(x1 , y1 ), (B(x2 , y2 ), and C(x3 , y3 )
3 3

are vertices of the △ ABC
Incenter (Intersection of Angle Bisectors) of a Triangle

ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3
2 x0 = , y0 =
a + b + c a + b + c

where a = BC, b = CA, c = AB .
Circumcenter (Intersection of the side Perpendicular Bisectors) of a Triangle

2 2 2 2
∣x + y y1 1∣ ∣ x1 x + y 1∣
1 1 1 1
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
2 2 2 2
∣x + y y2 1∣ ∣ x2 x + y 1∣
2 2 2 2
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
3 2 2 2 2
∣ x3 + y 3 y3 1∣ ∣ x3 x
3
+ y
3
1∣
x0 = , y0 =
∣ x1 y1 1∣ ∣ x1 y1 1∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
2 ∣ x2 y2 1∣ 2 ∣ x2 y2 1∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
∣ x3 y3 1∣ ∣ x3 y3 1∣
Orthocenter (Intersection of Altitudes) of a Triangle

2 2
∣ y 1 x2 x3 + y 1∣ ∣x + y2 y3 x1 1∣
1 1
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
2 2
∣ y2 x3 x1 + y 1∣ ∣x + y3 y1 x2 1∣
2 2
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
4 y3 x1 x2 + y
2
1∣
2
∣ 3
∣ x3 + y 1 y 2 x3 1∣
x0 = , y0 =
∣ x1 y1 1∣ ∣ x1 y1 1∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
∣ x2 y2 1∣ ∣ x2 y2 1∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
∣ x3 y3 1∣ ∣ x3 y3 1∣
Area of a Triangle

∣ x1 y1 1∣
5 1 ∣ ∣ 1 ∣ x2 − x1 y2 − y1 ∣
S = ( ± ) ∣ x2 y2 1∣ = ( ± ) ∣ ∣
2 ∣ ∣ 2 ∣ x3 − x1 y3 − y1 ∣
∣ x3 y3 1∣
6 Area of a Quadrilateral

1
S = ( ± ) [(x1 − x2 )(y1 + y2 ) + (x2 − x3 )(y2 + y3 ) + (x3 − x4 )(y3 + y4 ) + (x4 − x1 )(y4 + y1 )]
2







FOR IIT JEE

TRIGONOMETRY


SL# FORMULA
∘
180
1 1rad = ≈ 57
∘
17' 45' '
π
π
∘
2 1 = rad ≈ 0.017453rad
180
π
3 1' = rad ≈ 0.000291rad
180 × 60
π
4 1' ' = rad ≈ 0.000005rad
180 × 3600
Angle(degrees) 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360
5
π π π π 3π
Angle (radians) 0 π 2π
6 4 3 2 2
y
6 sin α =
r
x
7 cos α =
r
y
8 tan α =
x
x
9 cot α =
y
r
10 sec α =
x
r
11 cos ecα =
y
Sine Function
12
y = sin x, − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
13 Cosine Function

y = cos x, − 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
Tangent Function

14 π
y = tan x, x ≠ (2k + 1) , − ∞ ≤ tan x ≤ ∞
2
Cotangent Function
15
y = cot x, x ≠ kπ, − ∞ ≤ cot x ≤ ∞
Secant Function

16 π
y = sec x, x ≠ (2k + 1)
2
Cosecant Function
17
y = cos ecx, x ≠ kπ
Quadrant I II III IV
sin α + + − −
cos α + − − +
18 tan α + − + −
cot α + − + −
sec α + − − +
cos ecα + + − −
19
∘
α αrad sin α cos α tan α cot α sec α cos ecα
0 0 0 1 0 ∞ 1 ∞
π 1 1 2
√3
30 √3 2
6 2 √3 √3
2
π 1 1
45 1 1 √2 √2
4 √2 √2
π 1 1 2
√3
60 √3 2
3 2 √3 √3
2
π
90 1 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 1
2
2π 1 1 2
√3
120 − − √3 − −2
3 2 2 √3 √3
180 π 0 −1 0 ∞ −1 ∞
3π
270 −1 0 ∞ 0 ∞ −1
2
360 2π 0 1 0 ∞ 1 ∞
15
∘
α αrad sin α cos α tan α cot α
π
√6 − √2 √6 + √2
2 − √3 2 + √3
12
4 4
π √10 + 2√5
√5 − 1 5 − 2√ 5
18 √ √5 + 2√5
10 5
4 4
π √10 − 2√5 √10 − 2√5 √5 + 1

20 36
√5 + 1
5 √10 − 2√5
4 4 √5 + 1
3π √10 − 2√5 √5 + 1 √10 − 2√5

√5 + 1
54
10 4 √10 − 2√5
4 √5 + 1
2π √10 + 2√5 √5 − 1 5 − 2√ 5
72 √5 + 2√5 √
5 4 5
4
5π √6 + √2 √6 − √2
75 2 + √3 2 − √3
12 4 4
21 sin
2
α + cos
2
α = 1
22 sec
2
α − tan
2
α = 1
23 cos ec α − cot
2 2
α = 1
sin α
24 tan α =
cos α
cos α
25 cot α =
sin α
26 tan α ⋅ cot α = 1
1
27 sec α =
cos α
1
28 cos ecα =
sin α
29
β sin β cos β tan β cot β
−α − sin α + cos α − tan α − cot α
∘
90 − α + cos α + sin α + cot α + tan α
∘
90 + α + cos α − sin α − cot α − tan α
∘
180 − α + sin α − cos α − tan α − cot α
∘
180 + α − sin α − cos α + tan α + cot α
∘
270 − α − cos α − sin α + cot α + tan α
∘
270 + α − cos α + sin α − cot α − tan α
∘
360 − α − sin α + cos α − tan α − cot α
∘
360 + α + sin α + cos α + tan α + cot α
30 , period 2π or 360
∘
sin(α ± 2πn) = sin α
31 , period 2π or 360
∘
cos(α ± 2πn) = cos α
32 , period π or 180
∘
tan(α ± πn) = tan α
33 , period π or 180
∘
cot(α ± πn) = cot α
α
α π 2 tan( )
1 2
34
2 2
sin α = ± √1 − cos a = ± √ (1 − cos 2α) = 2 cos ( − ) − 1 =
2 α
2 2 4 1 + tan ( )
2
2 α
α 1 − tan ( )
1 2
35 cos α = ± √1 − sin
2
a = ± √ (1 + cos 2α) = 2 cos (
2
) − 1 =
α
2
2 2 1 + tan ( )
2
α
2 tan( )
sin α sin 2α 1 − cos 2α 1 − cos 2α 2
36 tan α = = ± √sec
2
α − 1 = = = ± √ =
α
2
cos α 1 + cos 2α sin 2α 1 + cos 2α 1 + tan ( )
2
2 α
1 − tan ( )
cos α 1 + cos 2α sin 2α 1 + cos 2α 2
37
2
cot α = = ± √cos ec α − 1 = = = ± √ =
2 α
sin α sin 2α 1 − cos 2α 1 − cos 2α 2 tan ( )
2
2 α
1 + tan ( )
1 2
38
2
sec α = = ± √1 + tan α =
2 α
cos α 1 − tan ( )
2
cos ecα

1
=
sin α

39 2
= ± √1 + cot α

2 α
1 + tan ( )
2
=
α
2 tan( )
2
40 sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + sin β cos α

41 sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − sin β cos α
42 cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
43 cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
tan α + tan β
44 tan(α + β) =
1 − tan α tan β
tan α − tan β
45 tan(α − β) =
1 + tan α tan β
1 − tan α tan β
46 cot(α + β) =
tan α + tan β
1 + tan α tan β
47 cot(α − β) =
tan α − tan β
48 sin 2α = 2 sin α ⋅ cos α
49 cos 2α = cos
2
α − sin
2
α = 1 − 2 sin
2
α = 2 cos
2
α − 1
2 tan α 2
50 tan 2α = =
2
1 − tan α cot α − tan α
2
cot α − 1 cot α − tan α
51 cot 2α = =
2 cot α 2
52 sin 3α = 3 sin α − 4 sin

3
α = 3 cos
2
α ⋅ sin α − sin
3
α
53 sin 4α = 4 sin α ⋅ cos α − 8 sin

3
α ⋅ cos α
54 sin 5α = 5 sin α − 20 sin

3
α + 16 sin
5
α
55 cos 3α = 4 cos
3
α − 3 cos α = cos
3
α − 3 cos α ⋅ sin
2
α
56 cos 4α = 8 cos
4
α − 8 cos
2
α + 1
57 cos 5α = 16 cos
5
α − 20 cos
3
α + 5 cos α
3
3 tan α − tan α
58 tan 3α =
2
1 − 3 tan α
3
4 tan α − 4 tan α
59 tan 4α =
2 4
1 − 6 tan α + tan α
5 3
tan α − 10 tan α + 5 tan α
60 tan 5α =
2 4
1 − 10 tan α + 5 tan α
61 cot
3
α − 3 cot α
cot 3α =
2
3 cot α − 1
2 4
1 − 6 tan α + tan α
62 cot 4α =
3
4 tan α − 4 tan α
2 4
1 − 10 tan α + 5 tan α
63 cot 5α =
5 3
tan α − 10 tan α + 5 tan α
α 1 − cos α
64 sin( ) = ± √
2 2
α 1 + cos α
65 cos( ) = ± √
2 2
α 1 − cos α sin α 1 − cos α

66 tan( ) = ± √ = = = cos ecα − cot α
2 1 + cos α 1 + cos α sin α
α 1 + cos α sin α 1 + cos α

67 cot( ) = ± √ = = = cos ecα + cot α
2 1 − cos α 1 − cos α sin α
α
2 tan( )
2
68 sin α =
α
2
1 + tan ( )
2
2 α
1 − tan ( )
2
69 cos α =
α
2
1 + tan ( )
2
α
2 tan( )
2
70 tan α =
α
2
1 − tan ( )
2
2 α
1 − tan ( )
2
71 cot α =
α
2 tan( )
2
α + β α − β
72 sin α + sin β = 2 sin( )cos( )
2 2
α + β α − β
73 sin α − sin β = 2 cos( )sin( )
2 2
α + β α − β
74 cos α + cos β = 2 cos( )cos( )
2 2
α + β α − β
75 cos α − cos β = − 2 sin( )sin( )
2 2
76 sin(α + β)
tan α + tan β =
cos α ⋅ cos β
sin(α − β)
77 tan α − tan β =
cos α ⋅ cos β
sin(β + α)
78 cot α + cot β =
sin α ⋅ sin β
sin(β − α)
79 cot α − cot β =
sin α ⋅ sin β
π π
80 cos α + sin α = √2 cos( − α) = √2 sin( + α)
4 4
π π
81 cos α − sin α = √2 sin( − α) = √2 cos( + α)
4 4
cos(α − β)
82 tan α + cot β =
cos α ⋅ sin β
cos(α + β)
83 tan α − cot β =
cos α ⋅ sin β
α
84
2
1 + cos α = 2 cos ( )
2
α
85
2
1 − cos α = 2 sin ( )
2
π α
86
2
1 + sin α = 2 cos ( − )
4 2
π α
87
2
1 − sin α = 2 sin ( − )
4 2
cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)
88 sin α ⋅ sin β =
2
cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)
89 cos α ⋅ cos β =
2
sin(α − β) + sin(α + β)
90 sin α ⋅ cos β =
2
tan α + tan β
91 tan α ⋅ tan β =
cot α + cot β
cot α + cot β
92 cot α ⋅ cot β =
tan α + tan β
tan α + cot β
93 tan α ⋅ cot β =
cot α + tan β
94 2
1 − cos 2α
sin α =
2
3 sin α − sin 3α
95 sin
3
α =
4
cos 4α − 4 cos 2α + 3
96 sin
4
α =
8
10 sin α − 5 sin 3α + sin 5α

97 sin
5
α =
16
10 − 15 cos 2α + 6 cos 4α − cos 6α

98 sin
6
α =
32
1 + cos 2α
99 cos
2
α =
2
3 cos α + cos 3α
100 cos
3
α =
4
cos 4α + 4 cos 2α + 3
101 cos
4
α =
8
10 cos α + 5 sin 3α + cos 5α

102 cos
5
α =
16
10 + 15 cos 2α + 6 cos 4α + cos 6α

103 cos
6
α =
32
Inverse Sine Function

104 π π
−1 −1
y = sin x, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − ≤ sin x ≤
2 2
Inverse Cosine Function
105
−1 −1
y = cos x, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ cos x ≤ π
Inverse Tangent Function

106 π π
−1 −1
y = tan x, − ∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞, − < tan x <
2 2
Inverse Cotangent Function
107
−1 −1
y = cot x, − ∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞, 0 < cot x < π
Inverse Secant Function

108 π π
, ,
−1 −1
y = sec x x ∈ ( − ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞) sec x ∈ [0, ) ∪ ( , π]
2 2
109 Inverse Cosecant Function

π π
−1 −1
y = cos ecx, x ∈ ( − ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞), cos ecx ∈ [ − , 0) ∪ (0, ]
2 2
Principal Values of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1 √2 √3
x 0 1
2 2 2
−1 ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
sin x 0 30 45 60 90
−1 ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
90 60 45 30 0
110 cos x
1 √2 √3
x − − − 1
2 2 2
−1 ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
sin x − 30 − 45 − 60 − 90
−1 ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
cos x 120 135 150 180
√3 √3
x 0 1 √3 − 1 − √3
3 3
111 ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
−1
tan x 0 30 45 60 − 30 − 45 − 60
−1 ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
cot x 90 60 45 30 120 135 150
112 sin
−1
( − x) = − sin
−1
x
π
−1 −1
113 sin x = − cos x
2
114 sin
−1
x = cos
−1
√1 − x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
115 sin
−1
x = − cos
−1
√1 − x , − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0
2
x
−1 −1 2
116 sin x = tan ( ), x < 1
√ 1 − x2
2
√1 − x
117
−1 −1
sin x = cot ( ), 0 < x ≤ 1
x
2
√1 − x
118
−1 −1
sin x = cot ( − π), − 1 ≤ x < 0
x
119 cos
−1
( − x) = π − cos
−1
x
120
π
−1 −1
cos x = − sin x
2
121 cos
−1
x = sin
−1 2
√1 − x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
122 cos
−1
x = π − sin
−1 2
√1 − x , − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0
2
√1 − x
123
−1 −1
cos x = tan ( ), 0 < x ≤ 1
x
2
√1 − x
124
−1 −1
cos x = π + tan ( ), − 1 ≤ x < 0
x
x
−1 −1
125 cos x = cot ( ), − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
√ 1 − x2
126 tan
−1
( − x) = − tan
−1
x
π
−1 −1
127 tan x = − cot x
2
x
−1 −1
128 tan x = sin ( )
√ 1 + x2
1
−1 −1
129 tan x = cos ( ), x ≥ 0
√ 1 + x2
1
−1 −1
130 tan x = − cos ( ), x ≤ 0
√ 1 + x2
π 1
−1 −1
131 tan x = − tan ( ), x > 0
2 x
π 1
−1 −1
132 tan x = − − tan ( ), x < 0
2 x
1
−1 −1
133 tan x = cot ( ), x > 0
x
1
−1 −1
134 tan x = cot ( ) − π, x < 0
x
135 cot
−1
( − x) = π − cot
−1
x
π
−1 −1
136 cot x = − tan x
2
137
1
−1 −1
cot x = sin ( ), x > 0
√ 1 + x2
1
−1 −1
138 cot x = π − sin ( ), x < 0
√ 1 + x2
x
−1 −1
139 cot x = cos ( )
√ 1 + x2
1
−1 −1
140 cot x = tan ( ), x > 0
x
1
−1 −1
141 cot x = π + tan ( ), x < 0
x
n
142 sin x = a, x = ( − 1) sin
−1
a + πn
143 cos x = a, x = ± cos

−1
a + 2πn
144 tan x = a, x = tan

−1
a + πn
145 cot x = a, x = cot

−1
a + πn
146 sin(ix) = i sinh x
147 tan(ix) = i tanh x
148 cot(ix) = − i coth x
149 sec(ix) = sech x
150 cos ec(ix) = − i cos echx







FOR IIT JEE

VECTORS


SL# FORMULA
→ → → →
∣→ ∣∣→ ∣ ∣ ∣
1 Unit Vectors, i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0), k = (0, 0, 1), ∣ i ∣∣ j ∣ = ∣ k ∣ = 1,
∣ ∣∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
−
−→ → → →
2 →
r = AB = (x1 − x0 ) i + (y1 − y0 ) j + (z1 − z0 ) k
∣−−
→∣
∣→ ∣ 2 2 2
3 ∣
r
∣
= ∣AB ∣ = √(x1 − x0 ) + (y1 − y0 ) + (z1 − z0 )
∣ ∣
−
−→ −
−→
4 If AB =
→
r , thenBA =
→
− r .
∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣
5 X =
∣
r cos α, Y
∣
=
∣
r cos β, Z =
∣ ∣
r cos γ
∣
→ →
6 If r (X, Y , Z) = r 1 (X1 , Y1 , Z1 ), then X = X1 , Y = Y 1 , Z − Z1
→ → →
7 w = u + v
→ → → → →
8 w = u 1 + u 2 + u 3 + ……… + u m
→ → → →
9 Cummutative Law u + v = v + u
→ → → → → →
10 Associative Law ( u + v ) + w = u ( v + w )
→ →
11 u + v = (X1 + X2 , Y1 + Y2 , Z1 + Z2 )
→ → → → → →
12 w = u − v if c + w = u
→ → → →
13 u − v = u + ( = c )
→
14 → →
u − u = 0 = (0, 0, 0)
15
→
∣ ∣
∣ 0 ∣ = 0
∣ ∣
→ →
16 u − v = (X1 − X2 , Y1 − Y2 , Z1 − Z2 )
17 → →
w = λu
∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣
18 ∣
w
∣
= |λ|. u
∣ ∣
→
19 λ u = (λX, λY , λZ)
→ → →
20 (λ + μ) u = λ u + μ u
→ → →
21 λ(μ u ) = μ(λ u ) = (λμ) u
→ → → →
22 λ( u + v ) = λ u + λ v
Scalar Product of Vectors

→ →→ → ∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣
23 u and v u . v =
∣
u . v . cos θ
∣ ∣ ∣
,

→ →
where θ is the angle betwewen vectors u and v .
Scalar Product in Coordinate Form
24
→ → → →
If u = (X1 , Y1 , Z1 ) = v = (X2 , Y2 , Z2 ) then u . v = X 1 X 2 + Y 1 Y 2 + Z1 Z2 .
Angle Between Two vectors

→ →
If u ,
= (X1 , Y1 , Z1 ) v = (X2 , Y2 , Z2 ), then
25
X 1 X 2 + Y 1 Y 2 + Z1 + Z2
cos θ =
2 2 2 2 2 2
√X + Y + Z √X + Y + Z
1 1 1 2 2 2
→ → → →
26 Commutative Property u . v = v . u
→ → → →
27 Associative Property (λ u ). (μ v ) = λμ u . v
→ → → → → → →
28 Distributive Property u . ( v + w ) = u . v + u . w
→ → → → π
29 u . v = 0 if u , v are orthogonal (θ = )
2
30 → →
u . v > 0 if 0 < θ <
π
→ → π
31 u . v < 0 if < θ < π
2
→ → ∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣
32 u . v ≤
∣
u . v
∣ ∣ ∣
→ ∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣ → →
33 veu. v =
∣
u . v
∣ ∣ ∣
if u , v are parallel (θ = 0)
→
If u = (X1 , Y1 , Z1 ) ,

34
2 2
→ → → ∣→ ∣
then u . u = u =
∣
u
∣
= X
2
1
+ Y
1
2
+ Z
2
1
→ → → → → →
35 i . i = j . j = k . k = 1
→ → → → → →
36 i . j = j . k = k . k = 0
Vector Product of Vectos

→ →−→ → →
u and c × v = w ,

→ ∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣
37 where, ∣∣ w ∣∣ =
∣
u . v . sin θ
∣ ∣ ∣
,

π → → → →
where 0 ≤ θ ≤ , w ⊥ u and w ⊥ v ;
2

→ → →
Vectors u , v , w form a right handed scerew.
→ → →
∣ ∣
i j k
∣ ∣
→ → →
38 w = u × v = ∣
X1 Y1 Z1
∣
∣ ∣
∣ X2 Y2 Z2 ∣
→ → → ∣ Y1 Z1 ∣ ∣ X1 Z1 ∣ ∣ X 1 Y1 ∣
39 w = u × c = (∣ ∣, − ∣ ∣, ∣ ∣)
∣ Y2 Z2 ∣ ∣ X2 Z2 ∣ ∣ X 2 Y2 ∣
∣→ →∣ ∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣
40 S =
∣
u × v
∣
=
∣
u . v . sin θ
∣ ∣ ∣
→ →
u + v
41 Angle Between Two Vectors sin θ =
∣→ ∣ ∣→ ∣
u . v
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
→ → → →
42 Noncommutative Property u × v = − ( v × u )
43 Associative Property (λ u )
→ → → →
× (μ v ) = λ u × v
→ → → → → → →
44 Distributive Property u × ( v + w ) = u × v + u + w
→
45 → →
u × v = 0
→ →
if u and c are parallel (θ = 0)
→ → → → → →
46 →
i × x = j × j = k × k = 0
→ → → → → →
47 →
i × x = j × j = k × k = 0
→→→ → → → → → → → → →
48 Scalar Triple Product [ u v w ] = u . ( v × w ) = v . (w × u ) = w . ( u × v )
→→→ →→→ →→→ →→→ →→→ →→→

49 [ u v w ] = [w u v ] = [ v w u ] = − [ v u w ] = − [w v u ] = − [u w v ]
→ → → →→→
50 k u . ( v × w ) = k[ u v w ]
∣ X1 Y1 Z1 ∣
→ → → ∣ ∣
Scalar Triple Product in Coordinate Form u . ( v × w ) = X2 Y2 Z2 , where
51 ∣ ∣
∣ X3 Y3 Z3 ∣
→ → →
u = (X1 , Y1 , Z1 ), v = (X2 , Y2 , Z2 ), w = (X3 , Y3 , Z3 )
∣→ → → ∣
52 Volume of Parallelpiped V =
∣
u . ( v × w )
∣
1 → → → ∣
∣
53 Volume of Pyramid V = u . ( v × w )
∣ ∣
6
→ → → → → → → → →
If u . ( v × w ) = 0 , then the vectors u , v and w are linearly dependent so w = λu + μ v
54
for some scalars λ and μ
→ → → → → →
55 If u . ( v × w ) ≠ 0, then the vectors u , v , and w are linearly independent.
→ → → → → → → → →
56 Vector Triple Product u × ( v × w ) = ( u . w ) v − ( u . v )w






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BAAP OF ALL FORMULA LISTS

44 log (xy) = log

63 If a > b , then b < a .

64 If a > b , then a − b > 0 or b − a < 0 .

65 If a > b , then a + c > b + c

66 If a > b , then a − c > b − c

67 If a > b and c > d , then a + c > b + d

68 If a > b and c > d , then a − d > b − c

69 If a > b and m > 0 , then ma > mb

71 If a > b and m < 0 , then ma < mb

73 If 0 < a < b and n > 0 , then a

74 If 0 < a < b and n < 0 , then a

75 If 0 < a < b , then √a n

83 If |x| < a , then − a < x < a , where a > 0 .

84 If |x| > a , then x < − a and x > a , where a > 0

85 If x , then |x| , where a

86 If x , then |x| , where a

f (x) f (x) ⋅ g(x) > 0

f (x) f (x) ⋅ g(x) < 0

, If the series ∑ an is convergent, then lim an = 0 , If lim an ≠ 0, then the series is divergent.

n=1 n=1 n=1

Let ∑ an and ∑ bn be series such that 0 < a n ≤ bn for all n. If ∑ bn is convergetn then ∑ an is

also convergent. If ∑ an is divergent then ∑ bn is also divergent.

∑ f (n) = f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + … + f (n) + … converges if ∫ f (x)dx converges, and divrges if

Let ∑ an be a series with positive terms. If lim n

derivative f ' (x) exists and

n(n − 1)…[n − (m − 1)]

3 (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i

4 (a + bi) − (c + di) = (a − c) + (b − d)i

5 (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i

8 a = r cos φ b = r sin φ,

2 r1 + r2 = 2a, wherer1 , r2 are distances from any point P (x, y) on the ellipse to the two foci.

4 Inverse Function y = f (x) is any function x = g(y) or y = f

5 Composite Functin y = f (u), u = g(x), y = f (g(x)) is a composite function.

y = sinh x, sinh x = , xεR.

y = cosh x, cosh x = , xεR .

y = cot hx, y = coth x = = , xεR, x ≠ 0

30 lim f (g(x)) = f ( lim g(x))

31 lim f (x) = f (a) if the function f (x) is continuous at x=a

103 If f ' (x0 ) does not exist or is zero, then the test fails.

114 f (x + △ x) = f (x) + f ' (x) △ x

118 d(Cu) = Cdu

119 d(uv) = vdu + udv

characteristc equation then the general solution is y = C1 e

Differential Equatins with y missing y' ' = f (x, y' ). Setu = y' . then the new equation satisfied

displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The general solution is y = A cos(ω0 t − δ), where

In a △ ABC with sides a, b and c

aha bhb chc

1 (ac + bd)(ad + bc)(ab + cd)

126 S = 2(ab + ac + bc)

Solid No. of Vertices No. of Edges No. of Faces Section

153 Cube 8 12 6 3.22

1 ∫ f (x)dx = F (x) + C if F ' (x) = f (x) .

4 ∫ [f (x) + g(x)]dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ g(x)dx

5 ∫ [f (x) − g(x)]dx = ∫ f (x)dx − ∫ g(x)dx

dx 1 ∣ 2ax + b − √b2 − 4ac ∣

42 ∫ √ax + bdx = (ax + b)

xdx 2(ax − 2b)

44 ∫ x√ax + bdx = (ax + b)

94 ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + C

95 ∫ cos xdx = sin x + C

110 ∫ tan xdx = − ln|cos x| + C

If S is a region in the xyplane bounded by θ = α, θ = β, r = h(θ), r = g(θ), thenA = ∫ ∫ dA = ∫ ∫ rdrdθ, V = ∫∫ f (r, θ)rdrdθ .

Moments of Inertia about the xyplane (or z = 0 ), yzplane (x = 0 ) and xz=plane (y = 0 )

287 Moment of Iertia the xyplane (or z=0), yzplane (x = 0), and xzplane (y 2

15 A square matrix ⌊aij ⌋ is skewsymmetric if aij = − aji