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Progress in Nuclear Energy 50 (2008) 518e525


www.elsevier.com/locate/pnucene

Heat transfer to supercritical pressure carbon dioxide flowing upward


through tubes and a narrow annulus passage
Hyungrae Kim, Hwan Yeol Kim*, Jin Ho Song, Yoon Yeong Bae
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1045 Daedeok Street, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-353, Republic of Korea

Abstract

A heat transfer test facility, SPHINX, which uses carbon dioxide as a medium at supercritical pressures, has been built at KAERI. A series of
experiments are under way for various geometries including tubes of several diameters and narrow annulus passages of a concentric and eccentric
layout. The experiments aim to collect heat transfer data and to provide an empirical heat transfer correlation required for a SCWR design. In this
paper the test results for tubes of 4.4 mm and 9.0 mm IDs, and a concentric annular passage (f8 mm  f10 mm  L1800 mm) are presented for
certain combinations of the heat fluxes and mass fluxes. The heat transfer coefficients produced in the tests were compared with those from the
existing heat transfer correlations with different media. A new correlation was introduced for the experiment data presented in this paper.
Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Supercritical pressure water-cooled reactor; Heat transfer; Carbon dioxide; Tube; Annulus

1. Introduction design of a fuel pin, a fuel assembly, and a reactor core to


estimate the heat transfer from the fuel rods to coolant accu-
SCWR (SuperCritical pressure Water-cooled Reactor) is an rately. Supercritical pressure operation is prevalent in the field
advanced reactor concept which has advantages in improving of fossil-fired power plants and a lot of data have been accu-
economics while utilizing most of the existing PWR technol- mulated for large-bore tubes for the application in fossil-fired
ogies. Generation IV International Forum selected the SCWR power plants. In contrast, the data for a narrow geometry,
as one of the viable candidates of a nuclear power plant to be which is typical for the SCWR fuel assembly, are scarce in
deployed by 2030, especially for an economic electricity the literatures. Besides the scarcity of the data, the published
generation. data show large discrepancies among them.
The heat transfer behavior of water at a supercritical pres- A heat transfer test facility, SPHINX, which can be oper-
sure is quite different from that at a sub-critical pressure. The ated at supercritical pressures and using carbon dioxide as
heat transfer rate drops or rises substantially at certain combi- a simulant of water, has been built at KAERI and a series of
nations of the mass fluxes and heat fluxes. This is due to experiments are under way. Carbon dioxide and Freon are fre-
drastic variations of the physical properties of water near quently used as a simulant of water for the heat transfer study
a pseudo-critical temperature and accompanying changes in due to their relatively low critical pressures and temperatures.
a turbulent flow structure (Jackson and Hall, 1979). The pro- The rationale of using carbon dioxide for our test is that the
posed designs of the SCWR require a trans-pseudo-critical reduced physical properties (f/fcr) of water and carbon diox-
operation in a reactor core (Squarer et al., 2003; Oka and ide overlap each other when they are plotted with reduced
Yamada, 2004). Thus, an accurate prediction of the heat pressures (P/Pcr) and temperatures (T/Tcr). Such a behavior
transfer coefficient is necessary for a thermalehydraulic suggests that the data produced with carbon dioxide can be
used for an application to water-based designs with some mod-
ification. Experiments are ongoing for various geometries in-
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ82 42 868 8946; fax: þ82 42 861 2574. cluding tubes of several diameters and narrow annulus
E-mail address: hykim1@kaeri.re.kr (H.Y. Kim). passages of a concentric and eccentric layout.

0149-1970/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2007.11.065
H. Kim et al. / Progress in Nuclear Energy 50 (2008) 518e525 519

a Total length : 3000


Nomenclature
Heated length : 2100
g acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
i specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) 2000
50 50
k thermal conductivity (kW/m K)
q00 wall heat flux (kW/m2)
700 300
D diameter (m)
G mass flux (kg/m2 s)
Gr Grashoff number 41 Thermocouples
Nu Nusselt number
Nq normalized wall heat flux
b Total length : 3000

P pressure (Pa) Heated length : 2650


Pr Prandtl number
150
Re Reynolds number 500 2000
T temperature (K)
700 300
Greek letters
m dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
r density (kg/m3) 41 Thermocouples

Subscripts c Total length : 2440


b property evaluated at bulk fluid temperature
Heated length : 1800
cr property evaluated at critical point 500
eq thermalehydraulic equivalent 1700
50 50
pc pseudo-critical point
w property evaluated at wall temperature

6 Thermocouples 6 Thermocouples
The test results for a tube of 4.4 mm ID (inner diameter) have
200 (200 mm apart)

O
(100 mm apart)
already been presented (Kim et al., 2006). The heat transfer co-
efficients measured in the tube of 4.4 mm ID were quantitatively
Fig. 1. Sketches of the test sections. The gray areas are the passages of super-
similar to the published correlations in regions where the bulk critical carbon dioxide (unit: mm). (Fluid flows from left to right. The figures
temperature is far away from a pseudo-critical temperature. are rotated by 90 degrees clockwisely due to space restriction.)
However, there were some differences from the published corre-
lations in the mixed convective regions where the bulk and/or
wall temperature is near a pseudo-critical temperature. soldered onto the exterior surfaces of the walls for the tubes
In addition to the test for the tube of 4.4 mm ID, more test and were embedded under the surface of the heater rod for
were performed for a tube of 9.0 mm ID and a concentric an- the annulus. The thermocouples were located at the same cir-
nular passage (f8 mm  f10 mm  L1800 mm) for certain cumferential angle along the flow direction for the tubes.
combinations of the heat fluxes and mass fluxes. In this paper, Meanwhile, they were located at different circumferential
the heat transfer coefficients are analyzed with those from the angles, rotated at 60 , along the flow direction for the annulus.
existing correlations. The test sections were attached to the test loop for the
supercritical carbon dioxide experiment. Fig. 2 shows the
schematic of the test loop for the experiment. The control
2. Test sections and experiment matrix parameters in the experiments were the inlet pressure, inlet fluid
temperature, wall heat flux, and mass flux. The wall heat flux
Heat transfer coefficients in three test sections were mea- and mass flux were manipulated by changing the electric power
sured. Two of them were smooth circular tubes with different to the test sections and the mass flow rate through the test sec-
inside diameters. The other was an annulus with a concentric tions. The inlet pressure was measured at the mixing chamber
heater rod. Fig. 1 shows sketches of the three test sections. Car- for the tubes and at the pressure tap on the tube for the annulus.
bon dioxide flowed upward in the test sections. The test sec- The details of the design and operation of the loop were
tions maintained a constant wall heat flux along the heated explained in the paper presented by Kim et al. (2005).
lengths. The bulk fluid temperatures in the passages were esti- The test conditions for the tube of 9.0 mm ID and the annulus
mated by using the inlet temperature of the fluid and the were selected among the test conditions with the tube of 4.4 mm
imposed heat flux by using a heat balancing formula. The tem- ID. Table 1 presents the test conditions for an investigation of the
peratures at the heating surfaces were measured by K-type ther- heat transfer characteristics in the three different test sections.
mocouples attached to the walls. The thermocouples were The equivalent diameter, Deq, of the annular passage is a
520 H. Kim et al. / Progress in Nuclear Energy 50 (2008) 518e525

PSV TC
Cooler TG

Sight
Glass
Coolant
Storage TC
Tank
TG
Single Rod

Boosted
Tube

CO2 Coolant Coolant


Pump Pump
Chiller

PG
Bypass Accumulator Bypass V/V
Control V/V
TC N2
Main Flow
Control V/V Electric Large PT
Preheater

Small

Flowmeter TC PT
Electric Heat Tracing CO2Circulation Pump

Fig. 2. Schematic of the test loop for the heat transfer experiment.

hydraulic diameter which uses the heated perimeter instead of q00 Deq
Nq ¼ ; normalized wall heat flux ð1Þ
the wetted perimeter. It is almost identical to the diameter of kb Tb
the smaller tube. The diameter of the larger tube is approxi- E1, E2, and E3 are for the annulus. The annulus has an
mately two times that of the smaller tube. The conditions 1 equivalent diameter which is almost identical to that of the
and 3 are low heat flux conditions and the condition 2 is smaller tube (4.4 mm ID). Comparison of group E with group
a high heat flux condition. No deterioration was observed in A will illustrate whether the equivalent diameter obtained with
the low heat flux condition for the tests by using the 4.4 mm the heated perimeter is a proper characteristic length for the
ID tube while there was a clear indication of heat transfer dete- annular passage.
rioration at the condition 2 (Kim et al., 2006). Besides the mass
flux and the heat flux, each case was labeled A, B, and E accord- 3. Results
ing to its test sections. Thus, nine test cases were compared as the
combination of three test conditions and three test sections. 3.1. Wall temperatures and heat transfer coefficients
A large amount of test data has been accumulated for the
4.4 mm ID tube. The cases A1, A2, and A3 are typical heat Fig. 3 shows the measured wall temperatures and heat
transfer curves in the tube of 4.4 mm ID. A1 and A3 were transfer coefficients for the cases in Table 1. The left frames
in a normal heat transfer mode while the heat transfer deteri- are the measured wall temperatures plotted with respect to
orated in A2. the bulk fluid enthalpy. The right frames are the heat transfer
B1, B2, and B3 have the same ratios of the wall heat flux to coefficients calculated from the measured temperature and the
the mass flux as the corresponding cases in A. However, the imposed wall heat flux. Heat transfer degraded substantially in
Reynolds number and the heat loading factor in B are two the cases of A2, B1, and B2 compared to the case A1 or E1.
times those in A due to the increased diameter. The heat load- There exist peaks in wall temperature profiles when heat trans-
ing factor is a normalized wall heat flux, i.e. non-dimensional fer degrades. E2 showed a slight degradation in the heat trans-
boundary condition, and appeared as Eq. (1) in the work by fer coefficients. Degradation occurs under a condition of a low
Jackson and Hall (1979). mass flux of 400 kg/m2 s.
H. Kim et al. / Progress in Nuclear Energy 50 (2008) 518e525 521

Table 1 Group A shows the typical curves of the heat transfer coef-
Test conditions for the three test sections at the inlet pressure of 8.12 MPa ficients that we encountered during the experiments
Group Test section Condition 1: Condition 2: Condition 3: (Fig. 3(a)). In A1 and A3, the flows were in a normal heat
and Deq G ¼ 400, G ¼ 400, G ¼ 1200, transfer mode and the heat transfer was enhanced near the
q00 ¼ 30 q00 ¼ 50 q00 ¼ 50
pseudo-critical temperature. The heat transfer deteriorated in
A Tube, 4.4 mm Case A1 Case A2 Case A3 A2 and the wall temperature suddenly rose. The heat transfer
B Tube, 9.0 mm Case B1 Case B2 Case B3
E Annulus, 4.5 mm Case E1 Case E2 Case E3
began to deteriorate when the wall temperature reached the
pseudo-critical temperature while the bulk temperature was
G: [kg/m2s], q00 : [kW/m2].
still below the pseudo-critical temperature. The deteriorated
heat transfer continued until the bulk temperature rose above
the pseudo-critical temperature.

a
150 20

Heat Transfer Coefficient [kW/m2K]


Wall Temperature [oC]

15
100

10

50 A1 A1
A2 5 A2
A3 A3
Bulk Fluid Temperature
0 0
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Bulk Fluid Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Bulk Fluid Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
b
150 20
Heat Transfer Coefficient [kW/m2K]
Wall Temperature [oC]

15
100

10

50 B1 B1
B2 5 B2
B3 B3
Bulk Fluid Temperature
0 0
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Bulk Fluid Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Bulk Fluid Enthalpy [kJ/kg]

c 150
20
Heat Transfer Coefficient [kW/m2K]
Wall Temperature [oC]

15
100

10

50 E1 E1
E2 5 E2
E3 E3
Bulk Fluid Temperature
0 0
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Bulk Fluid Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Bulk Fluid Enthalpy [kJ/kg]

Fig. 3. Measured wall temperatures and heat transfer coefficients for the cases in Table 1.
522 H. Kim et al. / Progress in Nuclear Energy 50 (2008) 518e525

In group B, the heat transfer deteriorated even for the low was derived from only the data in a normal heat transfer mode
heat flux of 30 kW/m2 (Fig. 3(b)). No deterioration occurred as a modified form of the correlation by Jackson and Fewster
in group A for the same mass flux and heat flux. The effect (1975). Fig. 4(a) shows the comparison of that correlation with
of the increased heat loading factor outweighed the raised the measured values. The comparison is not suitable to cover
heat transfer due to the increased Reynolds number in B1. It all the flow conditions in our experiments.
seems that the flow is prone to deteriorate for the larger tube The correlation for the Freon which was proposed by
due to a more gradual velocity gradient near the wall than Komita et al. (2003) is compared with our test results as
for the smaller tube. Except for the deteriorated cases B1 an alternative (Fig. 4(c)). The correlation was derived by us-
and B2, the case B3 resulted in heat transfer coefficient and ing Freon as a simulant of water for the flows in the tube
wall temperature profiles similar to A3. and the annulus. The geometries of the test sections are
Group E is the result for the narrow annular passage identical to those of our test sections. The correlation is
(Fig. 3(c)). The heat transfer coefficient profile for the annulus based on the Watts and Chou’s correlation (1982) which
resembles the curves of the smaller tube. The peaks of the heat best described the Freon test result for the tube of
transfer were observed in E1 and E3, which are similar to the 4.4 mm ID (Yamashita et al., 2003). The comparison shows
values appearing in A1 and A3, respectively. The heat transfer that the correlation by Watts and Chou (Fig. 4(b)) describes
coefficients of E are slightly lower than those of A. The heat our test result better than the modified form of Jackson and
transfer degraded in E2 as it did in A2. However, the maxi- Fewster’s correlation and the correlation by Komita et al.
mum wall temperature was lower than that of A2. It is proba- The correlations of Watts and Chou and Komita et al. are
bly due to the different geometry and a steeper velocity shown in Eqs. (2)e(4). The buoyancy term given as a com-
gradient near the heating wall than the tube of 4.4 mm ID. Fur- bination of Reynolds number, Grashoff number, and Prandtl
ther study is required to identify a physical mechanism which number becomes effective as the flow shifts to a mixed con-
results in a similar heat transfer for the tube and the annulus. vective regime.

3.2. Comparison with existing correlations


 
A heat transfer correlation was proposed for the test results 0:35 Grm
Nub ¼ 0:021Re0:8 0:55
b Prm ðrw =rb Þ f ð2Þ
with the tube of 4.4 mm ID (Kim et al., 2006). The correlation Re2:7 0:5
b Prm

Watts and Chou for water:


8 9
!0:295 >
>
> Grm Grm >
>
>
> 4 >
>
>
> 1e3000 2:7
if 2:7
 1:0  10 >
=
>
> Reb Prm0:5 Re Pr 0:5
b
>
> !0:295
m
; normal heat transfer
>
> >
>
> Grm Grm >
4 >
>
> 7000 if > 1:0  10 >
>
  >
> Re2:7 0:5 2:7 0:5 >
;
< b Prm Reb Prm
Grm
f ¼ 9 ð3Þ
2:7
Reb Prm0:5 > !0:7 >
>
> >
>
>
> Grm Grm 5 >
>
>
> 1:27e19; 500 if  4:5  10 >
=
>
> Re2:7
b Prm
0:5 2:7
Re Pr 0:5
>
> !0:305
b m
; deteriorated heat transfer
>
> >
>
> Grm Grm >
>
> 5 >
>
>
: 2600 2:7 0:5 if > 4:5  10 >
>
Reb Prm Re2:7
b Pr 0:5
m ;

Komita et al. for Freon:


8 9
>
> Watts and Chou0 s fomula; normal heat transfer >
>
>
> ! 0:7 >
>
>
> >
  ><
Gr m Gr m 5 >
>
=
Grm 0:84e19; 500 if  2:7  10
f ¼ Re2:7
b Prm
0:5 Re2:7
b Prm
0:5
; deteriorated heat transfer ð4Þ
Re2:7 0:5
b Prm >
> !0:41 >
>
>
> Grm Grm >
>
>
> > 2:7  105 >>
: 5141 Re2:7 Pr 0:5
> if 2:7
Reb Prm 0:5 >
;
b m
H. Kim et al. / Progress in Nuclear Energy 50 (2008) 518e525 523

a b

103 103
Nu : A fit for 4.4 mm tube

Nu : Watts and Chou


section G q" section G q"
4.4 mm 400 30 4.4 mm 400 30
4.4 mm 400 50 4.4 mm 400 50
4.4 mm 1200 50 4.4 mm 1200 50
9.0 mm 400 30 9.0 mm 400 30
9.0 mm 400 50 9.0 mm 400 50
102 9.0 mm 1200 50
102 9.0 mm 1200 50
Annulus 400 30 Annulus 400 30
Annulus 400 50 Annulus 400 50
Annulus 1200 50 Annulus 1200 50

102 103 102 103


Nu : experiment Nu : experiment

c d

103 103

Nu : A new correlation
Nu : Komita et al.

section G q" section G q"


4.4 mm 400 30 4.4 mm 400 30
4.4 mm 400 50 4.4 mm 400 50
4.4 mm 1200 50 4.4 mm 1200 50
9.0 mm 400 30 9.0 mm 400 30
9.0 mm 400 50 9.0 mm 400 50
102 9.0 mm 1200 50
102 9.0 mm 1200 50
Annulus 400 30 Annulus 400 30
Annulus 400 50 Annulus 400 50
Annulus 1200 50 Annulus 1200 50

102 103 102 103


Nu : experiment Nu : experiment

Fig. 4. Comparison of the measured Nusselt numbers with those from the calculations. (The mass flux, G, and heat flux, q00 , are in [kg/m2 s] and [kW/m2], re-
spectively. The dashed diagonals indicate 30% discrepancy.)

In Eq. (2)e(4), Prm and Grm are defined as: a comparison of the Nusselt numbers from the experiment
with those from a correlation for the cases in Table 1. The cor-
cp m b iw  ib relation is shown in Eqs. (7)e(10).
Prm ¼ ; where cp ¼ ð5Þ
kb Tw  Tb  
Grm
Z Nub ¼ Nuvar  f ð7Þ
rb ðrb  rm ÞgD3 1 Tw Re2:7
b Prm
0:5
Grm ¼ ; where rm ¼ rðTÞdT ð6Þ
m2b Tw  Tb Tb
where
The data for the cases in Table 1 is explored to get a corre-
lation in a combination of a heat transfer correlation for forced n
convection and a buoyancy parameter. Fig. 4 (d) shows Nuvar ¼ 0:0183Reb0:82 Prb0:5 ðrw =rb Þ0:3 ðcp =cpb Þ ð8Þ

8
> Tb Tw Tb Tw
>
> 0:4 for <  1 or 1:2  <
>
> Tpc Tpc  Tpc Tpc
>
< Tw Tb Tw
and the exponent n ¼ 0:4 þ 0:2 1 for 1<
>
> T
 pc  T 
pc T
pc
>
>
>
> Tw Tb Tb Tb Tw
: 0:4 þ 0:2 1 15 1 for 1 < < 1:2 and <
Tpc Tpc Tpc Tpc Tpc
524 H. Kim et al. / Progress in Nuclear Energy 50 (2008) 518e525

is the correlation presented by Jackson and Hall (1979). better predicts the experiment than the Komita et al.’s for
For normal heat transfer: Freon. The new correlation (Eqs. (7)e(9)) fitted to our data

8 !0:5
>
> Gr Grm
>
> 1 þ 476; 000 2:7 0:5
m
if < 8:5  107
>
> 2:7 0:5
>
> Re b Pr m Re b Prm
>
>  0:23
>
> Grm Grm
  >>
< 0:0476 if < 3:3  106
Grm 2:7
Reb Prm 0:5 2:7
Reb Prm0:5
f ¼  0:18 ð9Þ
Re2:7 0:5
b Prm >
> Grm Grm
>
> < 7  106
> 8:42 Re2:7 Pr0:5
>
if 2:7
Reb Prm0:5
>
> b m
!0:295
>
>
>
> Gr Grm
>
> 1e3000 2:7 0:5
m
if  7  106
: Reb Prm Re2:7 Pr 0:5
b m

For deteriorated heat transfer:

8
>  0:36
>
> Grm Grm
 >
 > if 2:7 0:5 < 3:3  105
< 1:16 1 þ 550; 000 Re2:7 Pr 0:5 Re
Grm b m b Prm
f ¼  
2:7 0:5
Reb Prm >
> Grm
0:4
Grm
>
> if 2:7 0:5  3:3  105
> 3090 Re2:7 Pr0:5
: Reb Prm
b m ð10Þ

The ratios of the measured heat transfer coefficients to the needs more refinements for deteriorated heat transfer
estimation by using Jackson and Hall correlation (1979) were conditions.
expressed as functions of the buoyancy parameter appeared in
the Watts and Chou’s correlation. The functions have different
forms depending on the ranges of the buoyancy parameter and 4. Conclusions
heat transfer mode.
The three correlations except for the best fit to the test from The heat transfer in the supercritical pressure flow of car-
the 4.4 mm tube show comparable result where the Nusselt bon dioxide was examined by using the test sections with dif-
number are larger than 400. The data in that Nusselt number ferent geometries. The test sections were the two circular tubes
range come from the high mass flux condition. The errors with inside diameters of 4.4 mm and 9.0 mm, respectively, and
are within a 30% deviation. However, the three correlations the annulus with a heater rod of 8.0 mm OD and a gap width
show clear difference at low Nusselt number region. The data of 1 mm. The heat transfer coefficients for the smaller tube of
mostly come from the deteriorated heat transfer conditions. 4.4 mm ID and the annulus showed very similar profiles to
The calculations by the Komita et al.’s and the new fit result each other when plotted with respect to the bulk enthalpy.
in rather large deviations from the measured values for the Reynolds number and heat loading factor were almost identi-
case B1. Only the Watts and Chou’s correlation shows a rea- cal in the two test sections. The tube of 9.0 mm ID showed
sonable estimation. B1 differs from A2, B2, and E2 in that a similar heat transfer curve to that of the tube of 4.4 mm
the wall temperature peak is localized while A2, B2, and E2 ID at the high mass flux but the difference becomes apparent
show broad temperature peaks over a wider specific enthalpy at the low mass flux. The heat transfer was prone to deteriorate
range. The wall temperature profile in B1 is closer to a normal in the larger tube of 9.0 mm ID. Meanwhile, the deterioration
heat transfer rather than to a deteriorated heat transfer outside was suppressed in the annulus.
the narrow wall temperature peak. The calculation considered A tentative correlation was presented using a small subset
all the data points in B2 as deteriorated ones by heat flux to of the experiment data. The new correlation shows the estima-
mass flux ratio criterion. Thus, the mode transition due to tion comparable to the Watts and Chou’s correlation. However,
the local condition was not considered. A deterioration the refinement for the deteriorated heat transfer mode is man-
criterion is required which accounts for local flow parameter. datory for practical use. The correlation would be a basis for
At present, the correlation for water by Watts and Chou a more rigorous analysis on the whole data.
H. Kim et al. / Progress in Nuclear Energy 50 (2008) 518e525 525

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