Effectiveness of Patrol Methods in Crime Prevention at San Clemente, Tarlac

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the

Criminology Department of United School of Science

and Technology Colleges, Inc. Tarlac

In Partial Fulfillment of the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

Taccad, Janella Mae P.

Mendoza, Hendrex Gianne R.

Ocampo, Joshua Nathan C.

Flores, John Mark C.

Researchers

October 2016

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Police patrol refers to what the officers do whether it is a spying scenario, cops

walking the beat, or on in-depth criminal investigation. The operation of police patrol

also include various activities, initially, the police will identify crime areas and provide a
physical police presence at that location. This presence includes officers on foot, as well

as officers in cars patrolling the location. However, police patrol can also include other

types of operations including the use of 9-1-1 system like in the United States of America

and using certain types of patrol wherein officers may also look for opportunities to

interact with community in casual or formal situations.

The time that police officers spend handling calls for service is also considered part

of patrol work. Officers on patrol respond to calls, take reports, quell disturbances, and

forth. The combination these two sets of activities patrolling and handling calls occupy

most of the personnel in the typical police department. Thus patrol is the main business of

policing.

The term patrol is associated with the police today. New police officers are usually

assigned to patrol duties and are often called patrol officers. The largest until in most

police department is the patrol division. In small police department, everyone patrols.

When we call for police assistance, weather for an emergency, to report a crime, to quite

a disturbance, or to request some type of routine service, patrol officers are typically

dispatched.

Catching criminals is still very important work, but today’s criminals use many kinds

of different weapons and can speed away from the scene of their crimes very quickly. The

police have to try and keep up with modern inventions that can be use to fight crime.

They have powerful cars and motorbikes, fast motors launches and helicopter.

The information the police collect is often stored in computers. Police scientists have
modern laboratories where they study all the clues brought in by detectives. Police in

over a hundred countries share information with each other. They use the organization

called “Interpol” which is based in Paris.

Machines have not been the answer to all the police problems. They use dog to task

criminals and sniff out explosive and drugs. Horses are still used for controlling large

numbers of people. Most of the police officers all over the world carry guns. (McMillan

Encyclopedia- The World Around Us).

Statement of the Problem

1. How do the effectiveness of the different patrol methods be described by the police

officers at San Clemente, Tarlac?

1.1.Foot Patrol

1.2. Motorcycle Patrol

 1.3. Automobile Patrol

2. What is the level of effectiveness of the police patrol methods as perceived by the

community in terms of:

2.1. Providing security and protection to community.

2.2. Working relationship with the community

3. What are the implications of the study?

Significance of the Study

The results of this research study will benefit different groups of people:

To the Police Officers of San Clemente, Tarlac. The results of this research study

shall build a good relationship between the Police officers and the people. This study
primarily benefits the community to become more organized. For the citizens of San

Clemente, to become more disciplined. They need to help the Police officers towards

crime prevention by applying the patrol methods.

Together with the other major public and private services, results of the study may

help to improve the quality of life of the community by launching prevention programs,

that will reduce the fear of crime and promote a true feeling of community safety.

To the Barangay Councils of selected Barangays of San Clemente, Tarlac. The results

of this study will help improve their jobs through the use of patrol methods. Working

together with the PNP officers, the community will be well protected from crimes that

may occur in the locality.

To the Future Researchers. Students in criminology course who are interested on the

same topic will find this research study useful as future reference.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research study will deal on the effectiveness of the different police patrol

methods such as foot patrol, motorcycle patrol, automobile patrol use to prevent crimes at

San Clemente, Tarlac.

Definition of terms

There are words in this study which need to be defined operationally to obtain a clear

and understandable and meaning interpretation on how they are used in this study.

Patrol - A person or group of person who perform such an act.

Foot Patrol - Is the backbone of policing, the central aspect of police

operations.

Automobile Patrol - A police automobile equipped with a radiotelephone for

communicating with police headquarters.

Motorcycle Patrol - Equipment will differ from that of other personnel.

Bicycle Patrol - The most often mentioned are visibility and mobility.

Patrol - Is a policing tactic or technique that involves movement around an

area for the purpose of observation, inspection or security.

Police Officers - Refers to people who are responsible for enforcing and

manage the patrolling regulations and controlling the crime rate, maintain the

safety of the people in public place, and prevent crimes in the San Clemente,

Tarlac

Oplan Sita Program - Against criminals riding motorcycle

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter is consist of relates literature and studies which have direct relations to

the present research study.

Related Literature

Foreign

Increasing police presence can occur in a number of ways. One mainstay of policing

since the 1930s has been random preventive patrol by automobile. Random patrol

generally involves officers randomly driving around their beat in downtime between calls

for service.

The idea is to create a sense of omnipresence and to maximize deterrence by keeping

offenders on their toes about when an officer will drive by next. Additionally, crime is

expected to be deterred at the time officers are driving through (or sitting in) a particular

area. Because crime is not randomly distributed across beats, but is instead highly

concentrated (e.g. see Weisburd, Groff, & Yang, 2012), random preventive patrol has

generally not been thought to be a very effective crime control tool (Telep & Weisburd,

2012). In the major study in this area, the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experimented on

the (Kelling et al., 1974), increasing (or decreasing) levels of preventive patrol did not

have a significant impact on crime or victimization.

Random preventive patrol is routinely dismissed as an ineffective strategy that

police should not be using based largely on the results of this single study.

As Sherman and Weisburd (1995) noted, the small sample of beats in the study

created low statistical power, which made it difficult for the evaluation to discern a

significant difference between the study groups even if one had existed (see also
Sherman, 1992). A more systematic examination of the impact of increasing patrol in

beats or large geographic areas may thus provide a stronger answer to the question of

“does random preventive patrol work?” than simply citing the Kansas City study as the

final answer.

In a recent review of systematic reviews in policing, Telep and Weisburd (2004)

argued that while most police innovations in policing have been covered by an existing

review, more traditional tactics in policing have received less attention. While these

“standard model” tactics (Weisburd & Eck, 2004) such as random preventive patrol are

generally seen as outdated, they continue to occupy a substantial portion of police time

and resources and so more systematic inquiry into their effects would be worthwhile.

Increasing police presence is not limited to random patrols at the beat level.

Increasing preventive police patrols has also been an important component in a number

of interventions at smaller units of geography than the police beat. The original hot spots

policing experiment in Minneapolis (Sherman & Weisburd, 1995) focused on trying to

increase patrol levels on high crime street blocks to three hours per day. More recently,

the Sacramento Police Department used 15 minute stops by officers in a random order to

increase police presence on high crime street segments (Telep, Mitchell, & Weisburd, in

press). Di Tella and Schargrodsky (2004) evaluated the impact of adding police officers

to guard Jewish and Muslim buildings following a terrorist attack in Buenos Aires.

Ratcliffe and Colleagues (2011) evaluated the impact of using foot patrol to increase

patrol levels in high crime areas in Philadelphia. These hot spots or micro place

interventions generally show stronger evidence of effectiveness, in part because police

are maximizing their deterrent ability by focusing in on the highest crime places.

We recognize that many of these hot spots policing studies are also included in the

hot spots policing systematic review by Braga, Papachristos, and Hureau (2012). We will

focus though on only those hot spots studies focused entirely (or almost entirely) on

increasing police presence. Any problem-oriented hot spots interventions, for example,

will not be covered by our review and as a result, we do not expect the overlap between

the two reviews to be substantial.

We suspect that most police interventions examining increased patrol and/or presence

will focus on either the police beat or a micro place (e.g. hot spot) as the unit of analysis,

although police could increase patrol levels at any unit of geography. Our main

requirements are that the increase in police presence be the focus of the intervention and

that the evaluation focus on crime and disorder outcomes using a rigorous research

design.

Local

A section on police patrol methods and strategies discusses automobile versus foot

patrol; specialized patrol methods--bicycle, canine, and marine patrol; the controversy

over one-officer versus two-officer patrol units; and the take-home patrol car program

implemented by some departments to increase police visibility. Different patrol tactics

and strategies are described, including preventive police patrol, team policing, high

visibility and low-visibility patrol, decoy patrol, and split-force patrol. Additional

sections outline basic principles of organization and management and patrol force staffing

and deployment. In addition, the uses, advantages, and background of police

communications centers, automated information systems, classification schemes for call

dispatch, and the 911 emergency telephone number are discussed. The police records

system, and special support functions, such as criminalistic, are described as supports to

patrol operations. The attributes and functions of effective police patrol supervision are

reviewed, and the importance of training personnel and enhancing patrol operations is

assessed. Tables and figures are included. Study objectives, summaries, and review

questions are provided for each chapter. Police organizational structure, Police manpower

deployment, Police command and control, Patrol, Police management, Law enforcement

overview texts (https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=75244)

10

Related Studies

Foreign
 Nash (1968) gives a case study of a one week experimental patrol corps covering

seven three-block beats near 117th Street in Harlem. In Newark, Anthony Imperiale's

North Ward Citizens' Committee has a membership of roughly 1,000 and has become

both an important political issue in itself and a relatively operative peacekeeping force

(Mangel, 1969). And, in Boston, a chapter of the Jewish Defense League has created a

great deal of controversy by patrolling a Jewish enclave in a predominantly black

neighborhood in the wake of three synagogue fires.

In the last two or three years, the concept of civilian policing has overflowed the

original street patrol model, coming to focus on more limited contexts such as housing

projects, rock concerts, and protest demonstrations. For example, Richard Rogin

(forthcoming: I) reports that in 1970 more than 8,500 unarmed and unpaid volunteers are

on tenant safety patrols in 93 of the 165 New York City Housing Authority's projects.

Similar patrols, on a smaller scale, have occurred and are planned in Boston and other

cities, many under official or quasi-official auspices.

The extent of citizen concern over law enforcement issues (though exacerbated by

self-seeking politicians) has been demonstrated by numerous opinion polls as well as

election results. As part of a broader inquiry into various forms of citizen involvement in

the law enforcement process, data have been gathered on 28 currently operating groups

that, depending on the group in question and, even more, on one's own perspective,

11

would be labeled self-defense"," vigilante"," security patrols"," or community patrols.

Case study and preliminary result To illustrate the use of our approach to police patrol

districting we used data from the Charlottesville, VA (Virginia), USA police department.

Charlottesville is a city with a diameter of about 7 miles and a population of about

40,000. However, this population increases during most of the year by another 26,000

due the presence of a major university. The population lives in multi-dwelling buildings,

as well as, detached townhouses, apartments, and homes. There are more densely

populated buildings near the university and the downtown. There are also commercial

areas and some light industrial parks. The current police patrol district of Charlottesville

was designed more than 20 years ago. There are 8 patrol districts and in most of cases,

one police car is assigned to patrol each district. The police managers and commanders

want to draw district boundaries to incorporate census block groups. These block groups

are too large to serve as the atomic geographic units in our district growing algorithm (see

Section “Approach to police patrol districting”). There are 37 block groups in

Charlottesville. To create more useful atomic geographic units we decomposed the city

into 323 grids. Shows the locations of historical CFS (Chronic fatigue syndrome)

incidents for several years, including 317,548 events. Many incidents happened at same

places so each red point may represent many CFS events. To have a better view of the

CFS density distribution in the city region, these historical incidents were spatially

projected into the grid network. Based on the counts of CFS incidents, the CFS

probability was calculated for each grid. The CFS distribution across these grids.

12

Local
The PNP indicates that the decrease in the volume of crime is attributable to the PNP's

crime prevention programs (Sun.Star 20 Sept. 2007). Specifically, the PNP has reportedly

increased police visibility, made use of foot patrol officers, established checkpoints,

deployed motorcycle police, and undertaken night watch operations, among other

initiatives (Sun.Star 20 Sept. 2007). Moreover, the PNP states in a press release that they

posted a "crime solution efficiency" of 88.37 percent (Philippines 6 Feb. 2008).

Corroborating information pertaining to this crime solution rate could not be found

among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

The best studies have shown that patrol work combines a variety of crime control,

order maintenance, traffic enforcement, and service duties and requests. Of these four

commonly used categories, crime control seems to account for the largest portion of calls

handled by the police as well as police encounters with citizens, and pure service

accounts for the smallest portion. However, it must quickly be emphasized that most

crime-related calls and encounters involve minor offenses, routine report taking, and no

arrests (often because a suspect is never identified). Patrol officers are more likely to take

enforcement actions, in the form or arrests or citations, in order maintenance and traffic

situations than in crime-related situations

The seminal study of patrol effectiveness was the Kansas City Preventive Patrol

Experiment, conducted by the Police Foundation and published in 1974. This experiment

tested the impact of three levels of patrolling strength, ranging from no patrol to twice the

13

normal level, in fifteen patrol beats during the course of a year. The results were
surprising—there were no differences in victimization, reported crime, fear of crime,

public perception of police presence, arrests, traffic accidents, or anything else that was

measured. Police patrols (not all police presence, just regular patrols) were virtually

eliminated from five beats for an entire year and nobody noticed. Similarly, patrols were

doubled in five other beats and nobody noticed.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 This chapter presents the research design, research locale, the respondents, the

sampling technique, the data gathering tools, administrations of the questionnaire and the

statistical treatment used in this research study.

Research Design

This research study will utilize the descriptive method of study. Descriptive method is defined as

survey method research, participants answer questions administered through interviews or

questionnaires. After participants answer the questions, researchers describe the responses given. In

order for the survey to be both reliable and valid it is important that the questions are constructed

properly. Questions should be written so they are clear and easy to comprehend.

Research Locale

This research study be conducted at San Clemente, Tarlac. The town is consist of 12

barangays. It is the farthest community at the western part of Tarlac Province which is

considered the boundary for the Pangasinan Province. This community is chosen to be

the locale of the study because researchers believe that the place is a good place where

the effectiveness of the different patrol methods are measured and the police officers

could be available to use these methods in law enforcement.

15

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study consist of the police officers and the barangay officials

in San Clemente, Tarlac. In every barangay has a 7 officials and there are 84 barangay
officials in 12 barangays in San Clemente, Tarlac and we are selected 7 barangays in 49

and 15 police officers with a total of 64 respondents.

Sampling Technique

This research study shall use the purposive random sampling. Purposive random

sampling is a technique where the researchers select the respondents on the basis of the

common characteristic of his samples of his purpose (Bernardez,2011).

Data Gathering Tool

The researchers will use questionnaire as data gathering tool. Questions stated in

statement of the problem are to be answered in the questionnaire. The first part of the

questionnaire will be the profile of the police officers, as implementors of the patrol

methods and the second part will contain the descriptions on the effectiveness of the

different patrol methods as perceived by both the police officers and the community.

Data Gathering Procedure

With approval of the research title, the researchers prepared a questionnaire that

covers all specific problems raised in this study. After the corrections of the questionnaire

16

a request a letter that will be approved by the thesis adviser and will be floated and

distributed to the community people and police officers in San Clemente, Tarlac.

For better comprehension of the research instrument, the questionnaire will be

personally distributed by the researchers to the respondents. Their response will be

tallied,

tabulated and analyzed for interpretation and to have meaning on this study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

For the analysis and interpretation of data, the frequency, percentage distribution and

weighted mean formula will employed.

Frequency distribution refers to the tabular arrangement of the data by classes or

categories together with their corresponding frequencies.

Weighted mean will be used to evaluate the responses of the respondent to the

questionnaire according to the gravity or intensity of their responses.

Formula: %distribution = F//N x 100

Where F = Frequency

N= total number of frequency

% = percentage

The formula for getting weighted mean will be as follows:

Wm =

= the sum of frequency 

Fx = Frequency

17

N= total respondent
 Furthermore, the 4 point Liker scale will be used by the respondents in expressing

their views. For the convenience of the analysis and interpretation, the following were

used to convert the limit to the given description.

Index Limit of Index Verbal Description

4 3.26-4.00 Very Much Effective(VME)
3 2.51-3.25 Much Effective(ME)
2 1.76-2.50 Effective(E)
1 1.00-1.75 Not Effective(NE)

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of patrol methods in

crime prevention at San Clemente, Tarlac.

Summary of Findings
 this study revealed the following findings based on the sequence of the specific

problems that were raised.

1. The effectiveness of different patrol methods in crime prevention at San

Clemente, Tarlac are “very much effective” according to indicators no. 1.2, 1.3, 2.2 and

3.1 while the indicators no. 1.1, 2.1, 2.3 was “much effective”.

2. The Providing Security and Protection to Community resulted as “very much effective

by the community according to indicators 1 and 4 which result no. 4, while the indicators

no. 2, 3, 5 and 6 are resulting to “much effective”

3. Making relationship with the community resulted as “ very much effective”

according to indicators 1 and 2 which result no. 4, while the indicators 3 and 4 is “much

effective” as ranked no. 3.

Conclusions

Based on the result in the study, the following are concluded:

It is concluded that Effectiveness of the different patrol methods used to prevent

crimes. The “ Police officers use automobile when conducting checkpoints, Police

officers use automobile when chasing criminals who run in an open area, Police patrol

25

officers conduct patrol in the place where crimes are possibly committed, Police officers use the

motorcycle patrol to round or make inspection within the municipality”. Are interpreted as “very much

effective”. Police officers shall continue the activities to be effective and the support of the

community.

The “Providing Security and Protection to Community” and “Making a relationship with the

community” which is cooperate the community to police officers. Because of these of programs they
help to prevent the crimes in San Clemente, Tarlac and help the PNP personnel to reduces the number

of crime.

Recommendations

Based on the the data gathered procedure, we recommend the following:

1. Police visibility must also observe timely and to maintained the peace and order.

2. The physical fitness must also maintain to each member so when it comes to operations it will be

easy to them to respond.

3. Maintain the good image in the community your in uniform or not wear the uniform so that

authority will still remain.

4. The community must also give their full support in different programs of the Police officers set for

them.
 QUESTIONNAIRE
(For the Police Officers)

Name:(Optional)______________________________________________________

Part 1. Effectiveness of the different patrol methods used to prevent crimes at San

Clemente, Tarlac.

Direction: Evaluate the following indicators by putting a check ( √ ). Please use the

rating scale below for selecting the correct response.

Numerical Rating Verbal Rating

4 Very Much Effective (VME)

3 Much Effective (ME)

2 Effective (E)

1 Not Effective (NE)

Indicators VME ME E NE
4 3 2 1
1. Automobile Patrol
1.1. Police officers have standby mobile in

responding accidents
1.2. Police officers use automobile when

conducting checkpoints.
1.3. Police officers use automobile when

chasing criminals who run in an open area.

2. Foot Patrol
2.1. Police officers secure the community

during public occasions by means of foot patrol.

2.2. Police patrol officers conduct patrol in the

place where crimes are possibly committed.

2.3. Police officer makes harmonious
relationship with the community to conduct a

Oplan Tokhang in every barangay

3. Motorcycle Patrol
3.1. Police officers use the motorcycle patrol to

round or make inspection within the

municipality.
3.2. Police officers visits every barangay to

monitor compliance on curfew hours.

 QUESTIONNAIRE

Name:(Optional)______________________________________________________

Direction: Evaluate the following indicators by putting a check ( √ ). Please use the

rating scale below for selecting the correct response.

Numerical Rating Verbal Rating

4 Very Much Effective (VME)

3 Much Effective (ME)

2 Effective (E)

1 Not Effective (NE)

Indicators VME ME E NE
A. Providing Security and Protection to Community
4 3 2 1
1. Police Officers use mobile when responding

to accidents.
2. Police Officers use foot patrol or automobile

patrol when conducting checkpoints or areas

where criminals could possibly hide or pass

by.
3. Police Officers use foot patrol to secure the

area specially when there are public

occasion.
4. Police patrol officers conduct patrol in the

in the places where crimes are possibly

commit.
5. Police Officers use the motorcycle patrol to

monitor youth compliance on curfew hours.

6. Police Officers participate the different

community affairs.

VME ME E NE
B. Making relationship with the community
4 3 2 1
1. Police conduct seminars in school and

barangays
2. Police officers are seen visible in the

community.
3. Police officers asked the community

regarding their complaints and concerns.

4. Police - community relations programs

enhance good relationship among police

officers and community residents.