Textile Research Journal Article

Effects of some Process Parameters on the Structure

and Properties of Vortex Spun Yarn
Guldemet Basal
Abstract The effects of a number of process Department Of Textile Engineering, Ege University,
parameters, including the nozzle angle, nozzle pres- Bornova, Izmir, 35100 Turkey
sure, spindle diameter, yarn delivery speed, and dis-
tance between the front roller and the spindle, on William Oxenham1
the structure and properties of vortex spun yarns College of Textiles, North Carolina State University,
were investigated. A modified version of the tracer Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695 U.S.A.
fiber technique (J. Text. Inst., 43, T60–T66, 1952)
combined with the Image Analysis Application Ver-
sion 3.0 (B.A.R.N. Engineering) was utilized to
explore yarn structure. The migration behavior of
fibers was characterized using the migration param-
eters introduced by Hearle et al. (Text. Res. J., 35,
329–334,788–795, 1965). The results showed that
the short front roller to the spindle distance caused
better evenness, low imperfections, and less hairi-
ness. High nozzle angle, high nozzle pressure, low
yarn delivery speed and small spindle diameter
reduced hairiness as well. High nozzle angle, high
nozzle pressure and low speed also led to higher
fiber migration. Surprisingly nozzle angle, nozzle
pressure or delivery speed did not have any signifi-
cant effects on yarn tensile properties. This is
believed to be caused by the relatively small differ-
ences between the levels of these parameters used
in the trials. The present study provides a window
into the vortex spinning technology, but further
research needs to be conducted to establish a “proc-
ess-structure-property model” for vortex yarns.

Key words Vortex spinning, yarn structure,

fiber migration

The Murata Vortex Spinner is the world’s first spinning
frame to produce yarns from 100% carded cotton at very
high spinning speeds, up to 400 m/min in mill operating con-
ditions [1–3]. There are several claimed advantages of this
system such as “ring-like” structure, low hairiness, reduced
fabric pilling, better abrasion resistance, higher moisture
absorption, better color-fastness and fast drying characteris-
tics [2]. However, most of these claims have been made by
the machinery makers. Currently there is no comprehensive
study available on this relatively new technology, particularly
the influence of machine parameters on the structure and
properties of vortex spun yarn. Apart from this, in the very
competitive business of textiles, further improvements in
terms of yarn quality and productivity are always welcome.
The 1main purpose of this research was thus to increase the
possible areas of application of vortex spun yarns by system-
atically investigating the roles played by various processing
1
Corresponding author: e-mail: william_oxenham@ncsu.edu

Textile Research Journal Vol 76(6): 492–499 DOI: 10.1177/0040517506064253 www.trj.sagepub.com © 2006 SAGE Publications
Figure 2 appear in color online: http://trj.sagepub.com

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 Effects of some Process Parameters on the Structure and Properties G. Basal and W. Oxenham
parameters on the yarn structure and, in turn, the yarn prop-
erties. This goal was achieved by employing an experimental
approach to examine the structure of vortex spun yarns, and
determine the correlation between process parameters, yarn
structure and yarn properties. It is hoped that results of this
study will provide the first step to establish a “process–struc-
ture–property model” for vortex yarn, which can be used to
optimize and improve the vortex spinning technology.
Experimental Procedure
Yarns Studied
Cotton fibers with an upper half mean length value of 1.44
and micronaire value of 3.4 were used for the investigation.
A very low percentage (around 0.5%) of black fibers of the
same type was blended with raw cotton fibers at the open-
ing stage. These fibers served as tracer fibers during the
analysis of vortex yarn structure. After opening and carding,
the materials were subjected to three passages of drawing,
and then taken to the Murata Vortex Spinning frame for
spinning.
Five different process parameters, which were thought to
influence the properties and structure of vortex yarns, were
chosen for investigation. These were: the nozzle angle, the
nozzle pressure, the spindle diameter, the yarn speed, and
the distance between the front roller and the spindle. Some
of these parameters can be seen in Figure 1. Vortex yarn
samples (28’s Ne) were spun on No. 851 Murata Vortex Spin-
ner using the values of spinning parameters shown in Table 1.
Figure 1 Yarn formation zone in vortex spinning (L
denotes the distance between front roller and the spin-
dle) [9].
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493 TRJ
Table 1 Process parameters.
Process parameters Levels
Spindle diameter (mm) 1.2 1.3
Nozzle angle 65 70
Distance between front roller and 19.6 20.5
spindle (mm)
Yarn speed (m/min) 350 400
Nozzle air (kg/cm) 4.5 5
Needle holder 9.3 130°
Total draft 134
Main draft 55
The experiment was conducted as a 25 factorial split plot
design with the yarn speed and the nozzle pressure as main
plots and the nozzle angle, the spindle diameter, and the dis-
tance between the front roller and the spindle as subplots.
An obvious feature is that the magnitude of change in
the parameters is relatively small but these were the great-
est ranges that could be achieved on the machine due to
the availability of machine parts and it is not possible to
spin yarns outside certain limits.
It was impossible to spin yarns with acceptable break
rates in the combination of low air pressure, high delivery
speed, short front roller to spindle distance, large spindle
diameter and small nozzle angle. One possible reason is
that the high speed along with the low air pressure might
worsen the spinning stability since yarn receives fewer twists
in those conditions.
Observation of Migration
A modified version of the tracer fiber technique originally
introduced by Morton and Yen [4] combined with the
Image Analysis Application Version 3.0 [5] was used to
investigate the yarn structure. Fourteen tracer fibers from
each of 31 different yarns (434 fibers) were used for this
investigation (Seven fibers were randomly selected from
each of the two packages). The experimental arrangement
is shown in Figure 2. The yarn sample was first sent into a
container containing a suitable immersion liquid and left
there until the wetting out was complete. (Initial trials
clearly demonstrated that the analysis of the tracer fiber
could not be achieved unless the yarn was thoroughly wet-
ted out by the immersion liquid.) Then it was pulled
through a glass trough also containing the immersion liq-
uid, which was, in turn placed on a microscope stage. Yarn
guides were used to maintain the yarn sample on a set path
through the trough. Images of the tracer fibers were cap-
tured via a half-inch black and white charged coupled
device (CCD) camera mounted to the objective of a Zeiss
compound polarized light microscope. These images were
transferred to a computer and stored. The computer used
for this work was a Dell Dimension XPS R400. In order to
process the analogue video signals from the CCD camera
TRJ 494 Textile Research Journal 76(6)
Figure 2 Experimental set up for the study of structure:
1, yarn sample coming from yarn package; 2, small glass
container filled with methyl salicylate; 3 and 4. yarn
guides; 5. yarn take-up roller; 6, microscope stage; 7,
glass trough containing methyl salicylate; 8, microscope
objective; 9, CCD camera; 10, Dell PC computer; 11, mon-
itor.
and digitize them into pixels for subsequent transfer to
computer memory, the Matrox Meteor II PCI frame grab-
ber was installed on the computer. The captured images
were digitized into 450 × 640 pixels with 8 bit per pixel.
Image Processing
To observe one whole tracer fiber it was necessary to capture
several consecutive images (approximately 11–13 images).
Due to the high magnification employed for this process
each captured picture covered only a part of the tracer fiber.
Later these images were processed through Spin Panorama
2.1 (PictureWorks Technology, Inc.) to create composite
images (Figure 3). This software creates panoramic images
Figure 3 Fiber configuration in vortex yarns.
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utilizing a four-step process: getting images from a pano-
ramic series; stitching images together; cropping the stitched
images; and creating (saving) the final panorama. Although
the authors final image was not a panoramic image Spin
Panorama 2.1 software produced fairly good results in join-
ing individual images.
Migration was quantified using migration parameters
introduced by Hearle et al. [6, 7] Due to the complexity of
images and presence of optical noise caused by poor resolu-
tion associated with the optical anisotropy of cotton fibers,
along with the presence of convolution in the fiber and the
twist in the yarn, it was difficult to separate the paths of
individual fibers and yarn boundaries by using an automatic
subroutine. Thus, a manual technique was employed. Yarn
boundaries, and peaks and troughs of tracer fiber were
marked manually utilizing Adobe PhotoShop 6.0. Subse-
quently all images were transferred to Matlab; the co-ordi-
nates of yarn boundaries, peaks and troughs were extracted
from these images and stored in matrix form. The quanti-
ties of yarn and migration parameters were estimated
through a specially designed Matlab processing routine.
The same program was also used to generate the plots for
the corrected helix envelope profiles, distribution of helix
angle along the yarn length, and the frequency distribution
of the helix angle.
Yarn Properties
Evenness, imperfection, and the hairiness properties of
resulting yarns were measured on the Uster Evenness Tester
and yarn tensile properties were tested on the Uster Tensor-
apid tester. All these tests were performed under standard
conditions (70°F and 65% relative humidity). The results
from these tests are given in Table 3 below.
 Effects of some Process Parameters on the Structure and Properties G. Basal and W. Oxenham
Statistical Treatment
The analysis of variance was performed on test results
from the Uster Evenness and Uster Tensorapid tester as
well as the calculated values of fiber migration and yarn
parameters using SAS PROC GLM. As the trials were not
replicated, high-order interactions were pooled to obtain
an error term. The significance of independent variables
and their interactions on the yarn structure parameters and
physical properties were tested at a 0.05 probability level.
A probability value (p) that was smaller than 0.05 led to the
conclusion that the independent variable had a significant
effect on the dependent variable. The results of the analy-
sis of variance test are reported in Tables 5 and 6 below.
The values of the correlation coefficients between the yarn
structural parameters and physical properties were also
calculated.
Results and Discussion
Classification of Vortex Yarn Structure
A typical fiber configuration in vortex yarns is given in Fig-
ure 3. As seen from the figure, the vortex yarn structure var-
ies along the yarn length. The configuration of each tracer
fiber was studied and grouped according to the classification
illustrated in Table 2. The results of fiber configuration clas-
sification showed that the percentage of straight, hooked
(trailing) and hooked(both ends) was similar.
Migration in Vortex Yarn
The images captured during the analysis of yarn structure
suggest that the fiber migration in vortex yarns differs from
that in both air-jet and ring yarns. In vortex spinning fibers
emerging from the front rollers are sucked into the spiral
orifice at the inlet of the air jet nozzle and move towards
the tip of the needle protruding from the orifice (Figure 1).
In the meantime, these fibers are subjected to a whirling air
flow and receive twist. Twist tends to move upwards, but the
Table 2 Fiber configuration.
% of
Tracer fiber configuration Class
fibers
Straight 21
Hooked (trailing) 20.5
Hooked (leading) 6.4
Hooked(both ends) 23
Looped 11.5
Entangled 10.25
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495 TRJ
needle prevents this upward twist penetration. Therefore,
the upper parts of some fibers are kept open as they depart
from the nip line of the front rollers. After these fibers have
passed through the orifice, the upper parts of the fibers
spread out due to the whirling air flow. They then wind over
the hollow spindle. Subsequently these fibers are wrapped
around the fiber core and turned into yarn, as the already
formed yarn part is pulled through the spindle [8–10].
The main difference between the air jet and vortex yarn is
the number of wrapper fibers which is much higher in vortex
yarns [11]. In air jet spinning, only the edge fibers become
wrapper fibers. In vortex spinning, on the other hand, the
fiber separation from the bundle occurs everywhere in the
entire outer periphery of the bundle. It is very likely that dur-
ing yarn formation the leading part of the fibers will not be
able to escape from the false twist penetrating upwards and
eventually become located in the core. The trailing parts, on
the other hand, will not receive twist and become wrapper.
The images captured during analysis of yarn structure con-
firmed this assumption. Most of tracer fibers first showed
core fiber characteristics, lying parallel to the yarn axis and
then wrapper fiber characteristics, being helically wound
onto the core.
Structure and Properties of Vortex Yarns
Yarn Properties
The short front roller to the spindle distance produced more
even yarns with fewer imperfections and less hair (Table 3).
The nozzle angle had a significant effect on evenness and
hairiness values. A high nozzle angle caused more even and
less hairy yarns. The interaction of a high nozzle angle and
short front roller to spindle distance led to better irregular-
ity. Nozzle pressure and spindle diameter only affected hair-
iness. Hairiness was low at the high nozzle pressure and the
small spindle diameter. The yarn speed had a significant
effect on the number of thick places and hairiness. A low
yarn delivery speed caused a smaller number of thick places
and low hairiness. The interaction of the yarn speed and
nozzle angle had a significant effect on hairiness as well.
The distance between the front roller and the spindle is
critical since it determines the number of wrapping fibers. If
this distance is short both ends of fibers are tightly assem-
bled, resulting in fewer open ended fibers. This, in turn,
results in a yarn consisting of mostly parallel core fibers
held with fewer wrapper fibers, as in the case of air-jet yarn.
In the mean time yarn evenness and imperfections are bet-
ter since there is less chance of losing control of fibers dur-
ing the bundling of the parallel core fibers, which forms the
main part of the yarn with a few wrapper fibers. Further-
more, waste is less because of the better fiber control. The
yarn has less hairiness and a leaner appearance. If this dis-
tance is longer, the number of wrapper fibers increases, but
there is also less fiber control. The resultant yarn is softer
due to increasing wrapper fibers and has more hairiness
TRJ 496 Textile Research Journal 76(6)

Table 3 Yarn properties.

Noz_air Speed FR_to_Sp Sp_type Tenacity Elongation
Noz_type CVm% Thin_Plc. Thick_Plc. Neps Hairiness
(kg/cm”) (m/min) (mm) (mm) (gf/den) (%)
4.5 350 20.5 1.2 65 13.45 0 154 222.5 4.175 2.22 6.05
4.5 350 20.5 1.2 70 13.45 0 130 192.5 3.84 2.205 6.19
4.5 380 20.5 1.2 65 13.425 0 189 209 4.855 2.225 6.15
4.5 380 20.5 1.2 70 13.625 0.5 178.5 177 4.26 2.2 6.31
4.5 350 20.5 1.3 65 13.45 0.5 148.5 218.5 4.71 2.265 6.47
4.5 350 20.5 1.3 70 13.425 1 132 214 4.095 2.185 6.45
4.5 380 20.5 1.3 65 13.75 0.5 205 211.5 5.36 2.15 6.55
4.5 380 20.5 1.3 70 13.475 0 163.5 194 4.7 2.18 6.64
4.5 350 19.6 1.2 65 13.215 2 93 183 3.785 2.26 6.28
4.5 350 19.6 1.2 70 12.375 0 55 146.5 3.625 2.17 6.26
4.5 380 19.6 1.2 65 13.38 0 151.5 184.5 4.24 2.34 6.29
4.5 380 19.6 1.2 70 12.315 0 84.5 146 3.955 2.215 6.66
4.5 350 19.6 1.3 65 13.275 1 90 159 4.18 2.26 6.34
4.5 350 19.6 1.3 70 12.415 0 65 169.5 3.835 2.22 6.59
4.5 380 19.6 1.3 65 SPINNING WAS NOT POSSIBLE
4.5 380 19.6 1.3 70 12.42 0 88 142.5 4.28 2.16 6.67
5 350 20.5 1.2 70 13.685 1 152.5 198 3.67 2.2 6.57
5 350 20.5 1.2 65 13.44 0 165 205 3.925 2.155 6.45
5 380 20.5 1.2 70 13.4 0.5 191 176 4.01 2.17 6.09
5 380 20.5 1.2 65 13.54 0.5 201 203 4.525 2.26 5.83
5 350 20.5 1.3 70 13.5 0 124 159 3.935 2.085 6.67
5 350 20.5 1.3 65 13.12 0 138 195.5 4.095 2.23 6.85
5 380 20.5 1.3 70 13.525 1 187 188 4.33 2.21 6.22
5 380 20.5 1.3 65 13.33 0 148 204.5 4.995 2.17 6.32
5 350 19.6 1.2 70 12.36 0 59 151 3.53 2.03 6.47
5 350 19.6 1.2 65 13.145 0 96 177.5 3.62 2.215 6.31
5 380 19.6 1.2 70 12.3 0 88 139.5 3.745 2.195 6.13
5 380 19.6 1.2 65 13.27 0 141 175.5 4.005 2.21 5.95
5 350 19.6 1.3 70 12.5 0 63.5 171 3.715 2.21
5 350 19.6 1.3 65 13.41 0.5 119.5 194.5 3.93 2.27
5 380 19.6 1.3 70 12.36 0.5 84 136.5 3.98 2.195 6.04
5 380 19.6 1.3 65 13.25 0.5 119 124 4.625 2.2 6.22

with longer hair. The waste fiber rate, however, is higher in
comparison with that in short setting (personal comm..,
Murata Inc.).
When nozzle pressure increases, both the axial and the
tangential velocity increase. As a result the fiber bundle
receives more twist and the yarn becomes stronger but
stiffer. The nozzle angle also plays critical role on the char-
acteristics of the air flow. A high nozzle angle leads to
higher tangential velocity, and in turn to higher twist. Sur-
prisingly the results showed that neither the nozzle angle
nor the nozzle air pressure had any effect on yarn tenacity
and elongation. Another surprising result was that the high
nozzle angle caused better evenness, which was the oppo-
site of what might be expected. A lower nozzle angle
should result in better yarn evenness due to the increasing
axial velocity of air flow. Probably the levels used in this
study were too close to show the real effect of these param-
eters. Hairiness values, on the other hand, were low at high
nozzle angle and high air pressure, supporting the belief
that twist increases as nozzle angle and pressure go up, and
fibers are integrated more tightly into the yarn structure.
Spindle diameter determines the tightness of the wrap-
pings (personal comm., Murata Inc.). A small spindle diam-
eter gives less freedom to the fiber bundle to expand as it
enters the spindle. This generates higher friction between
fibers and leads to tighter wrappings, higher twist, and in
turn, denser yarns with less hair. With a large spindle diam-
eter the fiber bundle has more freedom to move inside the
spindle and therefore some twist is lost, wrappings become
looser and the yarn becomes bulky and more hairy. The
results indicated that a small spindle diameter resulted in
low hairiness.
Yarn Structure
The results from 434 individual tracer fibers were obtained
through the computer analysis. Table 4 shows the average
values for each of the spinning conditions. Statistical analysis

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 Effects of some Process Parameters on the Structure and Properties G. Basal and W. Oxenham 497 TRJ

Table 4 Yarn structure parameters.

Sp_ Mean
Noz_air Speed FR_to_Sp Noz_ Mean fiber Migration Yarn Helix
type migration R.M.S. Helix angle
(kg/cm”) (m/min) (mm) type position frequency diameter diameter
(mm) intensity
4.5 350 20.5 1.2 65 0.300107 0.280357 0.198279 2.093132 19.89514 0.225721 0.109471
4.5 350 20.5 1.2 70 0.245857 0.294821 0.175364 2.538275 20.43495 0.243514 0.105686
4.5 380 20.5 1.2 65 0.253007 0.268343 0.182057 2.183446 20.1599 0.26765 0.1124
4.5 380 20.5 1.2 70 0.249364 0.276521 0.176393 2.372515 19.34692 0.250886 0.101114
4.5 350 20.5 1.3 65 0.2927 0.2729 0.181164 2.366882 20.29353 0.244743 0.109621
4.5 350 20.5 1.3 70 0.287336 0.295479 0.211564 2.081718 20.39943 0.222221 0.102129
4.5 380 20.5 1.3 65 0.28195 0.243371 0.185057 2.010977 20.25579 0.280086 0.131893
4.5 380 20.5 1.3 70 0.259914 0.267993 0.185236 2.23016 19.38162 0.232393 0.105057
4.5 350 19.6 1.2 65 0.273343 0.26255 0.172943 2.392917 19.91596 0.243286 0.105179
4.5 350 19.6 1.2 70 0.257021 0.283107 0.188957 2.226356 19.8455 0.231579 0.101207
4.5 380 19.6 1.2 65 0.262643 0.270057 0.191586 2.143528 19.4428 0.247379 0.106986
4.5 380 19.6 1.2 70 0.252264 0.287121 0.192443 2.160634 19.56109 0.251071 0.103057
4.5 350 19.6 1.3 65 0.27205 0.2388 0.188429 1.861614 18.33909 0.242307 0.106014
4.5 350 19.6 1.3 70 0.241371 0.297293 0.169057 2.642288 20.05389 0.244429 0.100464
4.5 380 19.6 1.3 65 SPINNING WAS NOT POSSIBLE
4.5 380 19.6 1.3 70 0.281157 0.290164 0.186729 2.374118 20.18273 0.231071 0.102443
5 350 20.5 1.2 70 0.253271 0.27625 0.178007 2.34139 19.88918 0.232621 0.09695
5 350 20.5 1.2 65 0.262321 0.283486 0.192257 2.194114 20.12777 0.227729 0.101507
5 380 20.5 1.2 70 0.300479 0.315564 0.198186 2.356049 21.11854 0.225171 0.104771
5 380 20.5 1.2 65 0.259321 0.257371 0.170279 2.23511 18.73102 0.214671 0.097029
5 350 20.5 1.3 70 0.282436 0.317614 0.194614 2.48718 21.44887 0.221493 0.099107
5 350 20.5 1.3 65 0.279486 0.286386 0.182307 2.408461 20.82961 0.249114 0.111379
5 380 20.5 1.3 70 0.265257 0.284079 0.193321 2.222578 19.69536 0.255964 0.104
5 380 20.5 1.3 65 0.273171 0.259129 0.193614 2.043443 19.55284 0.241293 0.109136
5 350 19.6 1.2 70 0.276714 0.364921 0.172421 3.200773 20.91874 0.231836 0.098836
5 350 19.6 1.2 65 0.311264 0.330357 0.185129 2.620045 21.34986 0.226657 0.104236
5 380 19.6 1.2 70 0.266407 0.277579 0.1955 2.140465 19.94566 0.22985 0.098343
5 380 19.6 1.2 65 0.270143 0.254686 0.208279 1.813551 20.20407 0.246329 0.109814
5 350 19.6 1.3 70 0.2469 0.307579 0.190429 2.424671 20.74576 0.238843 0.100057
5 350 19.6 1.3 65 0.326093 0.27475 0.19375 2.127962 21.37211 0.229721 0.117086
5 380 19.6 1.3 70 0.264536 0.281914 0.182679 2.356199 20.40416 0.248464 0.105457
5 380 19.6 1.3 65 0.239443 0.253429 0.193557 2.043449 18.79169 0.254771 0.103793

of results showed that none of the process parameters had
any significant effects on the mean fiber position, r.m.s. devi-
ation, helix angle or helix diameter. Mean migration inten-
sity and equivalent migration frequency, on the other hand,
were influenced by yarn speed and nozzle angle. Both were
high at the low yarn speed and high nozzle angle. The possi-
ble reason for this is at low speed the movement of fiber
bundle inside the nozzle chamber is slower so that the fibers
in the bundle are subjected to whirling air current for a
longer period of time. At high nozzle angle, the twist
increases due to rising tangential velocity and this might
cause an increase in the values of the mean migration inten-
sity and equivalent migration frequency. The nozzle pres-
sure and the interaction of nozzle pressure, speed and front
roller to spindle distance also had a significant effect on the
mean migration intensity. The mean migration intensity was
high at the high nozzle pressure. The interaction of the high
nozzle pressure, low yarn speed and short front roller to
spindle distance gave the highest mean migration intensity
values. Yarn diameter was mainly affected by yarn speed. It
was smaller at the low delivery speed. Again this can be
attributed to the fiber bundle being exposed to the whirling
air force for a longer period time at the low yarn speed.
Yarn Structure–Property Relationships
There was no correlation between the yarn structural
parameters and physical properties (Tables 5 and 6). One
might anticipate that a high mean migration intensity value
should result in a higher tenacity. Probably, this is due to
the relatively small differences between the levels tested
for each process parameters.

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TRJ 498 Textile Research Journal 76(6)

Table 5 GLM test results for yarn properties.

%CVm Thins Thicks Neps Hairiness Elongation (%) Tenacity
Noz. air ns ns ns ns s ns ns
Speed ns ns s ns s ns ns
FR to Sp s ns s S s ns ns
Noz. ang s ns ns ns s ns ns
Sp dia ns ns ns ns s ns ns
Noz. air * Speed ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
FR to Sp * Sp dia. ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
FR to Sp * Noz ang s ns ns ns ns ns ns
Sp dia. * Noz ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz. air * FR to Sp ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz. air * Sp dia. ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz. air *Noz. ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Speed * FR to Sp ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Speed * Sp dia. ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Speed * Noz.ang ns ns ns ns s ns ns
FR to Sp * Sp dia * Noz ang. ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz air * FR to Sp * Sp dia ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz air * FR to Sp * Noz ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz air * Sp dia * Noz ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Speed * FR to Sp * Sp dia ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Speed * FR to Sp * Noz ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Speed * Sp dia * Noz ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz air * Speed * FR to Sp ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz air * Speed * Noz ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz air * Speed * Sp dia ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz. air,:nozzle pressure; Speed, yarn speed; FR to Sp, distance between the front roller and the spindle; Noz. ang, nozzle angle; Sp dia,
spindle diameter; s, significant; ns, not significant; s = p < 0.05.

Table 6 GLM test results for yarn structure parameters.

Mean Mean Equivalent
R.m.s Yarn Helix Helix
fiber migration migration
deviation diameter angle diameter
position intensity frequency
Noz. air ns s ns ns ns ns ns
Speed ns s s ns s ns ns
FR to Sp ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz. ang ns s s ns ns ns ns
Sp dia ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz. air * Speed ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
FR to Sp * Sp dia. ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
FR to Sp * Noz ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Sp dia. * Noz ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz. air * FR to Sp ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz. air * Sp dia ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz. air * Noz. ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Speed * FR to Sp ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Speed * Sp dia ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Speed * Noz.ang ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Noz air * Speed * FR to Sp ns s ns ns ns ns ns
Noz. air,:nozzle pressure; Speed, yarn speed; FR to Sp, distance between the front roller and the spindle; Noz. ang, nozzle angle; Sp dia,
spindle diameter; s, significant; ns, not significant; s = p < 0.05.

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 Effects of some Process Parameters on the Structure and Properties G. Basal and W. Oxenham
Conclusion
The current work investigated the effects of five different
process parameters: the distance between front roller to
spindle, nozzle angle, nozzle pressure, spindle diameter,
and yarn speed on yarn properties. Attempts were made to
subsequently relate these properties to the changes in the
yarn structure, which in turn are caused by process param-
eters. Among these parameters, the distance between the
front roller and the spindle affects mainly yarn evenness,
imperfection and hairiness values, which are all better if
this distance is short. The high nozzle angle, the high noz-
zle pressure, the low yarn delivery speed and the small
spindle diameter reduce hairiness. The high nozzle angle
improves yarn evenness as well. The mean migration inten-
sity and equivalent migration frequency are greater at the
high nozzle angle and the low speed. The high nozzle pres-
sure also increases the mean migration intensity. The low
yarn speed causes the smaller yarn diameter and it is likely
that the yarn receives more twist at these conditions.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank the National Textile Center
(NTC) for their financial support (NTC Project: F99-NS06),
and Cotton Incorporated for providing their facilities.
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499 TRJ
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