14.

7
7. f (x, y) = (x − y)(1 − xy) = x − y − x2 y + xy 2
⇒ fx = 1−2xy +y 2 , fy = −1−x2 +2xy, fxx = −2y, fxy = −2x+2y, fyy =
2x. Then fx = 0 implies 1−2xy+y 2 = 0 and fy = 0 implies −1−x2 +2xy =
0. Adding the two equations gives 1+y 2 −1−x2 = 0 ⇒ y 2 = x2 ⇒ y = ±x,
but if y = −x then fx = 0 implies 1 + 2x2 + x2 = 0 ⇒ 3x2 = −1 which has
no real solution. If y = x then substitution into fx = 0 gives 1−2x2 +x2 =
0 ⇒ x2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±1, so the critical points are (1, 1) and (−1, −1). Now
D(1, 1) = (−2)(2)−02 = −4 < 0 and D(−1, −1) = (2)(−2)−02 = −4 < 0,
so (1, 1) and (−1, , −1) are saddle points.
9. f (x, y) = y 3 + 3x2 y − 6x2 − 6y 2 + 2 ⇒ fx = 6xy − 12x, fy = 3y 2 + 3x2 −
12y, fxx = 6y − 12, fxy = 6x, fyy = 6y − 12. Then fx = 0 implies
6x(y − 2) = 0, so x = 0 or y = 2. If x = 0 then substitution into fy = 0
gives 3y 2 − 12y = 0 ⇒ 3y(y − 4) = 0 ⇒ y = 0 or y = 4, so we have
critical points (0, 0) and (0, 4). If y = 2, substitution into fy = 0 gives
12 + 3x2 − 24 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 4 ⇒ x = ±2, so we have critical points (±2, 2).
D(0, 0) = (−12)(−12) − 02 = 144 > 0 and fxx (0, 0) = −12 < 0, so
f (0, 0) = 2 is a local maximum. D(0, 4) = (12)(12) − 02 = 144 > 0 and
fxx (0, 4) = 12 > 0, so f (0, 4) = −30 is a local minimum.
D(±2, 2) = (0)(0) − (±12)2 = −144 < 0, so (±2, 2) are saddle points.
16. f (x, y) = ey (y 2 − x2 ) ⇒ fx = −2xey , fy = (2y + y 2 − x2 )ey , fxx =
−2ey , fxy = −2xey , fyy = (2 + 4y + y 2 − x2 )ey . Then fx = 0 implies x = 0
and substituting into fy = 0 gives (2y + y 2 )ey = 0 ⇒ y(2 + y) = 0 ⇒ y = 0
or y = −2, so the critical points are (0, 0) and (0, −2).D(0, 0) = (−2)(2) −
(0)2 = −4 < 0 so (0, 0) is a saddle point. D(0, −2) = (−2e−2 )(−2e−2 ) −
(0)2 = 4e−4 > 0 and fxx (0, −2) = −2e−2 < 0, so f (0, −2) = 4e−2 is a
local maximum.
2 2
20. f (x, y) = x2 ye−x −y ⇒
2 2 2 2 2 2
fx = x2 ye−x −y (−2x) + 2xye−x −y = 2xy(1 − x2 )e−x −y ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
fy = x2 ye−x −y (−2y) + x2 e−x −y = x2 (1 − 2y 2 )e−x −y ,
2 2
fxx = 2y(2x4 − 5x2 + 1)e−x −y ,
2 2 2 2
fxy = 2x(1 − x2 )(1 − 2y 2 )e−x −y , fyy = 2x2 y(2y 2 − 3)e−x −y .
fx = 0 implies x = 0, y = 0, or x = ±1. If x = 0 then fy = 0 for any
y-value, so all points of the form (0, y) are critical points. If y = 0 then
2
fy = 0 ⇒ x2 e−x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, so (0, 0)(already included above)  is a criti-

2 1 1
cal point. If x = ±1 then (1 − 2y 2 )e−1−y = 0 ⇒ y = ± √ , so ±1, √
  2 2
1
and ±1, − √ are critical points. Now
2
√
    
1 1 1
D ±1, √ = 8e−3 > 0, fxx ±1, √ = −2 2e−3/2 < 0 and D ±1, − √ =
2  2 2
√
  
1 1 1
8e−3 > 0, fxx ±1, − √ = 2 2e−3/2 > 0, so f ±1, √ = √ e−3/2
2   2 2
1 1 −3/2
are local maximum points while f ±1, − √ = −√ e are local
2 2
minimum points. At all critical points (0, y) we have D(0, y), so the

1
 Second Derivatives Test gives no information. However, if y > 0 then
2 2
x2 ye−x −y ≥ 0 with equality only when x = 0, so we have local mini-
2 2
mum valuesf (0, y) = 0, y > 0. Similarly, if y < 0 then x2 ye−x −y ≤ 0
with equality when x = 0 so f (0, y) = 0, y < 0 are local maximum values,
and (0, 0) is a saddle point.
29. Since f is a polynomial it is continuous on D, so an absolute maximum and
minimum exist. Here fx = 2x − 2, fy = 2y, and setting fx = fy = 0 gives
(1, 0) as the only critical point(which is inside D), where f (1, 0) = −1.
Along L1 : x = 0 and f (0, y) = y 2 for −2 ≤ y ≤ 2, a quadratic function
which attains its minimum at y = 0, where f (0, 0) = 0, and its maximum
at y = ±2, where f (0, ±2) = 4.
Along L2 : y = x − 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, and f (x, x − 2) = 2x2 − 6x + 4 =
 2
3 1 3
2 x− − , a quadratic which attains its minimum at x = , where
 2 2 2
3 1 1
f ,− = − , and its maximum at x = 0, where f (0, −2) = 4.
2 2 2
Along L3 : y = 2 − x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, and f (x, 2 − x) = 2x2 − 6x + 4 =
 2
3 1 3
2 x− − , a quadratic which attains its minimum at x = , where
 2 2 2
3 1 1
f , = − , and its maximum at x = 0, where f (0, 2) = 4. Thus the
2 2 2
adsolute maximum of f on D is f (0, ±2) = 4 and the absolute minimum
is f (1, 0) = −1.
34. fx = y 2 and fy = 2xy, and since fx = 0 ⇔ y = 0, there are no critical
points in the interior of D. Along L1 : y = 0 and f (x, 0) =p0.
Along L2 : x = 0 and f (0, y) = 0. Along L 3 : y = 3 − x2 , so let
p  √
g(x) = f x, 3 − x2 = 3x − x3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3. Then g 0 (x) = 3 − 3x2 =
√
0 ⇔ x = 1. The maximum√value is f (1, √ 2) = 2 and √ the minimum occurs
both at x = 0 and x = 3 where f√(0, 3) = f ( 3, 0) = 0. Thus the
absolute maximum of f on D is f (1, 2) = 2, and the absolute minimum
is 0 which occurs at all points along L1 and L2 .
42. The
p distance from the origin to a point (x, y, z) on the surface is d =
x2 + y 2 + z 2 where y 2 = 9 + xz, so we minimize d2 = x2 + 9 + xz + z 2 =
f (x, z). Then fx = 2x + z, fz = x + 2z, and fx = 0, fz = 0 ⇒ x = 0, z = 0,
so the only critical point is (0, 0). D(0, 0) = (2)(2) − 1 = 3 > 0 with
fxx (0, 0) = 2 > 0, so this is a minimum. Thus y 2 = 9 + 0 ⇒ y = ±3 and
the points on the surface cloest to the origin are (0, ±3, 0).
45. Center the sphere at the origin so that its equation is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r2 ,
and orient the inscribed rectangular box so that its edges are parallel to
the coordinate axes. Any vertex of the box satisfies x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r2 ,
so take (x, y, z) to be the vertex in thepfirst octant. Then the box has
length 2x, width 2y, and  height 2z = 2 r2 − x2 − y 2 with volume given
p p
by V (x, y) = (2x)(2y) 2 r − x2 − y 2 = 8xy r2 − x2 − y 2 for 0 <
2

x < r, 0 < y < r. Then

2
 1 p 8y(r2 − 2x2 − y 2 )
Vx = (8xy)· (r2 −x2 −y 2 )−1/2 (−2x)+ r2 − x2 − y 2 ·8y = p
2 r2 − x2 − y 2
2 2 2
8x(r − x − 2y )
and Vy = p .
r 2 − x2 − y 2
Setting Vx = 0 gives y = 0 or 2x2 + y 2 = r2 , but y > 0 so only the latter
solution applies. Similarly, Vy = 0 with x > 0 implies x2 + 2y 2 = r2 .
Substituting, we have 2x2 + y 2 = x2 + 2y 2p⇒ x2 = y√ 2
⇒ x = y.
2 2 2 2 2 2
Then x + 2y = r ⇒ 3x√ = r √ ⇒ x = r /3 = r/ 3 = y.Thus
the only critical point is (r/ 3, r/ 3). There must be a maximum vol-
ume and here it must occur at a critical point, so the maximum volume
√
 
r r
occurs when x = y = r/ 3 and the maximum volume is V √ , √ =
s 3 3
    2  2
r r r r 8
8 √ √ r − √
2 − √ = √ r3 .
3 3 3 3 3 3
53. Let x, y, z be the dimensions
p of the rectangular box. Then the volume of
the boxpis xyz and L = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ⇒ L2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2
⇒ z = L2 − x2 − y 2 . p
Substituting, we have volume V (x, y) = xy L2 − x2 − y 2 (x, y > 0).
1 p p
Vx = xy· (L2 −x2 −y 2 )−1/2 (−2x)+y L2 − x2 − y 2 = y L2 − x2 − y 2 −
2
x2 y
,
L2 − x2 − y 2
p xy 2
Vy = x L2 − x2 − y 2 − p . Vx = 0 implies y(L2 − x2 − y 2 ) =
L2 − x2 − y 2
x2 y ⇒ y(L2 − 2x2 − y 2 ) = 0 ⇒
2x2 + y 2 = L2 (since y > 0), and Vy = 0 implies x(L2 − x2 − y 2 ) = xy 2 ⇒
x(L2 − x2 − 2y 2 ) = 0 ⇒
x2 +2y 2 = L2 (since x > 0). Substituting y 2 = L2 −2x2 into x2 +2y 2 = L2
gives x2 + 2L2 − 4x2 = L2 ⇒
2 2
√ q √
3x = L ⇒ x = L/ 3 (since x > 0) and then y = L2 − 2(L/ 3)2 =
√
L/ 3. √ √
So the only critical point is (L/ 3, L/ 3) which, from the geometrical
nature of the problem, must give an absolute maximum. Thus the maxi-
√ √ √ 2q √ √
mum volume is V (L/ 3, L/ 3) = (L/ 3) L2 − (L/ 3)2 − (L/ 3)2 =
√
L3 /(3 3) cubic units.
n
X
55. Note that the variables are m and b, and f (m, b) = [yi − (mxi + b)]2 .
i=1
n
X
Then fm = −2xi [yi − (mxi + b)] = 0
i=1
n
X n
X n
X n
X
implies (xi yi − mx2i − bxi ) = 0 or xi yi = m x2i + b xi and
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
n
X
fb = −2[yi − (mxi + b)] = 0 implies
i=1

3
n n n n
!
X X X X
yi = m xi + b=m xi +nb. Thus we have the two desired
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
equations.
n
X n
X n
X
Now fmm = 2x2i , fbb = 2 = 2n and fmb = 2xi . And fmm (m, b) >
i=1 i=1 i=1
0 always and 
n
! n
!2 n
! n
!2 
X X X X
D(m, b) = 4n x2i −4 xi = 4 n x2i − xi >
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
n
X
0 always so the solutions of these two equations do indeed minimize d2i .
i=1