CENTRO DE CAPACITACIÓN TÉCNICA “ALIFE”

PROGRAMA “INDUSTRIAS DURALIT - COCHABAMBA”

DRUGS AND THEIR CONSUMPTION

Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2019

 INTRODUCTION

Even when drugs have been present in all cultures and times, today there are more
people who use drugs and there are more facilities to obtain them.

We live in a drug culture, from the morning when we have coffee for breakfast, to
the night when we can relax when we return to the house, with an alcoholic aperitif
or a sleep inducer prescribed by a doctor. We are using different substances, which
affect the Central Nervous System.

Drugs are one of the biggest businesses for some and the worst misfortunes for
another

The consumption of these substances are increasingly daily, this makes people
believe that "nothing happens if consumed."

Usually this problem goes more in young people and is very common in our country
since many young people do not know the effects caused by drugs and their
consequences, and they are very easy to access for young people as well as for
teenagers.

Drugs have many consequences such as psychological damage, physical

exhaustion, hormonal problems that can even lead to death

That is why this research will try to explain what drugs are and their effects, since in
our environment there are many people who are immersed in the world of drugs.

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 1. BACKGROUND

Since the time when the "elixir of long life" was sought, man has tried to find in drugs
a substitute for nature, in order to find in drugs a way to alleviate pain, cure a disease
or mitigate an anguish. This is why not all drugs are bad; if they are used properly
they produce positive effects.

But that "the end does not justify the means", we enter the case of hallucinogenic
drugs, provoke an "escape" from reality seeking a false happiness. Today they are
the subject of society and illegal drug trafficking managed by the "mafias". An addict
who every day needs a higher dose, spends more money each day to satisfy his
impulse; if he does not have the sufficient economic solvency, soon he is forced to
obtain money by honest means; the drug ends with respect for ethical and moral
norms; the addict steals to buy the drug regardless of the damage it is causing in
society apart from the damage it does to itself.

In a time, where the introduction of drugs that affect the individual had its reception
not only in psychiatric hospitals but in all those who feel anguish and emotional
tension. Drugs have become the "medicine" to forget the problems. This led to the
exaggerated and uncontrolled production that within a capitalist environment
becomes an epidemic of buyers.

It is rare for a child who has not spent a good part of his or her years in front of the
TV watching an endless parade of advertisements that condition welfare to the use
of drugs; In addition to this, young people are exposed to the example they are given
on the street, such as in liquor stores or bars in the city, overcrowded by individuals
under the influence of alcohol and with them they hear their colleagues comment on
their experiences who have had the effect of drugs. As socially admitted
consumption of alcohol and cigarettes in social gatherings, there will come a time
when in any type of social gathering pastas or other substances are smoked. All this
is a battle that we must face together with determination.

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 2. GENERAL OBJECTIVE

To inform about drugs and solutions to this problem, through campaigns, in order to
raise awareness about the misuse of these, making known about what is the core
and thus recognize their beginnings and then reduce their consumption.

3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

3.1. What are the drugs?

According to the world health organization, a variable term refers to a substance

whit a potential to cure or prevent a disease, ccommonly the term is usually referring
specifically to the psychoactive substances and is used to illegal 1 drugs.
But nevertheless, another author point that drugs are an adequate term to refer a
substance used without a therapeutic purpose, self-administrate and potential
abuse and dependence or that produces pleasure.

According to the manual of drug dependence “every substance introduced in the

organism can modify one or more functions”.

“They are substances whose consume can produce dependence, stimulation or

depression of the nervous system, or who give as result a disorder of the mind,
behavior or of the mood of the person, is able to alter the organism and his psychic
action in the human conduct, perception and conscience”

Thus, according to the different authors can point that drugs, are substances that
has hallucinogenic effects that not only can destroy the individual who consume, but
also his environment (family and friends), either whit medical purposes or for
escaping the reality.

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 3.2. HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF DRUGS

To use the popular expression “drugs and humans they have been holding hands
from the night of times” or said of another way “the dew drops in the weed in the
most deep of the night”. Either to cure or for his analgesic proprieties, like stimulants
to keep awake in the night or in rituals, as well as a playful job, the psychoactive
plants has been around us and like they said “they are here to stay”

So that the intoxicants have been whit us in our path the same time that have
modified our culture, believes, practices and customs of the humans.

Around the year 30000 B.C. already used some opiates: in Asia the hemp, in
America the coca leaf has an analgesic or in the Azteca society some mushrooms
like the peyote.

Even though doesn’t know exactly what was the first drugs used, the alcohol is in
the first ones probably that when stored the honey this fermented and that produce
de first wine. And then, fermented drink has been consumed along the history
becoming to be an important colonial commerce.

The opium is de juice of poppy and there is record of his psychotropic functions they
were know in the year 3000 B.C. used like a food forage or oil, spreading from the
middle west true India arriving in the IX century.

Paracelso who spread the use of the “immortality stone” in shape of laudanum or
tincture.

In the XIX century it becomes a big sanitary problem in the west as they used the
opium to leisure and that incremented the addition.

From de poppy comes out the morphine that has been isolated form de opium in the
XIX century has a substitute to the codeine in the medical treatment. In 1874 it was
created the frits opiate semisynthetic, the heroin that has been marketed by Bayer
industry has a substitute of the opium and the morphine in the treatments of
dishabituation. His high addiction in the USA and England generate a strong
dependence that was spreading to the rest of the world.

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For its part the cannabis was originated in central Asia. Tanks to the archeological
records, whit can know that the cannabis was employee has a source of textile fibers
in the year 4000 b.c. his proprieties probably they were discovered for the first time
in the east, some authors from 3000 years indicated that the help taken in excess
makes see monsters and if is use for a long time you can talk whit spirits lighten up
the body. At present the cannabis is one of the most consumed drug in the world
both in form of marihuana, hashish and hashish oil.

In America the use of de coca has a stimulating goes back to the 5000 b.c. the coca
plant grew up in a wild way until the x century that has been cultivated by the
Colombians that spread it to the south. In the Inca culture was used to sacred plant.
Even like a power full stimulating the coca leaf was chew by the worker to mitigate
the effects of the altitude, hungry or the fatigue and has a medicine to the stomach,
colds or bruises. The coca it was not exported to the other places until the XV
century, the Spaniards arrived and they were surprised at its effects.

In the cases the tobacco, the first proofs of his existence dating from de Mayan
culture in the 2000 A.C. approximately, even is probably that was already present
ancient organizations of the east. When the conquerors arrived in 1492 to Haiti
(formerly Tobago) they saw their possible virtues therapeutics and they moved it to
the old continent also in the XVI century exporting it to Prussia and Filipinas and
from there to china. On the other hand, Portugal, I export it to Italy, Africa, java,
India, Japan e Iran.

But the drug whit most addiction all over the planet, is the caffeine. Although the
plant existed thousands of years ago in Ethiopia, its diffusion began in Arabia in the
10th century. Legend has it that a monk observing how animals were exited after
vomer its fruits decided to try them. In the seventeenth century coffee spread
through Europe, producing 70 % of world production.

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 3.3. TYPES OF DRUGS

The drugs have been classified according to multiple categorization systems,

currently predominating the classifications according to their pharmacological
effects. Among the different types of classification used over time, the following
stand out:

3.3.1. Classification according to their legal status

The drugs can be classified according to the legal restrictions established in each
particular state regarding the consumption, production and sale of the different
substances.

3.3.1.1. Drugs or licit substances:

They are freely occupied according to the wishes of each consumer. For example,
alcoholic beverages and tobacco.

3.3.1.2. Drugs that are used mainly as medicine:

They are usually obtained by medical prescription. In the West, its use is linked to
the treatment of mood disorders, sleep disorders, painful diseases or in order to
achieve greater lucidity or concentration (no tropics). For example, psychotropic
drugs, minor stimulants and methadone.

3.3.1.3. Drugs or illicit substances

They vary according to the legislation of each country. Are those whose trade is
considered illegal, such as cannabis derivatives, heroin and cocaine. There are
international conventions that have established as prohibited the non-medical use
of opiates, cannabis, hallucinogens, cocaine and many other stimulants, as well as
hypnotics and sedatives. In addition, countries or local jurisdictions have added their
own prohibited substances such as alcoholic beverages or inhalants.

3.3.2. Pharmacological classification

Psychoactive substances, in the pharmacological field, can be classified according

to their effects on the central nervous system and the brain.

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3.3.2.1. Depressant drugs

A depressant drug is one that slows or inhibits the functions or activity of some
region of the brain. They have the ability to slow or hinder memory, decrease blood
pressure, analgesia, produce drowsiness, slow heart rate, act as an anticonvulsant,
produce respiratory depression, coma, or death.

This group is subdivided into several groups: antihistamines, antipsychotics,

dissociative, glycinergic, narcotic and sympathetic.

3.3.2.2. Stimulant drugs

A stimulant drug is one that produces temporary improvements in neurological or

physical activity. They can also produce additional symptoms such as increased
alertness, productivity, increased blood pressure, increased blood pressure,
improved balance, hyperalgesia, euphoria, decreased appetite or sleep, seizures,
mania or death.

This group is subdivided into subgroups: adamantine, alkylamines,

arylcyclohexylamines, benzodiazepines, cholinergic, convulsive, eugeroic,
oxazolines, phenylethylamines, piperazines, piperidines, pyrrolidines and tropans.

3.3.2.3. Hallucinogenic drugs

A hallucinogenic drug is that drug that produces changes in perception,

consciousness, emotion or both.

3.3.2.3.1. Psychedelic:

Produce an alteration in cognition and perception. The experiences are usually

associated with meditation, yoga, trance or sleep. Psychedelics are usually grouped
into lysergamides (LSD stands out), phenylethylamines, piperazine, tryptamines
and others.

3.3.2.3.2. Dissociative:

They produce a blockage of signals from the conscious mind to other parts of the
brain producing hallucinations, sensory deprivation, dissociation and trance. They

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can also produce sedation, respiratory depression, analgesia, anesthesia or ataxia,
as well as loss of mental faculties and memory. They are divided into adamantine,
arylcyclohexylamines and morphinan.

3.3.2.3.3. Delirious:

Produce delusions, unlike psychedelic and dissociative hallucinogens in which a

certain state of consciousness is maintained. They are divided into anticholinergic,
antihistamines and GABA-agonists.

3.3.2.4. Opioid drugs

Opioids are drugs that bind opioid receptors located mainly in the central nervous
system and the gastrointestinal tract. There are three major classes of opiate
substances: opium alkaloids, such as morphine and codeine; semi-synthetic
opiates, such as heroin and oxycodone; and completely synthetic opioids, such as
pethidine and methadone, which have a structure unrelated to the opium alkaloids.

3.3.3. Classification according to medical use

The drugs that are used as drugs are classified according to the objective with which
they are used or the pathology they fight.

3.3.3.1. Analgesic drugs

Analgesic or analgesic drugs are those drugs that reduce or inhibit pain.

Analgesics are divided into: opioids, pyrazolones, cannabinoids, anilines and non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The analgesics used to treat pain will depend on the intensity and characteristics of
the pain. For mild pain, NSAIDs are often used, which in addition to treating pain
and reduce fever, and in large doses, have anti-inflammatory effects. However, this
type of substances have a low analgesic ceiling, which cannot be transferred in
greater doses or in combination with other drugs of the same type. They do not have
a high potential for physical dependence, so their sale is free in most countries. For
the relief of moderate intensity pain, weak opioids of non-free distribution are used,
such as tramadol, codeine or hydrocodone. For strong intensity pains, strong
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opioids such as morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, fentanyl, etc. are used.
These substances do not have an analgesic roof, with only a toxicological roof.

3.3.3.2. Anesthetic drugs

An anesthetic drug is one that produces generalized or local anesthesia. It can also
produce throat discomfort, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, headache or death.

This group is divided into subgroups: ethereal, haloalkanes, opioids and neuroactive
steroids; injectable or inhalable.

3.3.3.3. Sedative-hypnotic drugs

A sedative-hypnotic or soporific drug are those whose first function is the induction
to sleep. They can produce, depending on what type of sedative-hypnotic, insomnia,
anxiety, confusion, disorientation, respiratory depression, loss of balance,
decreased judgment, or death.

This group is subdivided in turn into subgroups: GABA-agonists, H1-inverse

agonists, α1 adrenergic antagonists, α2 adrenergic antagonists, melatonitic
agonists and orexinitic antagonists.

3.3.3.4. Antidepressant drugs

An antidepressant drug is one that produces relief in the symptoms of depression,

dysthymia, anxiety; and in general all disorders of mood and social phobia.

This group is subdivided into: selective reuptake inhibitors, selective reuptake

inhibitors, selective release agents, receptor antagonists, reuptake inhibitors,
bicyclic antidepressants, tricyclic antidepressants, tetracyclic antidepressants,
heterocyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 5-HT1A receptor
agonists.

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3.3.3.5. Antiparkinsonian drugs

Antiparkinsonian drugs are those drugs that treat the symptoms of Parkinson's
disease. They produce adverse effects such as hypotension, arrhythmias, nausea,
hair loss, anxiety, hallucinations, drowsiness, respiratory problems, disorientation,
confusion and psychosis.

These drugs are divided into two groups: dopaminergic and anticholinergic.

3.3.3.6. Antipsychotic drugs

An antipsychotic drug is one that produces relief in the symptoms of psychosis. They
can produce weight gain, agranulocytosis, dyskinesia, akathisia, dystonia,
Parkinson's, hypotension, tachycardia, lethargy, nightmares, hyperprolactinemia or
dysfunction erectile. This group is divided into subgroups: benzamides,
butyrophenones, diphenylbutylpiperidines, phenothiazines, thioxanthines, tricyclics,
benzisoxazole piperidines, benzothiazole piperazines and others less common.

3.3.3.7. Anxiolytic drugs

An anxiolytic drug is one used to treat anxiety and its disorders. They are considered
minor tranquilizers. They can produce tachycardia, nightmares or loss of
consciousness. This group is divided into: GABAA receptors, 5-HT1A receptor
agonists, histamine antagonists (antihistaminic), corticotrophin releasing
antagonists, tachykinin antagonists, antagonists of melanin, etc.

3.3.3.8. Anorexic drugs

Anoxic or antiobesic drugs are those that suppress or reduce appetite. They are
often used to reduce weight. This type of drugs are divided into stimulants and ant
cannabinoids. Most stimulants suppress appetite, and in fact, the world's most
consumed drug, coffee, 9 is a potent suppressant of hunger.10 Cannabinoids have
the ability to stimulate CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, which increase
appetite. Those substances antagonists and inverse agonists of these receptors
would produce the opposite effect, that is, the decrease or suppression of appetite,
as with Rimonabant or Surinabant. However, the excessive consumption of THC
produces the opposite effect to that of moderate consumption, since in a normal
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consumption the activation of cannabinoid receptors CB1 occurs at the level of the
glutamatergic excitatory neurons while a higher consumption would produce the
stimulation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the GABAergic inhibitory neurons
of the ventral striatum.11

3.3.3.9. Euphoric drugs

A euphoric drug is one that induces feelings of euphoria. Effects may include
relaxation, stress management, happiness or pleasure; since they can act on the
pleasure centers of the brain. The scope of action of these drugs is widespread
found in various types of psychotropic drugs.

3.3.3.10. Nootropic drugs

Cannabis affects almost all body systems. It combines many of the properties of
alcohol, tranquillizers, opiates and hallucinogens.12 Nootropic drugs (from Greek
nous 'mind' and tropes 'movement') or smart drugs ('smart drugs' in English) are
those they increase mental functions, such as cognition, memory, attention, or
increase motivation or concentration. They are usually referred to as
psychostimulants. This group includes sympathomimetic, xanthine’s, eugeroics, H3
antagonists, inverse GABAA agonists, dopamine D1 agonists, α7 nicotine agonists,
prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors, α-adrenergic agonists and antioxidants, among
others.

3.3.4. Classification in "hard" and "soft"

The difference between a hard drug and a soft drug is that the hard causes addiction
or dependence both physical and mental, while the soft causes addiction or
dependence at the level only physical, or only psychic. its origin this distinction was
intended to distinguish highly addictive drugs that involve serious health damage
(harsh), of little addictive, that do not present a serious risk to those who consume
them (soft).

3.3.4.1. Hard drugs:

cocaine, opioids (morphine, heroin, etc.), alcohol, or amphetamines are commonly

described as hard drugs.
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3.3.4.2. Soft drugs:

the term is generally applied to cannabis derivatives (marijuana, hashish, etc.), to

caffeine, etc. Usually the term applies to substances whose consumption does not
involve maladaptive social behavior patterns. The distinction between hard and soft
drugs is important in the drug policy of the Netherlands, among other states, where
certain soft drugs have official tolerance, although they are almost always subject
to restrictions in terms of their trade, production and consumption.

3.4. Youth and drug addiction

The consumption of drugs usually begins at the stage of adolescence or youth,

which has become a social concern.15

The Office for National Statistics of the United Kingdom indicated that in that country
"12% of students between 11 and 15 years old had used drugs last year [...].
Cannabis [marihuana] was by far the most used "and that" more than a third of these
young people (35%) had been offered one or several kinds of drugs ".

A report endorsed by the European Union also reveals that among young people "it
is increasingly common to drink to get drunk." 16 The report adds that "alcoholism
has, in the short term, dire consequences, such as accidents, violence and
poisoning, as well as social and development problems ". A study carried out in
Japan indicates that "the most used drugs by adolescents in the country are organic
solvents, which can induce the use of other substances."

In total, it is declared that for 2012 there were 28 million drinkers aged 12-65 years
of which 53% of consumers are men and 47% are women. In addition, 25% declared
themselves dependent on tobacco being 69% men and 31% women. 72% of the
group of smokers declare that the vice began before the age of 18, while currently
9% of the smoker population is represented by the same minors. These compiled
figures also show that the main occupation of drug users, such as tobacco or
alcohol, is employed. In terms of stronger drugs, 7% of the population admits to
consuming chemical drugs frequently and, on the contrary, 63% declare that they
have never tried them.

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In view of the above, the former Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi
Annan, declared: "The drug is destroying society, fomenting crime, spreading
diseases such as AIDS and ending with our youth and our future." Often, drug
addicts are involved in drug trafficking and murder. They are also victims of violence
or have unintended dangerous sex. A report by the US government said: "Drug
addiction is not just a problem for the poor, minorities or slums. [...] It affects people
of all social classes and the entire country. It's everyone's problem. "19

The use of drugs in adolescence is especially harmful since it is a period of transition

in which corporal, affective, cognitive and social relations changes take place, 20 to
become very dangerous for the health of young people because it produces
damages in the body and organs, such as:

• Sterility

• Addiction

• Dependency

• Malnutrition

• Damage to the brain or other important organs.

3.5. Debate about legalization / ilegalization

Contemporary legislation, in the context of a war on drugs created and bid by the
United States, considers the use and extra-therapeutic trade of psychotropic drugs
that alter consciousness to be unlawful.

Its use is booming, and many are the countries that try to confront it through different
ways (campaigns and anti-drug operations and their traffic, etc.).

Each country makes some exceptions to this rule. For example, it is common in the
West for the use and trade of alcohol, tobacco and caffeine stimulants to be legal
outside the realm of medicine. In other countries, such as the Netherlands, the
recreational use of marijuana, hemp derivatives and, before, psychotropic
mushrooms is tolerated. In the United States, in 2014 the states of Colorado and

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Washington began the legal sale of hemp derivatives, and in Uruguay a legalization
has been approved, effective since July 2017.

When the substances are manufactured and distributed within the pharmaceutical
field but are used without prescription and recreational purposes, the law considers
that there is abuse. For other groups, on the other hand, abuse occurs when the
consumer damages their health and their relationship with their environment.

In large sectors of society there is the opinion that the extramedicinal use of
psychotropic drugs is harmful. However, in other environments it is argued that in
certain cases the supposed damages have been greatly exaggerated, and in any
case it must be the individual, not the State, who regulates their conduct. Both
positions are those that have been facing, traditionally, in the debate about the
legalization of drugs.

Constantly psychopharmacological sectors of society discover that certain active

principles - present mainly in plants and drugs of pharmacy - are susceptible to
recreational use; This discovery and the consequent extension of its use lead to a
legislative response, increasing the catalog of substances that are prohibited or
subject to state control mechanisms.

Among recreational use we find:

• Alcohol

• Caffeine

• Cocaine

• Crack

• Inhalants

• LSD

• Marijuana

• Hashish

• MDMA or ecstasy
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• Amphetamines

• Nicotine (tobacco)

• opiates (heroin, morphine, etc.)

• Peyote

• Psilocybin mushrooms, also known as hallucinogenic mushrooms

• Benzodiazepines

• Popper

• Barbiturates.

In the following charts we are going to expose about the characteristics and
descriptions of some of the most common drugs that affects the health in general:

Chart 1:

Depressant drugs

Antihistamines H1-H2 antagonists and agonists

H1-
antagonists: azelastine, cetirizine, cyclizine, chlorphenamine,
clemastine, doxylamine, hydroxyzine, diphenhydramine,
promethazine ...
H2-antagonists: cimetidine, famotidine, lafutidine, nizatidine, ...
H1-agonists: betahistine, histamine, HTMT, UR-AK49,
pyridylethylamine
H2-agonists: amtamine, dimaprit, histamine, HTMT, UR-AK49

H3-antagonists / H3-agonists / H4-antagonists / H4-agonists

Antipsychotics Common

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 Benzamides: levosulpiride, nemonapride, sulpiride, sultopride ...
Butyrophenones: droperidol, haloperidol, pimpamperone, spiperone,
trifluperidol ...
Diphenylbutylpiperidines: clopimozide, fluspirilene, penfluridol,
pimozide
phenothiazines: chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, levomepromazine,
promazine ...
Thioxanthenes: clopenthixol, flupentixol, thiothixena ...
Tricyclics: amoxapine, butaclamol, fluotracen, loxapine, trimipramine

Channel blockers Calcium channel blockers

Potassium channel blockers
Sodium channel blockers

Dissociative Arylcyclohexylamines and Morfinans

Arylcyclohexylamines: ethiciclidine, ketamine, phencyclidine,
tiletamine ...
Morphinan: dextromethorphan, metforran, dextrorphan, morphanol
Others
Dizocilpine, nitrogen oxide (I), xenon

GABAnergetics Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

Barbiturates: amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital
...
Benzodiazepines: alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam,
diazepam, lorazepam Carbamatos
Carbamates: carisoprodol, felbamate, meprobamate
Similar to GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid, γ-hydroxybutyric acid, valeric
acid, valproic acid, vigabatrin
Neuroactive steroids and benzodiazepines
Neuroactive steroids: alfaxalona, alopregnanolona, ganaxolona

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 Nobenzodiazepines: eszopiclone, zaleplon, zolpidem, zopiclone
piperidinediones, propifenoles and quinazolinonas
Piperidinediones: glutethimide
Propifenoles: Fospropofol, propofol, thymol
Quinazolinones: Methaqualone
Others
ethyl ether, ethanol (alcohol), muscimol, theanine, Piper
methysticum, valeric acid (valerian)

Glycergics Common
glycine, hypotaurine, sarcosine, serine, taurine, betaine

Narcotics Opiates and opioids

Opiates: codeine, morphine, oripavine, thebaine

Opioids: buprenorphine, heroin, hydrocodone, methadone,
oxycodone, remifentanil, tramadol

Sympatholytics Alfabloqueantes, betabloqueantes y otros

Alphablockers, beta blockers and others
Alpha-Blockers: doxazosin, phentolamine, prazosin, tamsulosin ...
Beta-blockers: propranolol
Other: clonidine

Other chloroform, cyclobenzaprine, trazodone

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Chart 2:

Stimulant drugs

General
Adamantans
amantadine, adenosine, bromantane,
memantine

General
Antagonists of adenosine P1A1- aminophylline, caffeine (coffee),
Antagonist paraxanthin, theobromine (chocolate),
theophylline

General
Psychotropic alkylamines
heptaminol, methylhexanamine, octodrine,
propylhexedrine.

General
Arylcyclohexylamines
eticiclidina, ketamina, fenciclidina,
tiletamina.

General
Benzodiazepines 6-Br-APB, 6-Br-APB, SKF-81297, SKF-
82958

General
Cholinergic anabasine, arecoline, cotinine, cytisine,
epibatidine, epiboxidine, nicotine (tobacco),
tebanicicline, varenicline.

Convulsive
General

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 anatoxin, flurotil, gabazine,
pentylenetetrazole, picrotoxin, strychnine,
thujone

General
Eugeroics
adrafinil, armodafinil, modafinil

General
Oxazolinas aminorex, clominorex, cyclazodone,
phenozolone, fluminorex, pemolin

amphetamines, phentermine, cathinones

and catecholamines
Amphetamines: alfetamines, amphetamines,
amphetamines, amphetamines, benfluorex,
dimethylamphetamine, ephedrine,
fencamine, phenepropylane, fenproporex,
furfenorex, lefetamine, mefenorex,
methamphetamine, methoxyphenamine, 3-
methoxy-4-methylamphetamine (MMA),
norfenfluramine, oxilofrine, ortetamine,
parabromoamphetamine (PBA), parachloro-
Phenylethylamines
amphetamine, para-anoamphetamine (PIA),
parametoxyamphetamine (PMA),
paramethoxyethylamphetamine (PMEA),
paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA),
phenylpropanolamine, propylamphetamine,
pseudoephedrine, sibutramine, tiflorex,
tranylcypromine, xylopropamine,
zilofuramine
Fenterminas: chlorphentermine, cloforex,
clortermin, etolorex, mephentermine,
pentorex

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 Catinonos: amphepramono, brefedrona,
bufedrona, bupropion, catinono,
dimetilcatinono (dimepropion), etcatinono
(ethylpropion), flefedrona, metcathinone,
mephedrone, metedrona
Catecholamines: adrenochrome, dopamine,
epinephrine (adrenaline), levodopa (L-dopa),
phenylalanine, tyrosine, metanephrine,
alphamethyldopa, noradrenaline
(norepinephrine), normetanephrine,
paraoctopamine, parathyramine

4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine
(2C-B-BZP), benzylpiperazine,
Piperazines paramethoxyphenylpiperazine,
methylbenzylpiperazine, vannoxerin

Common
1-Benzo-4- (2- (diphenylmethoxy) ethyl)
piperidine, 2-benzylpiperidine, 3,4-
dichloromethylphenidate, 4-
benzylpiperidine, 4-methylmethylphedinate,
Piperidines deoxypipradrol, diffemetorex,
diphenylpyraline, ethylphenidate,
methylnaphthidate (HDMP-28),
methylphenidate (Ritalin), 3α-carbomethoxy-
4β- (4-chlorophenyl) -N-methylpiperidine
(Nocaine), levofacetoperane, pipradrol

Pyrrolidines Common

20
 2-diphenylmethylpyrrolidine, alpha-
pyrrolidinopropiophenone, alpha-
pyrrolidinobutiophenone, alpha-
pyrrolidinopentiophenone, diphenylprolinol,
3 ', 4'-methylenedioxy-α-
pyrrolidinopropiophenone, 3', 4'-
methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone,
methylenedioxypyrovalerone, 4'-methyl-α -
pyrrolidinopropiophenone, 4'-Methoxy-α-
pyrrolidinopropiophenone, Napirone,
Phenylethylpyrrolidine, Prolintain (Catovit),
Pyrovalerone

Common
3-Pseudotropyl-4-fluorobenzoate, 4'-
Fluorococaine, Altropane, Brasofensin,
Tropanos cocaethylene, cocaine, Difluoropine,
Phenyltripane, Salicylylmethyleneggonine,
Tesofensine, Troparil, Tropoxan

Chart 3:
Most common consumer drugs

Effects in
Legal
Branch Type Related drugs standard
status
doses

21
 euphoria,
relaxation,
Sedative
decreased
hypnotic ethanol (alcohol)
reflexes, legal
NMDA-
coordination
antagonist
problems,
etc

pleasure,
heroin sedation,
illegal
euphoria,
Opioid
etc.
analgesic
general legal under
MOR-agonist
methadone anesthesia prescriptio
and n
sedation.

Sedative
γ-hydroxybutyric
hypnotic sedative,
acid (GHB) illegal
GABA-agonist sleeping pill

anesthesia,
distortion of
Depressants
Dissociative perception,
sedatives
anesthetic- isolation,
and
sedative reduction of
analgesics ketamine illegal
NMDA- attention
Antagonist and
learning.
Hallucinatio
ns

22
 sedation,
legal under
Sedante relaxation,
benzodiazepine medical
ansiolitic GABA pleasure,
prescriptio
A-agonist yPAM general well-
n.
being

euphoria,
happiness,
mental and
MDMA (ecstasy)
physical illegal
lightness,
general well-
being

hallucination
Lysergic acid s, creativity,
diethylamide emotional
Psychedelic illegal
(LSD) openness,
hallucinogen 5-
mood
HT2A-agonist
swings.

hallucination
mescaline s based on
illegal
reality,
synesthesia

euphoria,
self- illegal
psilocybe fungus exploration, (depending
mild on the
Hallucinoge
hallucination country)
ns
s

23
 euphoria,
relaxation,
pleasure,
Hallucinogenic tetrahydrocannabi
amnesia,
cannabinoid nol (marijuana) illegal/legal
sensory
CB1R-agonist
intensificatio
n, general
well-being

stimulates
memory and
Stimulant wakefulness
cholinergic nicotine (tobacco) , inhibits
legal
nAChRs- sleep and
agonist hunger,
general well-
being

euphoria,
Stimulant anxiety,
phenylethylami concentratio
ne DA-agonist, amphetamine n,
illegal
NDRI and 5- grandiosity,
HT2A-agonist paranoia
and
irritability.

decreased
Aneosinase
caffeine and sleep and
Stimulants stimulant
theobromine hunger,
P1A1- legal
(coffee, tea, better
antagonist
chocolate) coordination
and

24
 memory,
vasodilation
and
increased
cognitive
functions.

Chart 4:
Component
Component of
of social
Drug harm damage to health Estimated mortality
damage
(about 3)
(out of 3)

Psilocybe
Null ≈0 - 0 / Year
mushrooms

Khat Low 0,75 1,1 Unknow

Medium-
GHB 1,3 1,3 Unknow
Low

Medium-
Cannabis * Ver nota (1,5 máx.) 1 0,8 0 / Year
Low

Steroids Medium 1,5 0,8 Unknow

LSD Medium 1,5 ² 1,3 0 / year

Amphetamine Medium 1,55 1,5 Unknow

Ecstasy Medium 1,6 1,0 Unknow

Methadone high 1,86 1,9 Unknow

25
 5 million / year and 70-
Tobacco high 1,9 1,1
80% of lung cancers

eKetamina high 1,9 1,5 Unknow

Cocaine high 2,0 2,5 Unknow

Alcohol high 2,1 2,4 2,5 million / year

Very
Heroin 2,65 3 Unknow
high

Chart 5:
N.º Droga Potencial de adicción

1 Oxycodone 99/100

2 Nicotine (tobacco) 96,5/100

3 Crack 95,5/100

4 Smoked methamphetamine 92,5/100

5 Injected methamphetamine 89,5/100

6 Heroin 87,5/100

7 Diazepam 86/100

8 Methaqualone 83/100

9 Secobarbital 82/100

10 Alcohol 82/100

11 Amphetamine orally 81/100

12 Cocaine 78/100

26
13 Caffeine 67/100

14 Phencyclidine 55/100

15 Marihuana 42/100

16 Ecstasy 40/100

17 LSD 32/100

18 Hallucinogenic mushrooms 17/100

19 Mescaline 16/100

20 Methadone ?/100

27
 RECOMMENDATIONS

Plan and implement prevention programs against drugs in this population sector, to
strengthen the protective factors and prevent irreversible problems in the health of
young people.

The results of this research should be used by those institutions and organizations
committed to contribute to solve the problems of drug addiction and drug dependence.

It is necessary to continue carrying out research in primary, secondary and university

education centers in order to maintain an updated and deeper knowledge about the
consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs and to be able to implement
strategies for integral educational prevention.

The educational centers must give greater importance to the constructive use of free
time, developing the artistic, sports, cultural, scientific and other recreational potentials
that allow reducing the risk factors in the students.

Schools must motivate students to conduct research on drug use in their center, with
the purpose of implementing prevention programs.

Experience has shown that the solution is not only in the hands of the control bodies
or the experts, it is essential that the community, the school, the university, and
especially the family, be involved.

28
 CONCLUSION

Through the development of the work done, we can see that the problem of drug
addiction is a factor that threatens society.

It is important to point out that beyond a possible cure for this disease, the preventive
and care aspect in the non-initiation of consumption by any of the possible routes of
access to drugs becomes more imperative.

The role of the family is of the utmost importance, since it is the first triggering factor of
a psycho-emotional problem, as long as there are family conflicts and this scourge is
used as escapism to confront this situation.

On the other hand, youth should be influenced by positive values and self-esteem that
promulgate their stimulation to outdoor life, sports, etc. And to a healthy mind that
encourages them to improve their quality of life in the face of any event that may induce
them along this path through depression and underestimation of their person.

Therefore we think that eradicating the factors of induction to consumption we can

have a better world if we propose gradually to reduce the statistical levels enunciated
in the present work.

29
 REFERENCES

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31
ANNEXES

32