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COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NORMAL

CONCRETE & FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

SESSION: 2014-18

SUPERVISOR
Engr: Syed Nasir Abbas
Program
BS Civil Technology
RESEARCH STUDENTS
NAMES ROLL NO
Muhammad Shakir BCTF14E003
Muhammad Amir BCTF14E023
Muhammad Naveed BCTF14E024
Muhammad Khalid BCTF14E054
Shoaib Akbar BCTF14E006
H.M.Awais Anwar BCTF14E017
M.Waseem Sajjad BCTF14E040

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION


COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA, PAKISTAN

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COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NORMAL
CONCRETE & FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

Year: 2018

NAMES ROLL NO
Muhammad Shakir BCTF14E003
Muhammad Amir BCTF14E023
Muhammad Naveed BCTF14E024
Muhammad Khalid BCTF14E054
Shoaib Akbar BCTF14E006
H.M.Awais Anwar BCTF14E017
M.Waseem Sajjad BCTF14E040

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER


ENGR. SYED NASIR ABBAS ENGR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN
CHAIRMAN DEAN
DR. GHULAM YASIN CHOHAN DR. NAZRA SULTANA

Thesis submitted to the Department of Technical Education, University College


of Engineering and Technology, Sargodha, Pakistan, for the partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of Degree in Bachelor of Civil Technology

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION


COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA, PAKISTAN

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APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION

I certify that this project report entitled “COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF


NORMAL CONCRETE & FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE” is prepared by
Muhammad Shakir, Muhammad Waseem Sajjad, Muhammad Amir, Hafiz M. Awais Anwar,
Shoaib Akbar, Muhammad Naveed, Muhammad Khalid, has met the required standard for
submission in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science (BS)
Civil Technology at University college of Engineering and Technology, University of
Sargodha.

APPROVED BY
Signature: _______________________
Supervisor: Engr. Syed Nasir Abbas
Dated: __________________________

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IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICIENT,
THE MOST MERCIFUL

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Dedication
My parents and my advisor for their encouragement and guidance.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All Prayers and praises for ALLAH ALMIGHTY
the most merciful and most beneficent. We are deeply grateful and humble to Him for blessing
us this opportunity of learning. All respects and honors for the Holy Prophet MUHAMMAD
(S.A.W.W), who is a source of knowledge forever and symbol of guidance for humanity.

I am very thankful to my B.S. Research advisor


Engr. Nasir Abbas for his best supervision and encouragement. His guidance, special interest,
personal involvement and support to conduct experiments and writing thesis were all the real
source of courage, inspiration and strength for the completion of this research thesis.

I would like to express my gratitude to material


engineer Engr. Saeed Hassan, Geology expert have lot of knowledge regarding construction
material, for his technical support and financial assistance in terms of materials for study.

I would like to thank, Dean Faculty of Civil


Engineering, Chairman Civil Engineering Department, for providing excellent environment of
working in the department which helped a lot to complete this research work in time.

Finally, I am thankful to all working staff of Test Floor


Laboratory and Concrete Laboratory of Civil Engineering Department for their time and help
to complete this work in time.

Author

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ABSTRACT
Strengthening of Concrete cubes by changing the types of materials of concrete like Fly ash,
Sodium Hydroxide Sodium silicate etc. properties of materials used in ACI mix design to
determine the ratio for specific strength. For this purpose Eight cubes of volume 0.125 ft3
(6”x6”x6”) were casted with ratio derived from ACI mix design these combination of different
materials compared regarding compressive strength. In these combinations locally material is
used. After casting these cubes were carefully cured in curing tank before testing. Compressive
strength is tested in compression testing machine after 7,14,21,28 days of casting. After testing
the results made in the form of bar chart to compare these cubes in compressive strength. This
thesis presents an innovative approach towards the development of a green concretes, the
geopolymer can environmental friendly construction/repairing materials. The Study based on
the use of fly ash in synthesizing cement free geopolymer and subsequent study on the
durability of geopolymer concrete. The geoploymers manufactured by geopolymerization
between class F fly ash (FA), with alkali activator fluid (Sodium silicate and sodium
hydroxide). The optimum compressive strength was obtained at curing temperature of 60°C
for 48 hrs. The geopolymer concretes (GPC) consist of an inorganic polymer of alumino-
silicates as the binder whereas the conventional concretes have Portland cement (P-C)
generated C-S-H gel. The newly synthesized geopolymer then subjected to durability studies
under different aggressive chemical environment with particular reference to the effect of Acid,
Sulphates and Chloride salt sand compare the effect with ordinary Portland cement (OPC).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLES PAGE NO

DEDICATION 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6
ABSTRACT 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS 8-10

LIST OF FIGURES 11-12

LIST OF TABLES 13

CHAPTER # 1: INTRODUCTION (14)

1.1 Background 14-15

1.2 Objectives of this study 15

1.3 Research Methodology 16

1.4 Expected Outcomes 16

1.5 Thesis Layout 16

CHAPTER # 2 LITERATURE REVIEW (17)

2.1 Introduction 17-18

2.2 Environmental Issues 19

2.3 GEOPOLYMERS 19

2.3.1 Terminology and Chemistry 19-20

2.3.2 Source materials and alkaline liquids 21

2.3.3 Fields of applications 21-23

2.3.4 Properties of geopolymers 24

2.4 Limitations 25

2.5 Advantages & Disadvantage 25

2.6 Economic benefits of Geopolymer Concrete 26


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2.7 Durability of Geopolymer Concrete 26

2.8 Future Development 26-27


2.9 Materials & Its Properties of GPC 28-29
2.10 Material & their Functions 29
2.11 Study on the physical and mechanical property of OPC & fly ash paste 30

CHAPTER # 3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK (31)

3.1. Introduction 31

3.2. Materials 31

3.2.1 Cement 31

3.2.2 Properties of cement concrete 32

3.2.3 Fly Ash 33-35

3.2.4 Uses of Fly ash in Concrete 35

3.2.5 AGGREGATES 36

3.2.6 Coarse Aggregates 37

3.2.7 Properties of Coarse Aggregate 37

3.2.8 Fine Aggregates 38

3.2.9 Properties Of Sand 38

3.2.10 Alkaline Liquid 39

3.2.11 Water 39

3.2.12 Mix Design 40

3.3 Preparation of Liquids 40

3.4 Manufacture of Fresh Concrete and Casting 40-41

3.5 Curing Conditions 42

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (43)

4.1 Introduction 43

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4.2 Compression strength of GPC 43

4.3 Compression Strength of Concrete 43-44

4.4 Compression Strength Testing Equipment 45

4.5 Test Performed 46

4.6 Failure Pattern of Concrete Cube 46-47

4.7 Design of Concrete Cube 48-49

4.8 Comparison between The Strength of OPC & GPC 50-51

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (52)

5.1 Conclusions 52

5.2 Recommended Future Work 53

5.3 References 54-55

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LIST OF FIGURES

TITLES PAGE NO.

2.1 Terminology and Chemistry 20

2.2 Applications 21

2.2Pavements 21

2.3 Retaining Wall 22

2.4 Water tank 22

2.5 Boat Ramp 23

2.6 Precast Beam 23

2.7 Future Development 27

2.8 Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete 27

3.1 Ordinary Portland Cement 31

3.2 Fly Ash 33

3.3 Aggregates 36

3.4 Coarse Aggregates 37

3.5 Fine Aggregates 38


3.6 Alkaline Liquid 39

3.7 Water 39

3.8 Mix Design 37

3.9 Fresh Geopolymer Concrete 41

3.9 Compaction of Concrete Specimens & casting in moulds 41

3.10 Curing Condition 42

4.1 Compression Strength of Concrete 44

4.2 Compression Strength Testing Equipment 45

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4.3 Setting loading rate and area of sample 46

4.4 Failure Pattern of Concrete Cube 47

4.5 prepared Sample 47

4.7 Crushed Sample 47

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LIST OF TABLES

TITLES PAGE NO.

2.9 Material & Its Properties of GPC 28

2.9 Cement 28

2.9 Fly Ash 28

2.9 Fine Aggregate 28

2.9 Coarse Aggregate 29

2.10 Properties of OPC 30

2.10 Properties of OPC & Fly Ash 30

3.2.3 Worldwide Production of Fly Ash 34

3.2.3 Chemical Composition of Fly Ash 35

3.2.7 Properties of Coarse Aggregate 37

3.2.9 Properties of Fine Aggregate 38

3.2.12 Mix Design proportion 40

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials; it is usually associated with
Portland cement as the main component for making concrete. With the over growing
urbanization and industrialization the infrastructural development responsible for huge amount
of utilization of concrete as a construction material. It is estimated that the production of cement
will increase from about from 1.5 billion tons in 1995 to 2.5 billion tons in 2015. Concrete is
used globally to build buildings, bridges, roads, runways, sidewalks, and dams.

Cement is indispensable for construction activity, so it is tightly linked to the global economy.
Cement production is growing by 2.5% annually, and is expected to rise from 2.55 billion tons
in 2006 to 3.7-4.4 billion tons by 2050.

Cement manufacturing is highly energy – and – emissions intensive because of the extreme
heat required to produce it. Producing a ton of cement requires 4.7 million of energy,
equivalent to about 400 pounds of coal, and generates nearly a ton of CO2. Given its high
emissions and critical importance to society, cement is an obvious place to look to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.

The production of cement releases greenhouse gas emissions both directly and indirectly: the
heating of limestone releases CO2 directly, while the burning of fossil fuels to heat the kiln
indirectly results in CO2 emissions.

The direct emissions of cement occur through a chemical process called calcination.
Calcination occurs when limestone, which is made of calcium carbonate, is heated, breaking
down into calcium oxide and CO2. This process accounts for ~50% of all emissions from
cement production.

Coal-based thermal power plants all over the world face serious problems of handling and
disposal of the ash produced. Safe disposal of the ash without adversely affecting the
environment is also big challenge. Hence attempts are being made to utilize this fly ash rather
than dump it. The coal ash can be utilized in bulk in geotechnical engineering applications such
as

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Construction of embankments, as a backfill material, and as a sub-base material. Fly ash is a
byproduct of electricity generating plant using coal as fuel. During combustion of powdered
coal in modern power plants, as coal passes through the high temperature zone in the furnaces,
the volatile matter and carbon are burned off, whereas most mineral impurities, such as clay,
quartz and feldspar, will melt at high temperature. The fused matter is quickly transported to
lower temperatures zones, where it solidifies as spherical particles of glass. Some of the mineral
matter agglomerates to form bottom ash, but most of it flies out with the flue gas stream and
thus is called fly ash. The ash is subsequently removed from gas by electrostatic precipitators.
The fly ash is a waste product and coal based thermal power plants all over the world face
serious problem of handling and disposal of ash produced. Hence attempts are being made to
utilize this fly ash rather than dump it. The coal ash can be utilized in bulk in geotechnical
engineering applications such as construction of embankments, as a backfill material, and as a
sub base material. Besides use of fly ash in geotechnical applications, the effort of converting
it to more useful material were also exercised by various researches.

In 1978, Davidovits proposed that binders could be produced by a polymeric reaction of


alkaline liquids with the silicon and the aluminium in source materials of geological origin or
by-product materials such as fly ash and rice husk ash. He termed these binders as geopolymers.
Palomo et al suggested that pozzolans such as blast furnace slag might be activated using
alkaline liquids to form a binder and hence totally replace the use of OPC in concrete. In this
scheme, the main contents to be activated are silicon and calcium in the blast furnace slag.

In this respect, the geopolymer technology proposed by Davidovits shows considerable


promise for application in concrete industry as an alternative binder to the Portland cement and
has generated lot of interest among engineers.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY


The main objectives of this study will be.
I. To prepare mix design of M40 grade for Experimental Analysis with 85% fly ash
and 15% cement with proper alkaline solution, water and super plasticizers.
II. To analyses compressive strength property of designed concrete mix.
III. To compare its compressive strength with OPC
IV. Creep behaviour under sustained load
V. Failure pattern under sustained load

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Main objectives include:-
• To find the strength of each cubes of GPC & OPC
• To compare the Compare the compressive strength of GPC with OPC
• To investigate the failure modes of the concrete cubes
• Cost comparison of GPC with OPC
1.3 Methodology
Compilation of experimental results & report writing

1) Collection of fly ash material from industrial(thermal power plant class f) used as
filler material for concrete
2) Casting of concrete cubes.
3) Casting of Geopolymer concrete ratio of (1:2:4) with combinations of cement and fly
ash as-15% & 85% respectively.
4) Use of NaOH or KOH and sodium silicate or potassium silicate as alkaline solution
for geopolymerization.
5) Curing of casted samples of concrete for 7, 14, 21, & 28 days.
6) Testing of concrete cubes in compressing testing machines.

1.4 Expected Outcomes

1. Alkali hydroxide is used for dissolution and sodium-silicate solution as binder.


2. Fly ash helps in increasing durability
3. compressive strength of GPC decrease with increasing fly ash content
4. OPC achieved greater strength after 28 days as compare to GPC
5. In actual GPC have greater strength 1.5 time as compare to ordinary Portland cement
concrete

1.5 THESIS LAYOUT


The thesis is divided into five chapters. A detailed literature review regarding the compressive
strength of Fly ash based Geopolymer concrete is done in Chapter No. 2. In Chapter No. 3,
experimental Work is discussed. In Chapter No. 4, results and discussions has been described.
Finally, in chapter No. 5 conclusions drawn from this study have been presented. Moreover,
recommendations for the future work in continuation of the present work have also been
presented

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter presents a brief review of the terminology and chemistry of geopolymers, and
past studies on geopolymers. Additional review of geopolymer technology is available
elsewhere.

M. I. Abdul Aleem, P. D. Arumairaj(2012) [1] Geopolymer concrete is an innovative


construction material which shall be produced by the chemical action of inorganic molecules.
Fly Ash, a by- product of coal obtained from the thermal power plant is plenty available
worldwide. Fly ash is rich in silica and alumina reacted with alkaline solution produced
aluminosilicate gel that acted as the binding material for the concrete. It is an excellent
alternative construction material to the existing plain cement concrete.

Shankar H. Sanni, Khadiranaikar R.B (2012) [2] Geopolymers are members of the family of
inorganic polymers. The chemical composition of the geopolymer material is similar to natural
zeolitic materials, but the microstructure is amorphous. Any material that contains mostly
silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) in amorphous form is a possible source material for the
manufacture of geopolymer.

Yasir Sofi and Iftekar Gull[3] intended to study the properties of fly ash based Geopolymer
concrete. M20 grade GPC can be formed by adopting nominal mix of 1:1.5:3 (fly ash: fine
aggregates: coarse aggregates) by varying alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio from 0.3 to 0.45. The
compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength tests were conducted on
geopolymer concrete and parameters that affect it are analyzed and proved experimentally
concrete specimens.

P. K. Jamdade and U. R. Kawade [4]studied the strength of Geopolymer concrete by using


oven curing. In this study Geopolymer concrete is prepared by mixing sodium silicate and
sodium hydroxide with processed fly ash. The concrete is cured at different condition and
different temperatures i.e; 600C, 900C and 1200C so as to increase the strength of concrete.

S. Jaydeep and B. J. Chakravarthy [5]prepared an optimum mix for Geopolymer concrete


using admixtures. Concrete cubes of size 150×150×150mm were prepared to find out
compressive strength at 7 and 28 days.

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Benny Joseph and George Mathew[6] carried out the influence of aggregate content on the
engineering properties of Geopolymer concrete. Influence of other parameters such as curing
temperature, period of curing, ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide, ratio of alkali to
fly ash and molarities of sodium hydroxide were also discussed

Monita and Hamid R. Nikraz[7] studied the strength characteristics, water absorption and
water permeability of low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Mixtures with variations
of water/ binder ratio, aggregate/binder ratio, aggregate grading, and alkaline/fly ash ratio were
investigated.

Aminul Islam Laskar and Rajan Bhattacharjee[8] investigated the variation of workability
of fly ash based Geopolymer concrete with the variation of lignin based plasticizer and poly-
carboxylic ether based superplasticizer. It has been observed that there exists a critical value of
molar strength of sodium hydroxide beyond which superplasticizer and plasticizer have adverse
effect on workability of fly ash based geopolymer concrete.

Davidovits (1988b) [9] geopolymeric materials have a wide range of applications in the field of
industries such as in the automobile and aerospace, nonferrous foundries and metallurgy, civil
engineering and plastic industries. The type of application of geopolymeric materials is
determined by the chemical structure in terms of the atomic ratio Si:Al in the polysialate.

Xu and Van Deventer (1999; 2000)[10] have also studied a wide range of aluminosilicate
minerals to make geopolymers. Their study involved sixteen natural Si-Al minerals which
covered the ring, chain, sheet, and framework crystal structure groups, as well as the garnet,
mica, clay, feldspar, sodalite and zeolite mineral groups

Kamlesh. C. Shah[11] conducted research on strength parameters and durability of fly ash
based Geopolymer concrete. In this study, two concrete mixes are to be worked out; GPC Mix-
1 fly ash concrete and OPC Mix-2 Concrete mix having OPC equivalent to amount of
cementitious material used in GPC Mix

Steenie Edward Wallah[12] used low-calcium fly ash as its source material, alkaline activators
and aggregates normally used for Ordinary Portland cement concrete. Four series of test
specimens with different compressive strength were prepared to study the drying shrinkage of
this concrete.

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Geopolymer Concrete

I. Hardened cementations paste made from fly ash and alkaline solution.
II. Combines waste products into useful product.
III. Setting mechanism depends on polymerization.
IV. Curing temp is between 60-90 degree.

2.2 Environmental Issues

The production of Portland cement requires a large input of energy and at the same time
produces a large quantity of CO2 as a result of the calcination reaction during the manufacturing
process. According to Lawrence (2003) the calcination of CaCO2 to produce 1 ton of Portland
cement releases 0.53 tons of CO2 into the atmosphere and, if the energy used in the production
of Portland cement is carbon fuel, then an additional 0.45 tons of CO2 is produced. Therefore,
the production of 1 ton of Portland cement releases approximately 1 ton of CO2 into
atmosphere. There are 80% to 90% less greenhouse gas emissions released in the production
of fly ash. Therefore a 100% replacement of OPC with GGBS or fly ash would have a
significant impact on the environment. The climate change is attributed not only to the global
warming, but also to the global dimming due to the pollution present in the atmosphere. Global
dimming is related to the reduction of the amount of sunlight reaching the earth due to pollution
particles in the air blocking the sunlight. With the effort to reduce the air pollution that has
been taken into implementation, the effect of global dimming may be reduced; however, it will
increase the effect of global warming From this view, the global warming phenomenon should
be considered more seriously and action to reduce the effect should be given more attention
and effort.

2.3 GEOPOLYMERS

2.3.1 Terminology and Chemistry

The term ‘geopolymer’ was first introduced by Davidovits in 1978 to describe a family of
mineral binders with chemical composition similar to zeolites but with an amorphous
microstructure. He also suggested the use of the term ‘poly (sialate)’ for the chemical
designation of geopolymers based on silico-aluminate (Davidovits, 1988a, 1988b, 1991; van
Jaarsveld et. al., 2002a); Sialate is an abbreviation for silicon-Oxo-aluminate. Poly(sialates) are
chain and ring polymers with Si4+ and AL3+ in IV-fold coordination with oxygen and range
from amorphous to semi-crystalline with the empirical formula:

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M n (-(SiO2) z–AlO2) n. wH2O (2-1)

Where “z” is 1, 2 or 3 or higher up to 32; M is a monovalent action such as potassium or


sodium, and “n” is a degree of polycondensation (Davidovits, 1984, 1988b, 1994b, 1999).
Davidovits (1988b; 1991; 1994b; 1999) has also distinguished 3 types of polysialates, namely
the Poly(sialate) type (-Si-O-Al-O), the Poly(sialate-siloxo) type (-Si-O-Al-O-Si-O) and the
Poly(sialate-disiloxo) type (-Si-O-Al-O-Si-O). The structure of these polysialates can be
schematised in figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1.

Geopolymerization involves the chemical reaction of alumino-silicate oxides (Si2O5, Al2O2)


with alkali polysilicates yielding polymeric Si – O – Al bonds. Polysilicates are generally
sodium or potassium silicate supplied by chemical industry or manufactured fine silica powder
as a byproduct of Ferro-silicon metallurgy.

Unlike ordinary Portland/pozzolanic cements, geopolymers do not form calciumsilicate-


hydrates (CSHs) for matrix formation and strength, but utilize the polycondensation of silica
and alumina precursors and a high alkali content to attain structural strength. Therefore,
geopolymers are sometimes referred to as alkaliactivated alumino silicate binders. However,
Davidovits (1999; 2005) stated that using the term ‘alkali-activated’ could create significant
confusion and generate false granted ideas about geopolymer concrete. For example, the use
of the term ‘alkali-activated cement’ or ‘alkali activated fly ash’ can be confused with the term
‘Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR)’ , a harmful property well known in concrete.

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2.3.2. Source materials and alkaline liquids

There are two main constituents of geopolymers, namely the source materials and the alkaline
liquids. The source materials for geopolymers based on alumino-silicate should be rich in
silicon (Si) and aluminium (Al). These could be natural minerals such as kaolinite, clays, micas,
andalousite, spinel, etc. whose empirical formula contains Si, Al, and oxygen (O) Alternatively,
by-product materials such as fly ash, silica fume, slag, rice-husk ash, red mud, etc. could be
used as source materials. The choice of the source materials for making geopolymers depends
on factors such as availability, cost, and type of application and specific demand of the end
users. The alkaline liquids are from soluble alkali metals that are usually Sodium or Potassium
based.

2.3.3 Fields of applications


 Geopolymeric materials have a wide range of applications in the field of industries such
as in the automobile and aerospace, nonferrous foundries and metallurgy, civil
engineering and plastic industries.

APPLICATIONS

• PAVEMENTS

 light pavements can be cast using GPC


 no bleed water rise to the surface
 aliphatic alcohol based spray used to provide protection against drying

Fig 2.2

(PLACING OF PAVEMENT USING GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE)

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• RETAINING WALL

 40MPa precast panels were used to build a retaining wall


 panels were 6m long and 2.4m wide
 these panels were cured under ambient condition

Fig 2.3

(PRECASTE GEOPOLYMER RETAINING WALLS FOR A PRIVATE RESIDENCE)

• WATER TANKS

 two water tanks were constructed, one with 32MPa concrete with blended
cement and other with GPC
 autogenous healing occurred in OPC due to calcium hydroxide deposition
 in GPC tank there is little calcium hydroxide
 nominal leaking in tank healed rapidly due to gel swelling mechanism

Fig 2.4
(INSITU WATER TANKS WITH BLENDED CONCRETE (LEFT) AND
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE (RIGHT))

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• BOAT RAMP

 approach slab on ground to ramp was made using geopolymer reinforced with
FFRP
 entire constituents remained dormant until activator chemicals were added

Fig 2.5

(BOAT RAMP CONSTRUCTED WITH BOTH IN-SITE AND PRECAST GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE.)

• PRECAST BEAM

 GPC beams formed three suspended floor levels of GCI building


 beams had arched curved soffit
 water pipes were placed inside them for temperature controlled hydronic
heating of building spaces above and below

Fig 2.6
(GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE BEAM CRANED TO POSITION)

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2.3.4. Properties of geopolymers

PROPERTIES

Workability

 increase in NaOH and sodium silicate solution reduce flow of mortar


 superplasticizer or extra water can be added to increase workability

Compressive strength

 it depends on curing time and temperature


 it increase with fly ash content
 it increase with fineness of fly ash 29

Resistance against aggressive environment

 used in constructing marine structures


 in OPC white layer of crystals formed on acid exposed surface
 in GPC there is no gypsum deposition and no visible cracks
 a soft and powdery layer formed during early stages of exposure which later becomes
harder
 mass loss on exposure to H2SO4 in GPC was 3% and in OPC 20-25%
 higher the alkali content higher the weight loss
 GPC showed better resistance 30

Behaviour of geopolymer at elevated temperature

 high strength loss during early heating period(up to 200οC)


 beyond 600οC no further strength loss
 no visible cracks up to 600 οC
 minor cracks at 800 οC
 GPC with more compatability between aggregates and matrix led to less strength loss

Bond strength

 very high
 about one third of its compressive strength
 four times than that of OPC

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2.4 Limitations

 Geopolymer concrete did not harden immediately at room temperature as in


conventional concrete.
 Geopolymer concrete specimens took a minimum of 3 days for complete setting
without leaving a nail impression on the hardened surface.
 These two limitations of geopolymer concrete mix was eliminated by replacing 10%
of fly ash by OPC on mass basis with alkaline liquids resulted in Geopolymer Concrete
Composite and are considered as drawbacks of this concrete to be used for practical
application.

2.5 Advantages & Disadvantage

Advantages

 The price of fly ash is low.


 Better compressive strength.
 Fire proof i.e. higher resistance to heat.
 Low permeability.
 Eco-friendly. Magnificent properties within both acid and salt
 Environments.
 high compressive strength
 high tensile strength
 low creep
 low drying shrinkage
 resistant to heat and cold
 chemically resistant
 highly durable
 fire proof

DISADVANTAGES

 difficult to create -requires special handling -chemicals like sodium hydroxide are
harmful to humans -high cost of alkaline solution
 Pre-mix only -sold only as pre-mix or pre-caste material
 Geopolymerisation process is sensitive -lacks uniformity

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2.6 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

 Geopolymer concrete offers several economic benefits over Portland cement concrete.
 The cost of one ton of fly ash or blast furnace slag is only a small fraction of the cost
of one ton of Portland cement.
 Therefore, after allowing for the cost of alkaline liquids needed to the make the
geopolymer concrete, geopolymer concrete is cost effective against Portland cement
concrete that need to be of a similar performance level.
 In addition, geopolymer concrete is a low-carbon alternative to Portland cement
concrete.
 For instance, the appropriate usage of one ton of fly ash earns approximately one
carbon-credit that has a redemption

2.7 Durability of Geopolymer Concrete

Durability is defined as the capability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack
and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties. Durability is not always an
absolute property since different forms of concrete require different degrees of durability
depending upon its use. The durability of concrete has been evaluated in this study through
parameters related to the permeability and chemical attack.

Described the effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete
especially the compressive strength. The test variables included were: the age of concrete,
curing time, curing temperature, quantity of super plasticizer, the rest period prior to curing
and the water content of the mix.

Low water/binder ratio and a better grading are recommended in order to reduce the capillary
porosity and the overall porosity of geopolymer concrete.

2.8 Future developments

DISCUSSION ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

1. more studies and wide scale acceptance for using GPC in precast concrete products
2. making GPC more user friendly by using lower amount of alkaline solution
3. producing more cost effective geopolymer
4. replacing fine aggregate with quarry sand as demand for natural sand is increasing
5. studies on fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete for improving flexural strength

26
6. it is a light weight precast concrete building product it around half the weight of
conventional aggregate concrete up to five time more insulated than conventional
concrete (its names reflects those properties-“high
strength,structural,insulative,lightweight’)

Fig 2.7

Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete

Fig 2.8

27
2.9 MATERIAL AND ITS PROPERTIES OF GPC
1) Cement: Ordinary Portland cement was used. Table 1 shows the physical properties.

2) Fly Ash: Class f low calcium fly ash obtained from thermal power plant was used for
experimental work. Table 2 shows physical properties of fly ash.

3) Fine Aggregate: Natural river sand of size below 4.75mm was used as fine aggregate. Table
3 shows the Physical properties of fine aggregates.

28
4) Coarse Aggregate: Natural crushed stone with 20mm down size was used as course
aggregate. Table 4shows the physical properties of coarse aggregates.

5) Alkaline Solution: combination of NaOH and Na2SiO3 is used as an alkaline solution. The
ratio of both solution taken as
1. Alkaline solution to fly ash ration was taken as 0.35.
6) Water: Potable water will be used in this investigation for workability purpose only.
2.10 MATERIAL AND THEIR FUNCTION:
Constituent of concrete and their fundamental properties are as follows:

COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE:

Three main constituents are actually enough to produce concrete:

 Cement
 Aggregate (Coarse and Fine aggregate)
 Water
 Admixtures (Optional)

The word “concrete” is derived from the Latin word “Concretus”, which means “to grow
together.” Concrete is a composite mixture of the cement binder, coarse granular material,
and Fine aggregate (sand) that fills the space among the aggregate particles white binder
glues them together. Alternatively, we can say that concrete is a composite material that
consists fragments of aggregates. The simplest form of concrete can be written as

Concrete = Aggregate + Filler + Binder + Admixture

29
2.10 Study on the physical and mechanical property of ordinary Portland
cement and fly ash paste

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) having 28 day compressive strength of 54 MPa was used.
Typical properties of the OPC used are given in table 1. The fly ash was collected from Thermal
Power Plant, From DISTRICT SAHIWAL PAKISTAN,. Chemical composition of both
cement and fly ash is shown in table 2. The fly ash contains very less carbon content as
indicated by the low value of loss on ignition (LOI). Silica to alumina ratio (SiO2/Al2O3) of the
fly ash was ~2.5.The sum total of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 equal to 95.74%.Calcium oxide (CaO)
content was less than 1%. Hence, as per ASTM C 618-08, it can be classified as class F fly ash.
Based on IS: 3812 (Part I)-2003 it can be classified as siliceous pulverized fuel ash. The particle
size distribution of fly ash has been given in Figure 1. The fly ash showed a dark gray colour.
Normal potable water was used in making the mixture.

30
CHAPTER 3:

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3.1. Introduction

This Chapter describes the experimental work. First, the materials, mixture proportions,
manufacturing and curing of the test specimens are explained. This is then followed by
description of types of specimens used, test parameters, and test procedures.

3.2. Materials

The materials used for making fly ash-based geopolymer concrete specimens are low-calcium
dry fly ash as the source material, aggregates, alkaline liquids, water, and super plasticizer.

3.2.1 CEMENT:

Finely ground powders and all have the important property that when mixed with water a
chemical reaction (hydration) takes place. Hydration produces a very hard and strong binding
medium for the aggregate particles. The cement to be used in a particular concrete or mortar
will be selected on the basis of the particular properties required.

Fig 3.1

(Ordinary Portland cement)

31
3.2.2 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT CONCRETE:

The cement concrete possesses the following important properties:

 It possesses a high compressive strength.


 It is a corrosion resistance material and atmospheric agent has no appreciable effect
on it.
 It hardens with age the process of hardening continues for a long time after the
concrete has attained sufficient strength.
 It is this property of cement concrete which gives it a distinct place among building
materials.
 It is more economical than steel.
 It binds rapidly with steel and as it is weak in tension, the steel reinforcement is
placed in cement concrete at suitable places to take up the tensile stresses. This is
termed as the reinforced cement concrete or simply as R.C.C.
 Under the following two conditions, it has a tendency to shrink:
 There is initial shrinkage of cement concrete which is mainly due to the loss of
water through forms, absorption by surfaces of forms etc.
 The shrinkage of cement concrete occurs as it hardens. This tendency of cement
concrete can be minimized by proper curing of concrete.
 It has a tendency to be porous. This is due to the presence of voids which are formed
during and after its placing. The two precautions necessary to avoid this tendency
are as follows:
 There should be proper grading and consolidating of the aggregates.
 The minimum water-cement ratio should be adopted.
 It forms a hard surface, capable of resisting abrasion.
 It should be remembered that apart from other materials, the concrete comes to the
site in the form of raw materials only.
 Its final strength and quality depend entirely on local conditions and persons
handling it. However, the materials which concrete is composed may be subjected
to rigid specifications.

32
3.2.3 Fly Ash

Fly ash is a by-product of the combustion of finely ground coal used as fuel in the generation
of electric power.in this study Fly ash used of SAHIWAL PAK thermal power plant . A dust
collection system removes the fly ash as a fine particulate residue from combustion gases
before they are discharged into the atmosphere. The ash content of coal used by thermal power
plants varies between 25% and 45%. Coal with an ash content of around 40% is mostly used
for thermal power generation.

(Figure 3.2)

As a consequence, a large amount of fly ash is generated in thermal power plants causing
several disposal-related problems. In spite of initiatives taken by the government, several non-
governmental organizations and research and development organizations, the total utilization
of fly ash is only about 50%.. Disposal of fly ash is a growing problem as only 15% of fly ash
is currently used for applications like concrete, the remaining being used for land filling.
Globally less than 25% of the total annual fly ash produced in the world is utilized. Fly ash has
been successfully used as a mineral admixture component of Portland pozzolan blended cement
for nearly 60 years.

Various technologies have been developed for the gainful utilization and safe management of
fly ash due to the concerted efforts of Fly Ash. Fly ash was moved from “hazardous industrial
waste” to “waste material” category during the year 2000 and during November 2009, it
became a saleable commodity.

33
As per ASTM 618-08 there are two types of fly ash; class F which is low in calcium oxide
(CaO) with a content of less than 10% and is derived from bituminous coals. Class C is high in
CaO with greater than 10% content and is produced from sub-bituminous and lignite coals
ASTM C989 specifies typical class F fly-ash having 4.3% CaO and typical class C fly-ash
having 27.4% CaO

When concrete containing fly ash is properly cured, fly ash reaction products fill in the spaces
between hydrating cement particles, thus lowering the concrete permeability to water and
aggressive chemicals

Fly ash particles are typically spherical, finer than Portland cement and lime ranging in
diameter from less than 1 m to not more than 150 m. The detail of fly ash production as of July
2012 is given in Table 2.1.

34
3.2.4 Uses of Fly ash in Concrete

1. Fly ash in the mix replaces Portland cement, producing big savings in concrete material
cost. As a cement replacement, fly ash plays the role of an artificial pozzolan, where
its silicon dioxide content reacts with the calcium hydroxide from the cement hydration
process to form the calcium silicate hydrate (CS-H) gel.
2. The unique spherical shape and particle size distribution of fly ash make it a good
mineral filler in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) applications and improve the fluidity of flow
able fill and grout.
3. The consistency and abundance of fly ash in many areas present unique opportunities
for use in structural fills and other highway applications. The use of High Volume Fly
Ash (HVFA) in the place of ordinary Portland cement in concrete shows excellent
mechanical property and durability performance.
4. The use of sodium hydroxide alone to activate the geopolymer results in a weak bond
between the paste and aggregate. Results indicate that sodium hydroxide in
combination with sodium silicate (liquid glass) is essential to ensure a stable bond
between the paste and aggregate.
5. The effect of fly ash on strength and fracture properties of the interfaces between the
cement mortar and aggregates.
6. Fly ash was used as a partial replacement of cement in precast reinforced and
prestressed concrete structural elements and in cement mortar for plastering and
masonry in the construction of the 11 building.

35
3.2.5 AGGREGATES

Aggregate generally occupy about 70 to 80% of the capacity of concrete, thus, it is not
surprising that its quality is of considerable importance. Not only may the aggregate limit the
strength of concrete, as weedy aggregate cannot generate strong concrete, but the properties of
aggregate greatly disturb the strength and structural performance of concrete.

Aggregate are of two types:

 Coarse Aggregate
 Fine Aggregate

Coarse Aggregate are granular materials, derived for the utmost part from natural rock,
crushed stone, or normal gravels, broken brick and sands. Aggregate was firstly viewed as an
inert material discrete through the cement paste mainly for economic reasons. It is thinkable
however, to take a reverse view and to look on aggregate as a building material connected into
a cohesive whole by revenue of the cement paste, in a manner alike to masonry construction.
In fact, aggregate is not actually inactive and its physical, thermal and sometimes also chemical
properties effect the performance of concrete.

(Figure 3.3)

36
3.2.6 Coarse Aggregates

Local aggregates, comprising 20 mm, 14 mm and 7 mm coarse aggregates and fine aggregates,
in saturated surface dry condition, were used. The coarse aggregates were crushed granite-type
aggregates and the fine aggregate was fine sand

(Figure 3.4)

3.2.7 PROPERTIES OF COURSE AGGREGATE:

 Composition
 Aggregate Shape
 Surface Texture
 Specific gravity
 Bulk unit weight
 Strength of aggregate
 Bulk Density
 Porosity & Absorption
 Impact Value of Aggregate

37
3.2.8 Fine Aggregates

Fine Aggregate: Natural river sand of size below 4.75mm was used as fine aggregate. Table 3
shows the Physical properties of fine aggregates.

Fig 3.5 Fine Aggregate (Sand)

3.2.9 PROPERTIES OF SAND:

The properties of manufactured sand used for construction are:

 Bulking of Sand
 Fineness Modulus of Aggregate
 Deleterious Material
 Less Construction Defects
 Economy
 Eco-Friendly

38
3.2.10 Alkaline Liquid

The alkaline liquid used was a combination of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide
solution. The sodium silicate solution (Na2O= 13.7%, SiO2=29.4%, and water=55.9% by mass)
was purchased from a local supplier in bulk. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in flakes or pellets
from with 97%-98% purity was also purchased from a local supplier in bulk. The NaOH solids
were dissolved in water to make the solution.

(Figure 3.6 Alkaline Liquid)

3.2.11 WATER:

Water is the basic need for all the work related to concrete mix. Amount of water in concrete
mix gives an idea of concrete strength and workability of mix. Hydration process takes place
when water reacts with concrete. The water used for mixing and curing should be clean and
free from injurious quantities of alkalis, acid, oils, salt, sugar, organic materials, and vegetable
growth substances that may be deleterious to bricks, stone, concrete or steel. Potable water is
generally considered satisfactory for mixing. The pH value of water should be not less than 6.

(Figure 3.7 WATER)

39
3.2.12 MIX DESIGN PROPORTION

The maxing of OPC and GPC according to proportion of mix design .The mix proportions was
calculated and presented in Table 5.

3.3 Preparation of Liquids

The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solids were dissolved in water to make the solution. The mass
of NaOH solids in a solution varied depending on the concentration of the solution expressed
in terms of molar, M. For instance, NaOH solution with a concentration of 16M consisted of
18x40 = 720 grams of NaOH solids (in flake or pellet form) per litre of the solution, where 40
is the molecular weight of NaOH. The mass of NaOH solids was measured as 590 grams per
kg of NaOH solution of 16M concentration. Similarly, the mass of NaOH solids per kg of the
solution for 14M concentration was measured as 404 grams. Note that the mass of NaOH solids
was only a fraction of the mass of the NaOH solution, and water was the major component.

It is strongly recommended that the sodium hydroxide solution must be prepared 24 hours prior
to see and also if it exceeds 36 hours it terminate to semi solid liquid state. So the prepared
solution must be used in time.

The sodium silicate solution and the sodium hydroxide solution were mixed together at least
one day prior to use to prepare the alkaline liquid. On the day of casting of the specimens, the
alkaline liquid was mixed together with the super plasticizer and the extra water (if any) to
prepare the liquid component of the mixture.

3.4 Manufacture of Fresh Concrete and Casting

The fly ash and the aggregates were first mixed together in the laboratory concrete pan mixer
for about 4 minutes. Then the liquid component of the mixture was then added to the dry

40
materials and the mixing continued for further about 5 minutes to manufacture the fresh
concrete

The fresh concrete was cast into the moulds. For compaction of the specimens, each layer was
given 25 to 30 manual strokes using a rodding bar

Fresh Geopolymer Concrete Figure (3.8 MIX DESIGN)

Compaction of Concrete Specimens & casting in moulds

Fig 3.9

41
3.5 Curing Conditions

The specimens were casted of GPC & OPC with different material and allowed to set for 24
hours. The specimens were then removed from the moulds and kept in curing tank. Curing
required for 7,14,21,28 days after 1 week taken out the one sample for test and compare to each
other

(Curing of GPC Specimen)

Fig 3.10
(Curing of OPC Specimen)

42
CHAPTER 4:
TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Keeping in view the objectives of research study, the results obtained after performing
experiments on the test specimens are presented in this chapter. The main focus is on Strength,
force and failure mode of the test specimens. The concrete mix design of the cubes has also
been discussed in this chapter.

4.1 Introduction

In this Chapter, the test results are presented and discussed. The test results cover the effect of
age on the compressive strength and unit-weight, and the long-term properties of low-calcium
fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The long-term properties include creep under sustained
load, drying shrinkage

Test specimens were made using geopolymer concrete Mixture-1 GPC and Mixture-2, and the
OPC. The details of these mixtures, the manufacturing process, and the test details are given
in Chapter 3.

4.2 Compression Strength of Geopolymer Concrete

The compressive strength of GEOPOLYMER concrete is about 1.5 times more than that of the
compressive strength with the ordinary Portland cement concrete, for the same mix.

Similarly the Geopolymer Concrete showed good workability as of the ordinary Portland
Cement Concrete

4.3 Compression Strength of Concrete

For designers, compressive strength is one of the most important engineering properties of
concrete. It is a standard industrial practice that the concrete is classified based on grades. This
grade is nothing but the Compressive Strength of the concrete cube or cylinder. Cube or
Cylinder samples are usually tested under a compression testing machine to obtain the
compressive strength of concrete. The test requisites differ country to country based on the
design code.

Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of
concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not.

43
Fig 4.1
(Compression Strength Machine)
Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement
strength, quality of concrete material, and quality control during production of concrete etc.

For design purposes, this compressive strength value is restricted by dividing with a factor of
safety, whose value depends on the design philosophy used

The compressive strength of concrete is given in terms of the characteristic compressive


strength of 150 mm size cubes tested at 28 days the characteristic strength is defined as
the strength of the concrete below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to
fall

44
4.4 Compressive Strength Testing Equipment
Compressive Strength Testing Equipment to test cement, brick and concrete is offered by us.
The range we offer includes Manually (Hand) Operated, Semi-Automatic Compression Testing
Equipment, Electrically, Manually Operated equipment and more. These strength testing
equipment are extremely handy and are easy to use for testing cement, concrete and mortar
cubes. We lay utmost importance on equipment design and construct with emphasis on ease of
operation. As present day buyers expect more power, speed and highest level of accuracy in
material testing system, we continue to offer research based Compressive Strength Testing
Equipment of international standard, at affordable prices.

Fig 4.2

45
4.5 TEST PERFORMED

After 24 hours of casting the cubes were demoded and properly cured for 28 days in curing
tank. On 28th day of curing the cubes were drag out of the curing tank and allowed to dry for
24 hours to make them ready for testing. After that the cubes were tested in compressive testing
machine of 3000kN Capacity. The machine was manually set to apply the load at the rate of
250Kpa/s while the area of cube was 23230mm2 as shown in the Figure.

Fig 4.3

Setting loading rate and area of sample

When the cubes were placed in the compression testing machine and the loading rate and area
of the specimen is given to the machine. The machine applied load increases gradually on the
cube. As the load increases the vertical cracks appears on the cubes progressed from top to
bottom in the cube and suddenly the load stopped increasing this is the load where cube breaks.
It is the strength of the cube we needed. The crushed specimen is shown in the Fig.

4.6 FAILURE PATTERN OF CONCRETE CUBE


Figure shows the failure of concrete cube occurs due to de bonding of cement mortar and
aggregate which is sudden and brittle failure. Due to less strength we can say that role of
aggregate strength was not fully engaged and change of aggregate type is relatively inefficient
as compared to the other cases. Load deflection curve of concrete cube exhibit brittle failure
which shows that the bond between the cement mortar and aggregate breaks suddenly. Helps

46
us to understand the thing that failure of concrete is always brittle gives no warning before
failure.

Fig 4.4 Prepared sample Fig 4.5 Failure pattern of concrete cube.

Fig 4.6 Crushed Sample

47
4.7 Design of Concrete Cubes
Procedure: Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cubes
For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15cm or 10cm X 10cm
x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical moulds
of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After
24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top
surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement
paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days
curing. Load should be applied gradually

Apparatus for Concrete Cube Test


Compression testing machine

Preparation of Concrete Cube Specimen


The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same concrete used
in the field.

Mixing of Concrete for Cube Test


Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer

48
Hand Mixing
(i)Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the mixture
is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color

(ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate
is uniformly distributed throughout the batch

(iii)Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired
consistency

Sampling of Cubes for Test


(i) Clean the mounds and apply oil

(ii) Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5cm thick

(iii) Compact each layer with not less than 25 to 30 strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel
bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)

(iv) Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

Curing of Cubes
The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this period the specimens are
marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out
prior to test.

Calculations for Concrete Cube Tests for Compressive Strength


Size of the cube =15cm x15cm x15cm

Compressive strength = (Load in N/ Area in mm2)=……………N/mm2


=……………………….N/mm2

49
4.8 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
OPC & GPC CUBES
As early described that we casted 8 cubes 4 of GPC & 4 of OPC so our aim is to compare their
strength in order to find the behavior of material in the concrete cube sample so now start one
by one. The compressive strength of OPC & GPC Cubes after 28 days curing are below. The
strength is giving in Mpa.
SR NO DAYS OPC GPC

1 7 17.2 Mpa 5.9 Mpa

2 14 23.1 Mpa 7.2 Mpa

3 28 25.2 Mpa 8.7 Mpa

4 28 27.3 Mpa 10.2 Mpa

Bar Chart between Compression Strength of OPC After 28 Days Curing

50
Bar Chart between Compression Strength of GPC Cubes After 28 Days Curing

Final Results After 28 Days of Ordinary Portland Cement & Geopolymer Concrete
Combined Bar Chart

51
CHAPTER 5
5.1 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the test results, the following conclusions are drawn:
1. In this study we worked on the compressive strength of Fly ash based Geopolymer
Concrete with alkaline solution.
2. Geopolymer Concrete have greater strength as compare to ordinary Portland cement
but in our experimental work GPC have low strength as compare to OPC. Ordinary
Portland cement have greater strength in this study in actual GPC have greater strength
.Because GPC required oven curing but we used sample curing that’s why GPC have
low compression strength which is main reason.
3. GPC 28 days strength range 45 MPA-50 MPA but in this study GPC have low strength
we achieved 10.2 Mpa after 28 days (Due to simple curing)
4. High early strength, low creep and shrinkage, acid resistance, fire resistance makes it
better in usage than OPC
5. Geopolymer concrete is a promising construction material due to its low carbon dioxide
emission
6. Wide spread applications in precast industries due to
a) its high production in short duration
b) less breakage during transportation
7. Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments.
8. The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to
Ordinary Portland Cement.
9. Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength
and is suitable for Structural applications.

52
5.2 RECOMMENDED FUTURE WORK
In continuation of present research study, following research works related to Compressive
strength of Fly ash based Geopolymer Concrete may be carried out in future in Civil
Engineering Department, U.C.E.T Sargodha.
This study recommends the following future research:

1. It has been observed that fly ash from different sources may vary the compressive
strength of the geopolymer concrete. Thus, the effect of fly ash from different sources
in the compressive strength needs to be further explored.
2. In this research, the alkaline liquid used in the geopolymerization is the combination of
sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Hydroxide solutions greatly influence the
compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete. Therefore, there is a need to research
the effect of other hydroxide solutions like barium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and
magnesium hydroxide in the compressive strength.

53
5.3 References
1) M. I. Abdul Aleem and P.D. Arumairaj, “Geopolymer concrete: A Review”
International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Emerging Technologies, Vol. 1,
Issue 2, pp: 118-122, ISSN: 2231 – 6604, February 2012.
2) Shankar H. Sanni and R. B. Khadiranaikar, “Performance of Geopolymer Concrete
under Severe Environmental Conditions” International Journal of Civil and Structural
Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 2, ISSN 0976 – 4399, November 2012.
3) Sofi Yasir and Gull Iftekar, “Study of Properties of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer
Concrete” International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol. 3, Issue 1, ISSN: 2321-
7758,
4) Jamdade, P. K and Kawade, U. R, “Evaluate Strength of Geopolymer Concrete by
Using Oven Curing” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol. 11, Issue
6, pp: 63-66, e-ISSN: 2278-1684/p-ISSN: 2320-3340, Nov-Dec 2014.
5) Jaydeep, S and B.J. Chakravarthy, “Study On Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete
Using Admixtures” International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, Vol.
4, Issue 10, pp: 2231-5381, ISSN: 2231-5381, Oct 2013.
6) Benny Joseph and George Mathew, “Influence of aggregate content on the behavior of
fly ash based geopolymer concrete” Scientia Iranica, Vol. 19, Issue 5, pp: 1188-1194,
October 2012.
7) Monita Olivia and Hamid R. Nikraz, “Strength and Water Penetrability of Fly Ash
Geopolymer Concrete”, Asian Research Publishing Network, Vol. 6, Issue 7, ISSN:
18196608, July 2011
8) Aminul Islam Laskar and Rajan Bhattacharjee, “Effect of Plasticizer and
Superplasticizer on Workability of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete”, International
Conference on Advances in Architecture and Civil Engineering, Vol. 2, ISBN 978-93-
82338, 21-23 June 2012.
9) Davidovits,(1988b).“Geopolymer Chemistry and Properties.” Paper presented at the
Geopolymer ’88, First European Conference on Soft Mineralurgy, Compiegne, France
10) Xu, & Deventer, (1999). “The Geopolymerisation of Natural Alumino- Silicates.”
Paper presented at the Geopolymer’99 International Conference, Saint-Quentin,
France. . Xu, & Deventer, (2000). “The geopolymerisation of alumino-silicate
minerals.”

54
11) C. Kamlesh. Shah, A. R. Parikh and K. J. Parmar, “Study of Strength Parameters and
durability of Fly ash based Geopolymer Concrete” Indian Journal of Research, Vol. 3,
Issue 7, ISSN - 2250-1991, July 2014.
12) Wallah, S.E, “Drying Shrinkage of Heat Cured Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete”
Canadian Center of Science and Education, Vol. 3, Issue 12, ISSN 1913-1844,
December 200

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