International Journal of Architectural Heritage

Conservation, Analysis, and Restoration

ISSN: 1558-3058 (Print) 1558-3066 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uarc20

A Case Study on the Restoration of A Historical

Masonry Building Based on Field Studies and
Laboratory Analyses

Baris Yildizlar, Baris Sayin & Cemil Akcay

To cite this article: Baris Yildizlar, Baris Sayin & Cemil Akcay (2019): A Case Study on the
Restoration of A Historical Masonry Building Based on Field Studies and Laboratory Analyses,
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, DOI: 10.1080/15583058.2019.1607625

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1607625

Published online: 02 May 2019.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1607625

A Case Study on the Restoration of A Historical Masonry Building Based on Field

Studies and Laboratory Analyses
a a b
Baris Yildizlar , Baris Sayin , and Cemil Akcay
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; bDepartment of Architecture, Istanbul University, Istanbul,
Turkey

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In historical masonry buildings, the durability of materials used for the structural members can be Received 30 August 2018
impaired by climatic conditions and user interventions, and the building may lose its authenticity Accepted 10 April 2019
as a result of functional changes made over time. To restore structures to their original form, the KEYWORDS
historical changes that have been made over time are researched, and by identifying the original 3D-laser scan; first masonry
material characteristics it becomes possible to preserve the load-bearing members, thus prolong- brick building; lab analyses;
ing their service life. This paper presents a detailed description of the restoration works, which Ottoman era; restoration
were based on the original geometric and material properties, carried out on a historical masonry
building that started out in life as a hospital building in the 1840s, but was later remodeled to
become a military prison building and currently serves as the Faculty of Political Sciences of
Istanbul University. The study is presented in three stages, namely: i. a research of the historical
timeline of alterations of the examined building, ii. a field study, and iii. laboratory analyses. The
historical research identifies the structural changes that the building has undergone since its
construction, while the field study includes a three-dimensional laser scanning process and the
taking of representative samples from different points of the building. In the laboratory stage, the
gathered samples are subjected to chemical and mineralogical analyses. The mortar and plaster
mixture ratios used in the construction were ascertained through physical and chemical tests to
samples taken from the building, and subsequently, all non-original binder materials have been
removed and the original mortar-plaster mixture ratios have applied. After a review of the data
collected within the scope of this study, it was determined that the two reinforced concrete
buildings to the north and south of the site, which were built later in the history of the
investigated building, as well as the temporary partition walls to each story, should be removed.
Furthermore, it is recommended that the modified facade and interior window forms, together
with the blocked-off doorways, should be restored to their original state. The contribution this
study makes to literature is based on its focus on a historical masonry building that has lost its
original form over time, having been refunctioned for different purposes, that is to be restored
back to its original form in terms of its geometric and material properties. The building itself is of
particular interest, being the first on the historical peninsula of Istanbul to be constructed using
industrial bricks during the Ottoman period. The proposed restoration project can be considered
a novel, practical and appropriate approach to authentic restoration.

1. Introduction of the original identity of the cultural value of such

structures (Akcay, Sayin, and Yildizlar 2017).
Although masonry structures have on the whole been
Similarly, in restoration works, the determination
replaced with reinforced concrete and steel buildings
and application of a repair mortar that closely
over the last century, they still retain a significant
matches the original historic materials and that can
share in the existing building stock. With the inter-
replace the original mortar requires extensive and
ventions made to buildings over the course of time
elaborate study involving on-site investigations and
and the decrease in the durability of structural mate-
the collection of original/historical mortar samples,
rials (Akcay et al. 2016; Bozkurt et al. 2016), restora-
and the characterization of the original mortar within
tion works have become a necessity. Within such
its historical context (Schueremans et al. 2011).
works, the results of scientific analyses of original
During the selection of the optimum restoration
materials are considered a reference point, and this
mortar to be applied during the restoration of
is assessed as an obligatory phase in the preservation

CONTACT Baris Sayin barsayin@istanbul.edu.tr Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/uarc.
© 2019 Taylor & Francis
2 B. YILDIZLAR ET AL.
a historical building, the compatibility of the restora-
tion mortar with both the historical mortar and
the masonry building elements must be ensured
(Apostolopoulou et al. 2017).
A number of studies have been conducted to date
into the restoration of historical structures (Abruzzese,
Miccoli, and Yuan 2009; Arce et al. 2003; Arıoglu and
Acun 2006; Asteris et al. 2014; Barbieri et al. 2013;
Bartz et al. 2012; Bianchini, Marrocchino, and
Vaccaio 2004; Biscontin, Birelli, and Zendri 2002;
Cizer et al. 2010; Franzini, Leoni, and Lezzerini 2000;
Gleize et al. 2009; Groot, Ashall, and Hughes 2005;
Güleç and Ersen 1998; Halifeoğlu and Gökçay 2013;
Hegazy 2015; Hernández et al. 2015; Kramara et al.
2011; Leslie and Gibbons 1999; Martinet and Quenee
1999; Montoya et al. 2004; Palomo et al. 2002;
Rodrigo et al. 2015; Sandrollini and Franzoni 2010;
Schueremans et al. 2010; Turk and Celebi 2006;
Valluzzi et al. 2002; Van Balen and Elsen 2009) and
the characteristics of the materials used. These studies
have included analyses of original binders, aggregates
and additives, and the determination of the proper
material content during the restoration of historical
buildings. Turk and Celebi carried out a research into
the protection and restoration of the historical fabric of
Isparta, a province in Turkey, to understand the impor-
tance of the fabric in the context of the development of
the city (Turk and Celebi 2006). Halifeoğlu and
Gökçay, on the other hand, addressed the challenges
associated with the refunctioning and restoration of
traditional Diyarbakır houses. Faults in material selec-
tions, as well as in spatial arrangements were discussed
with examples, and general solutions were proposed
(Halifeoğlu and Gökçay 2013). Montoya et al. made
approximations of the original composition of the raw
material mix ratios, and gave advice on the procedures
to be followed when using new materials in restoration
processes (Montoya et al. 2004). Leslie and Gibbons
made an analysis of historic mortars using a simple
and cost-effective method that provided sufficient
information for the selection of repair materials, and
specified the appropriate methods to be used. The
methodology was based on the acid dissolution of the
binder, coupled with a detailed observation of the sam-
ple (Leslie and Gibbons 1999). Gulec and Ersen
researched the mortars used in a 15th-century building
in Istanbul, analyzing mortar and plaster samples with
a combination of both simple and sophisticated meth-
ods. By comparing the results of the simple tests with
those of the more sophisticated tests, it was shown that,
for the purposes of architectural conservation, the uti-
lization of the simple methods alone provided adequate
information (Hegazy 2015). Gleize et al. carried out
a research to identify the binder and aggregate content
of the mortars (binders and aggregates) taken from
nine historical buildings built between 1750 and 1922
using XRD and TG, from which the optimum restora-
tion mortar mix ratios were obtained (Gleize et al.
2009). Biscontin et al. carried out a study of historical
mortars as part of a multidisciplinary study of the
Arsenal of Venice (Italy), in which the typology of the
binders used in the mixtures was identified by means of
simultaneous thermal analyses, infrared spectroscopies
and X-ray diffraction analyses performed on finer par-
ticle size samples (Biscontin, Birelli, and Zendri 2002).
Sandrolini and Franzoni, addressing the problem of the
characterization of ancient mortars and plasters for
restoration purposes, proposed a methodology that
started with the physical separation of the binder
from the aggregate. The results confirmed the suitabil-
ity of the proposed methodology for the determination
of the nature, microstructure and original formulation
of the plaster (Sandrollini and Franzoni 2010). Cizer
et al. analyzed the original mortars and repair mortars
from two historic masonry structures to determine
their material content. In the present study, the com-
patibility of the repair mortars with the historic mortars
in chemical, mineralogical and physical terms is
assessed, and the efficiency of the analytical techniques
used for mortar characterization is discussed (Cizer
et al. 2010).
This study presents the results of the historical
research, on-site examination and laboratory analysis
of the material samples taken from a historical build-
ing that was designed by Swiss architect Fossati to
serve as a hospital building. The building, in history,
served in different functions until it became the
Faculty of Political Sciences of Istanbul University.
The building is planned to continue to serve as
a university education facility, and accordingly, the
present study is set out in the following phases: i. the
determination of the structural interventions made
over the course of time through a historical analysis,
ii. the determination of the deteriorations suffered by
the building and the interventions made through
a field study, iii. the determination of the geometry
of the building through a 3D-laser scanning
approach, iv. the determination of the material char-
acteristics of the binder samples through chemical,
mineralogical and petrographic analyses, and v. based
on the data collected in the preceding phases, recom-
mendations for the restoration of the building back
to its original state in terms of its geometrical and
material features.
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE 3

2. Methodological approach mortars and plasters in restoration. Field studies and

laboratory works were carried out to determine the
The restoration of historical structures requires
textural, physical, chemical, mineralogical and mechan-
a scientific approach and a knowledge of the cultural
ical features of the building. The field studies included
background, with the purpose of all studies, researches
the sampling, on-site investigation and non-destructive
and interventions being to preserve the cultural value
testing of mortar samples, while the laboratory works
and historical identity of the structure. In the evalua-
included varied analytical tests to gain a comprehensive
tion of a building, the adopted approach should con-
understanding of the constituents of the mortars and
sider the building rather than the structural elements.
their physical properties.
Restorations require an interdisciplinary approach so as
In the restoration works, test cost, ease of application
to gain a full understanding of the structural behavior
and destructive level should be considered during the
of the building and its material characteristics. The
selection process of the tests to determine the material
rehabilitation approach is based on the determination
properties. The original material properties should be
of structural damage and material deterioration, as well
determined by the measurements and tests of samples.
as historical research, material and structural tests,
It should be ensured that the materials used in the
monitoring and a structural analysis. An assessment
structure and the original material properties are simi-
of the structure should identify the construction tech-
lar. Otherwise, it can cause irreversible damage to his-
niques, the decay and damage, the changes over time
torical buildings and the aesthetic and historical values
and the current state. The character of the materials
of the structures may be lost. Within the scope of field
used in the restoration works, as well as their compat-
studies, non-destructive and less destructive tests are
ibility with existing materials and the long-term effects
carried out in the structures. However, some of these
should be determined. In restoration works, mortars
tests may not need to be applied in the structure. In
and plasters that match those used in the original
this context, the required tests, their number and
building should be designed and applied, which
elements should be decided. Non-destructive tests are
requires good knowledge not only of the nature of the
classified as; i. Measurement of surface temperature and
binder and aggregates, but also of the formulation and
humidity, ii. The ultrasound test, iii. Hardness
microstructure of the mortar.
measurement (Impact hammer test), iv. Magnetic scan-
Figure 1 presents a methodology to be applied to
ning (Magnometry), v. Thermography method, and vi.
a restoration process. The methodology has been
Radar scanning. Less destructive tests cover the phases:
applied to tests that enables characterizing repair
i. Flat-jack (On-site stress test), ii. On-site shear test, iii.

a. Historical research b. Field study

Historical documents Visual examination

Period analysis Analytical survey

Conceptual requirements 3D laser scanning

Functional requirements Sampling

Technical requirements Field tests

c. Laboratory testing d. Rehabilitation

Mineralogical Data evaluation

Chemical Intervention decisions

Mechanical Restoration project

Physical Application

Figure 1. Overall basic flow-chart of a suggested methodology for a structural intervention (a to d).
4 B. YILDIZLAR ET AL.
Endoscopy application, and iv. Sampling. Within the
scope of laboratory experiments; physical, chemical,
mechanical, petrographic and microstructural proper-
ties of stone, brick, mortar and wood samples taken
from the structure must be determined by proper tests
in order to ensure the physical, chemical and mechan-
ical properties of the materials to be used in repair.
Mechanical tests include; i. Pressure testing in natural
stones, ii. Evaluation of non-destructive and less
destructive test results, iii. Determination of the mod-
ulus of elasticity, and iv. Pressure testing in bricks.
Physical tests include internal structure analysis, SEM
analysis, XRay analysis, and petrographic analysis,
while chemical analyses cover acid loss and pozzolanic
activity tests (XRD/XRF analysis, chemical titration
test, calcination analysis, DTA/TGA analysis, electrical
conductivity, pH measurements and compressive
strength test).
3. Examined building
The building of the Faculty of Political Sciences of
Istanbul University, as the focus of this study, has
a total floor area of 4,042 m2. Constructed in the
early-1840s, the Ottoman-era building was the first to
be built using industrial bricks on the historical penin-
sula of Istanbul (Figure 2). The building in question is
located on land belonging to Istanbul University in the
Bayezid neighborhood of the Fatih district, on building
Figure 2. The examined building, 2010: (a) Layout plan, (b) Western facade (Poçan 2010), (c) Southern facade (Poçan 2010).
block 618, plot 19 of the historical peninsula of Istanbul
which appears on the UNESCO World heritage list
(Ahunbay 2004). This historical building has been
registered and preserved as a first-degree listed cultural
asset by the Superior Council and the Regional
Protection Board (Republic of Turkey, General directo-
rate of cultural asset and museums; Republic of Turkey,
Ministry of Culture and Tourism). It is rectangular in
form with approximate dimensions of 41.2 m. ×
98.1 m., the building was originally two stories, with a
basement and a ground floor (Figure 3), but in the
1970s an additional reinforced concrete (RC) floor
was added above the first floor to accommodate func-
tional changes and to satisfy the new requirements that
had emerged over time. Thus, the building was rede-
fined with a basement, ground and mezzanine floor
(Figures 4 and 5).
With the declaration of the Tanzimat (the
Reorganization or Reform of the State, 1839) in
the Ottoman period, the Westernization process
turned into a deep-rooted reformation movement,
with the authorities seeking to transform Istanbul
into a Western-style city. To this end, the preferred
construction technologies at the time shifted from
traditional architecture to contemporary styles,
leading to the emergence of new types of structures
and the modification of the urban fabric. The
changes brought by the Tanzimat can be observed
in the planning, the construction materials used

Figure 3. Ground floor plan of the building.
Section C-C
Figure 4. Sectional elevations of the building.
and the style of the buildings constructed in the
ensuing period. Masonry buildings gained in popu-
larity, while the traditional urban pattern of woo-
den buildings that was contrary to the Western city
image pursued by the authorities at the time was
also a significant fire hazard (Can 1994). Following
the enactment of legal regulations in 1839 concern-
ing the construction of masonry structures in
Istanbul in place of the wooden civilian architecture
that had dominated in the past, Western-style
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE 5
Section A-A
Section B-B
Section D-D
masonry structures started to spring up with the
contribution of foreign architects. The Russian
Embassy building in Istanbul, Saint Pierre-Paul
Church, the Daru‘l-fünun (Ottoman University)
building, the Tomb of Mustafa Reşit Paşa and
Baltalimanı mansion can all be listed as relevant
examples of this. One of the many construction
projects developed by architect Gaspare Trajano
Fossati in Istanbul over a period of more than
20 years was the building that today houses the
6 B. YILDIZLAR ET AL.
East
South
Figure 5. Facade views of the building.
Faculty of Political Sciences of Istanbul University,
but which was formerly known as the Bekiraga
Division (Bekirağa Bölüğü). Being first structure to
be built on the historical peninsula using industrial
bricks, and regarded as a milestone in the transfor-
mation of Istanbul from timber to masonry struc-
tures, the building is considered to be a landmark
in the architectural changes that occurred in the
Tanzimat period. The structure also stands out as
the first project for which the Ottoman State
worked with a foreign architect (Poçan 2010).
Located to the northeast of the central campus of
Istanbul University, the building was originally
designed in 1841 as a military hospital with a capacity
of 250 beds under the Ministry of National Defense
(Place de Seraskierat), but was home to a unit of Army
Command until 1870, when it was turned into
a military prison (Bekiraga Division) (Figure 6). It
continued to function as a prison until 1922, but was
abandoned after the Ministry of War moved out. With
the closure of the Istanbul Darü’l-fünun in 1933,
Istanbul University came into being, and some depart-
ments of the University’s Faculty of Medicine were
relocated to the building. The building functioned as
the Faculty of Medicine for 55 years until it was reas-
signed as the Faculty of Political Sciences in 1979, and
it is in this role that it still functions today
West
North
(Şehsuvaroğlu 1971; Yergün 2002). Although the build-
ing has maintained its historical authenticity in terms
of its plan, various additions and repairs have been
made to create space as a result of functional changes,
and over time these have led to the modification of
several parts of the building. The most obvious altera-
tion to the structure was the addition in the early 1960s
of two RC buildings (Figure 6a, indicated as 1 and 2),
constructed on the northern and southern facades of
the building. Inside the building, unqualified and non-
unique partition walls have been added that alter the
indoor layout, while changes to the size and form of
windows have brought about significant visual differ-
ences to the facades of the building.
A three-dimensional laser-scanning technique was
used to gain a clear understanding of the building
and to determine in detail its facade views, structural
deformations and unqualified updates. The Focus3D
X 330 model of the FARO laser scanner device was
used for the three-dimensional laser-scanning, which
can scan objects up to 330 meters away in direct
sunlight. With its integrated GPS receiver, the laser
scanner is able to correlate individual scans in post-
processing, making it ideal for survey-based applica-
tions. The technical specifications of the system are
summarized in Table 1, and the images obtained
using the technique are presented in Figures 7
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE 7

Golden Horn

(b)

(c)

(a) (d)

Figure 6. Historical views of the building: (a) 1913 (German blue maps), (b) 1880s (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C. 20540), (c) 1903 (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540), (d) 1950 (Seçgin 2011).

Table 1. Technical specifications of 3D laser scanner.

Ranging unit Unambiguity interval By 122 till 488 Kpts/sec at 614m; by 976 Kpts/sec at 307 m
Range Focus3D X 330 0.6 m–330 m indoor or outdoor with upright incidence to a 90% reflective surface
Measurement speed (pts/sec) 122,000/244,000/488,000/976,000
Ranging error ±2 mm
Color unit Resolution Up to 70 megapixel color
Dynamic color feature Automatic adaption of brightness
Parallax Co-axial design
Deflection unit Vertical field of view (vertical/ 300°/360°
horizontal)
Step size (vertical/horizontal) 0.009° (40,960 3D-Pixel on 360°)/0.009° (40,960 3D-Pixel on 360°)
Max. vertical scan speed 5,820 rpm or 97 Hz
Laser (optical Laser class Laser class 1
transmitter) Wavelength 1550 nm
Beam divergence Typical 0.19 mrad (0.011°) (1/e, half angle)
Beam diameter at exit Typical 2.25 mm (1/e)
Multi-sensor Dual axis compensator Levels each scan with an accuracy of 0.015° and a range of ±5
Height sensor Via an electronic barometer the height relative to a fixed point can be detected and added
to a scan
Compass Electronic compass gives the scan an orientation. A calibration feature is included.
GPS Integrated GPS receiver

and 8. In the yellow marked sections, it can be seen
that the locations of the original doors and windows.
Visual examinations revealed several cracks, abrasion
and fractures to the bricks that make up the masonry
walls, particularly at the corners. In addition to this,
significant joint deterioration to the walls is apparent.
In an examination made prior to scraping, some
partial material exfoliation and deterioration was
identified to the plaster applied to the facade of the
building.
In the two-story building, with the later-added mez-
zanine floor, the basement and ground floor are built
8 B. YILDIZLAR ET AL.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 7. 3D laser views of the building, with interventions marked in yellow (a) West, (b) East, (c) South, (d) North.
from masonry, while the mezzanine is made from rein-
forced concrete (Figures 9–11). To create more space,
over time the basement has been divided by additional
interior walls. The original plan of the building has
been preserved, aside from addition of RC buildings
to the north and south, while some indoor extensions
have been made, some windows and doors have been
blocked off and ceiling heights have been reduced as
a result of the addition of the mezzanine floor.
4. Laboratory analyses
A detailed investigation was carried out to identify which
of the original elements of the building have not under-
gone repairs, and to identify the architectural alterations
made at different times within the historical process, for
which representative samples were garnered from the
relevant locations. The samples taken for this purpose
were first visually detailed, and then subjected to chemical
and mineralogical tests in accordance with the applied
standards (ASTM 2003, 2009; TS 10088 EN 932-3/A1
2006; TS EN 196-2 2014; TS EN 772-1 2015; TS EN 933-
10 2015; TS EN 14579 2015). Plaster and mortar samples
were taken from different locations throughout the build-
ing and subjected to laboratory tests, including calcina-
tion, sieve, stereo microscope and petrographic analyses,
as well as water-soluble salt and protein and oil analyses
(KUDEB 2011.
a b
c
(d)
4.1. Sampling and visual examination
The original spaces of the examined building were
identified and a detailed study was carried out dur-
ing which representative samples were taken from
the appropriate parts (Figures 8 and 9. A total of
eight samples — six plaster samples and two mortar
samples — were obtained from different points of
the building for chemical and mineralogical ana-
lyses in the laboratory (TS EN 196-2 2014). The
tests identified the ratio of binders and aggregates
and mineralogical compositions, and the textural
properties of the samples were analyzed. Causes of
deterioration were determined through visual ana-
lyses, spot test analyses, calcination analyses, reac-
tion with acid and petrography. The obtained
samples were subjected to a content analysis in
accordance with the related standards, along with
visual detailing (TS 10088 EN 932-3/A1 2006; TS
EN 196-2 2014; TS EN 933-10 2015). The codes and
locations of the samples from the masonry building
are provided in Table 2. Before starting the chemi-
cal and physical analyses, the texture, color, state
(integrity) of the samples, color, size, approximate
quantities, apparent organic additives and type of
aggregates of the samples were recorded. Details of
the properties and the visual definitions of the
obtained samples are presented in Table 3.
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE 9

Figure 8. Interventions to the interior walls of the building (marked in yellow).

4.2. Chemical analyses was subjected to a sieve analysis, a calcination analysis,

and protein, oil and salt tests to identify their chemical
The samples gathered from the building were subjected
characteristics.
to an acid loss analysis, and the remaining aggregate
10 B. YILDIZLAR ET AL.

Figure 9. Time-dependent interventions, building phases and sample locations in the basement.

Figure 10. Time-dependent interventions, building phases and sample locations on the ground floor.

4.2.1. Calcination analysis hygroscopic water, molecular water (relative water) and
The calcination analyses were carried out to ascertain the organic matter, taking advantage of the weight change
pozzolanic activity of the mortars and plasters. The amount resulting from the continuous increase in temperature
of CaCO3 was determined from the loss of CO2, and depending on the calcination analysis. The samples were
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE 11

Figure 11. Time-dependent interventions, building phases and sample locations on the mezzanine floor.

Table 2. Locations of the samples. Table 4. Calcination analysis.

Sample Material Location Calcination (%)
M1 Mortar Basement Sample Humidity 550°C CaCO3
M2 Plaster Basement
M3a Plaster Basement M1 17.56 2.98 53.44
M3b Plaster Basement M2 6.21 11.21 32.64
M4 Plaster Basement M3a 0.27 2.18 33.01
M5a Plaster Ground M4 0.98 3.47 57.08
M5b Plaster Ground M5a 2.67 2.69 25.00
M6 Mortar Ground M5b 2.21 2.70 35.06
M6 0.36 12.96 21.03

weighed and cooled in a desiccator after each heating, and
the moisture, 550°C loss and CaCO3 ratios of the samples
were calculated based on the weight difference (Table 4).
4.2.2. Reaction with acid and sieve analyses
Acid reaction and sieve analyses were performed
to determine the proportions, qualities and size dis-
tribution of the silicate aggregates that are not in
reaction with the binder and the carbonate-
containing aggregates in the mortars and plasters.
A 20–25 g sample was dried at 105 ± 5°C for 4 h,
then weighed and treated with 10% HCl acid for
10–20 h to crush it. The portion of the sample
that did not react with the acid was filtered, and
the residue was washed. The aggregate left on the
filter paper and the unresolved aggregates were

Table 3. Visual definition of the samples.

Sample Material Color General specification
M1 Weak masonry mortar Light brown Visible brick fractures and aggregates measuring 4–5 mm., with lumps of lime
M2 Weak inner insulation mortar Light pink Visible aggregates measuring 2–3 mm. and brick fractures up to 3–4 mm., with
wadding and white masses
M3a Weak mortar Whitish-gray Visible aggregates measuring 1 mm, with white masses
colored
M3b Mortar Yellowish White paint layer on the top surface
M4 Durable plaster Gray Visible brick fractures measuring 3–4 mm. and aggregates up to 1–2 mm .
M5a Durable plaster Dark gray Visible aggregates measuring 4–5 mm., with white masses
M5b Solid plaster with artificial stone appearance Light gray Visible aggregates measuring 1–2 mm., with white masses, in the form of
and paint layer a couple of layers on the top surface
M6 Weak masonry mortar Light gray Visible aggregates measuring 2–3 mm., with white masses
12 B. YILDIZLAR ET AL.

dried and weighed at 105 ± 5°C for 24 h. a sieve analysis and were analyzed under a stereo
Accordingly, in the analyses, the silicate aggregates microscope. The contents of the samples are detailed
that survived crushing following the reaction in Table 5 in content and rate.
between the bulk mortar and plaster samples and
acid were neutralized, and the proportions and size
4.2.4. Analysis of water-soluble salt
distribution of the aggregates was identified through
Simple spot tests and conductivity measurements
a sieve analysis. In the tests, Samples 4 and 5 were
were carried out to determine the qualities and
not tested, as the size of Sample 4 was of insufficient
size and Sample 5 was a paint sample. Subsequently,
the size distribution of the aggregates was deter- Table 6. Analyses of water-soluble salts and protein-oil.
mined using a sieve set (Figure 12) and visual prop- Salt
Sample Cl SO4 CO3 NO3 PO4 Conductivity (μS)
erties were determined through examination under
M1 ++ – – – – 196
a stereo microscope. M2 ++ – – – – 240
M3a ++ – – ± – 170
M3b No salt analysis performed on the paint sample.
4.2.3. Stereo microscope analysis M4 ± – – ++ – 387
M5a ++ – – – – 121
The silicate-containing aggregates in the samples disin- M5b ++ – – – – 200
tegrated after treatment with acid, and those that did M6 ++ – – – – 116
not react with acid were grouped by size through –: none, ±: all or nothing, +: a little, ++: present

Figure 12. (a) Sieve analysis, (b) Acid reaction analysis.

Table 5. Stereo microscope analysis.

Aggregate dimension, d
Sample d ≤ 125 μ 125 < d < 500 (μ) d ≥ 500 μ
M1 Trace amounts of black cinder and Trace amounts of black cinder and mica, 2–3% quartz; Very slight amounts of white masses that did not
mica, 10–15% quartz; the rest is the rest is brick dust and pink masses that did not break apart, slight amounts of quartz; the rest is
brick dust and clayish material break apart and which contained brick dust crushed brick aggregate and coarse aggregates up
to 2 mm.
M2 Slight amounts of quartz; the rest Trace amounts of black cinder and mica, very slight Trace amounts of wadding and quartz, 30% light
is brick dust and a clayish material amounts of wadding, slight amounts of quartz, brown masses that do not break apart; the rest is
10–15% brick dust; the rest is light brown masses that crushed brick aggregate and coarse aggregates up
do not break apart to 4 mm.
M3a ca. 5% rock, ca. 20% clayish Very slight amount of feldspar, 5–10% rock pieces; Trace amounts of black cinder, 3–5% rock pieces; the
material; the rest is quartz the rest is quartz rest is quartz and coarse aggregates up to 1 mm
M5a Slight amounts of rock pieces; the ca. 5% cream-colored masses that do not break apart, Trace amounts of crushed brick aggregate, 20–25%
rest is a clayish material ca. 10% rock pieces; the rest is quartz volcanic and metamorphic rock pieces; the rest is
quartz and coarse aggregates up to 2 mm.
M5b 3–5% rock pieces; the rest is Trace amount of mica and feldspar, 10–15% rock Trace amounts of mica and feldspar, ca. 10% rock
quartz and a clayish material pieces; the rest is quartz pieces; the rest is quartz and coarse aggregates up
to 1 mm.
M6 Trace amounts of brick dust, ca. Trace amounts of black cinder and brick dust, ca. 5% Trace amounts of black cinder and crushed brick
5% rock dust; the rest is quartz cream-colored masses that do not break apart, 10% aggregate, 25–30% rock pieces; the rest is quartz
and a clayish material rock pieces; the rest is quartz and coarse aggregates up to 2 mm.
Amounts less than 1% are described as “very slight” and the amounts between 1–2% are described as “slight”
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE 13

quantities of water-soluble salts (chloride, sulfide, Table 7. Protein and oil analysis.
carbonate, nitrate and phosphate salts) in the content Sample Protein Oil
of the samples (Table 6). After that, protein and oil M1 + –
M2 + –
analyses were carried out to identify any organic M3a + –
additives in the samples. M3b + –
M4 + –
Chloride was detected in all of the tested mortar M5a + –
and plaster samples, which may be a result of the M5b + –
M6 + –
use of crushed brick as an aggregate. No sulfide, –: none, +: a little
carbonate or phosphate salts were encountered in
any of the tested samples. The nitrate salt (NO3)
detected in samples M3a and M4 was from sewage binding characteristic (plasticity and workability) of
or from the residue of such living organisms as the mortar.
birds and insects. No sulfate (SO4) formation was
found in the analysis, indicating that none of the
samples contained gypsum. 4.4. Petrographic analysis
An analysis was conducted to determine the texture
and the minerals present within the samples. The slim
4.3. Protein and oil analyses
sections prepared from the samples were coated in
Protein and oil analyses were carried out to identify any epoxy and then analyzed under a polarizing microscope
organic additives within the samples taken from the (double Nicol prisms) and stereo microscope (single
building. As can be seen in Table 7, no oil was encoun- Nicol prism). The mineral content of the samples and
tered in the analyses; while traces of protein were their approximate percentages were identified from the
detected in all of the samples. The detection of protein analysis, and the results are presented in Table 8.
in mortar and plaster samples indicates that an organic The results of the visual inspection and the chemical
substance (e.g. egg white) was used to enhance the and mineralogical analyses are presented in Table 9.

Table 8. Petrography results.

Binder Binder-aggregate-
Sample area binder phase Content
M1 ca. 25% Good Bits of brick. The rest: 35% lumps of lime, trace amounts of black cinder and bits of sandstone, bits of
limestone, slight amounts of quartz grains
M2 ca. 25% Good Bits of brick. The rest: 5–10% lumps of lime, wadding bits, slight amounts of quartz grains
M3a ca. 15% Weak Quartz. The rest: Trace amounts of feldspar, bits of basalt and bits of quartzite
M5a ca. 15% Good Quartz and rock pieces. The rest: Trace amounts of plagioclase and bits of limestone
M5b ca. 20% Good Quartz and rock pieces. The rest: Very slight amounts of plagioclase, slight amount of lime lump, 2–3% shell
M6 ca. 20% Good-weak Quartz and rock pieces. The rest: 2–3% lumps of lime

Table 9. Sample contents.

Sample Binder area Material Content
M1 20–25% Mixed masonry mortar produced from 150-dose white Crushed brick aggregate, 3–5% land sand, 5% limestone ballast, trace
cement with hydrated lime amount of black cinder bits and ca. 25% lumps of lime. Aggregate: up to
2 mm.
M2 20–25% Plaster mortar with hydrated lime 98% crushed brick aggregate, 2% land sand, trace amounts of black cinder
bits and ca. 5–7‰ wadding. Aggregate: up to 4 mm; the ratio of binder to
aggregate by weight is about 1:2.5
M3 10–15% Plaster mortar with hydrated lime 100% land sand and trace amounts of black cinder bits. Aggregate: up to
1 mm; the ratio of binder to aggregate by weight is about 1:3–3.5.
M4 10–15% Plaster mortar with hydrated lime 100% land sand and trace amounts of black cinder bits. Aggregate: up to
1 mm; the ratio of binder to aggregate by weight is about 1:3–3.5
M5a 10–15% Artificial stone rendering mortar produced from 100% land sand. Aggregate: up to 2 mm.
approximately 250-dose Portland cement with
hydraulic lime
M5b 15–20% Artificial stone plastering mortar produced from Land sand and approximately 2–3% fossil shells. Aggregate: up to 1 mm.
300–350-dose Portland cement
M6 15–20% Mixed brick mortar produced from approximately Land sand, crushed brick aggregate and black cinder bits. Aggregate: up to
150–200-dose Portland cement with hydraulic lime 2 mm.
14 B. YILDIZLAR ET AL.

5. Application proposals featureless partition walls and the mezzanine floor be

5.1. Proposals for facade and plans
It is recommended that the two RC buildings annexed
to the northern and southern facades of the building
when functional changes were made to the building
should be removed. Recognizing that there had origin-
ally been different buildings in the same location, it is
suggested that two steel structures be constructed to
address the need for additional space of the current
period. At the same time, it is suggested that all of the
removed, and that all windows that have been altered
throughout the course of their service life be restored to
their original forms. It is further suggested that an attic
be constructed to provide the additional space needed
in the building, (Figures 13–17).
5.2. Proposals for material mixtures
An examination of the samples taken from the
masonry building confirmed the on-site visual

Figure 13. Basement floor plan after application proposal.

Figure 14. Ground floor plan after application proposal.

 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE 15

Figure 15. Attic floor plan after application proposal.

Figure 16. Sectional elevation after application proposal.

16 B. YILDIZLAR ET AL.

Figure 17. Facade views after application proposal.

assessments. The results of the lab analyses of the
samples taken from the building and the suggested
material mixtures are provided. The proposed com-
pounds are prepared assuming a hydrated lime
water content of 35–50%, and a water/solid rate of
35%. Based on the results of the analysis, it is
recommended that the mineral plaster applied to
the facade surfaces of the building during previous
repair operations be removed and replaced with
plaster with the contents presented in Table 10.
Based on the analysis of the mortar from the
masonry walls and the indoor surface plasters in the
basement, which have, to a certain extent, maintained
their authenticity, it is recommended that the mixtures
given in Table 11 be used for the wall mortars and
plasters.
6. Conclusions
This study details the works carried out to restore
a historical masonry building to its original form.
The Ottoman-era building was the first to be built
using industrial bricks on the historical peninsula,
and has been utilized for different functions through-
out history, but currently functions as a university
faculty building.

Table 10. Proposed plasters based on analyses of the samples.

Material Outer wall surface plaster Inner wall surface plaster Finishing plaster
Hydraulic lime* 1 vol. (NHL 3.5/average, MPa)
Hydrated lime putty** 1 vol. 1 vol.
River sand 3/2 vol., 3 mm. undersize aggregate
Pit sand 1/2 vol., 3 mm. undersize aggregate
Crushed brick aggregate and dust 1 vol., 4 mm. undersize aggregate 2 vol., 4 mm. undersize aggregate
Lime stone dust 1 vol., 1 mm. undersize aggregate
Marble dust 1 vol., 1 mm. undersize aggregate
* Water content of hydrated lime putty is 35–50%; **Water/dry-matter ratio of hydraulic lime is 35%

Table 11. Proposed mortar and plaster based on the analyses of the samples.
Material
Hydrated lime putty3
Crushed brick aggregate and dust 3/2 vol., 4 mm. undersize aggregate
Land sand 1/2 vol., 4 mm. undersize aggregate
Lime stone ballast 1/2 vol., 2 mm. undersize aggregate
Polypropylene fiber or wadding4
1
For the masonry wall. 2For the walls of a room functioning as a cistern or water reservoir. 3Water content of hydrated lime putty is 35–50%; water/dry matter
ratio of hydraulic lime is 35%. 4Wadding should be added to the mortar in a dry form before the lime is added, and should be thoroughly mixed after the
hydrated lime is added.
It is recommended that the mezzanine floor and all
makeshift partition walls be removed with the aim of
restoring the building to its original state. It is further
recommended that the RC buildings to the northern
and southern facades of the building be replaced with
steel buildings, and that an attic be built to provide the
building with the much-needed additional space.
Furthermore, the sizes and geometrical forms of the
windows on the facade of the building should be
returned to their original state.
Based on the field study and laboratory analyses,
the mortar and plaster mixtures to be used on the
walls have been determined and recommendations
are made. Accordingly, it is proposed that all
inauthentic binding materials used on the building
be removed and replaced with the original mortar-
plaster mixtures identified through the field and
laboratory studies. In the analyses of the samples
taken from the building, in general, a binder-
aggregate ratio of 1:2.5–3.5 has been determined,
while the volumetric ratio of binder in the mixture
is 15–25%, and the ratio of crushed brick aggregate is
70–90%. Furthermore, aggregate size is identified as
below 5 mm in all samples. During the laboratory
analyses, nitrate was identified in two samples and
chloride was present in all samples, while no sulfate,
carbonate or phosphate were encountered in any of
the tested samples. The nitrate salt is thought to have
originated from sewage or from the remains of living
organisms. The presence of proteins in the mortar
specimens may be due to the use of an organic
material at the time of construction.
The intervention suggestions, which have been based
on on-site examinations and analyses of samples, can
be re-assessed after the completion of works, taking
into account any new findings arrived at during the
implementation phase. After the completion of this
stage, the seismic performance of the building should
be assured to be at a sufficient level as part of the
restoration of the building. Any retrofitting applica-
tions carried out to the building to this end will be
the focus of a future study.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE 17
Wall mortar1 Surface plaster2
1 vol. 1 vol.
2 vol., 2 mm. undersize aggregate
1/2 vol., 4 mm. undersize aggregate
15–20 g between 10–15 mm. (in 20 lt of mortar)
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Department of
Construction and Technical Affairs, Istanbul University
Rectorate. The authors also thank KUDEB (Directorate
for the Inspection of Conservation Implementations),
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality for laboratory
analyses.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
ORCID
Baris Yildizlar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7641-1741
Baris Sayin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-1709
Cemil Akcay http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-8688
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