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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 1

PHYSICS MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS


2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Why do we get dew on the surface of a cold soft drink bottle kept in open air?
1. When a cold soft drink bottle kept in open air, the water vapour in air condences.
2. So, water droplets are formed on the surface of the bottle.

2. If you are chilly outside the shower stall, why do you feel warm after the bath if you stay in
bathroom?
1. In the bathroom, the number of vapor molecules per unit volume is greater than number of
vapor molecules per unit volume outside the room.
2. When you try to dry yourself with a towel, the vapor molecules surrounding you condense on
your skin and this condensation makes you feel warm.

3. What happens to the water when wet clothes dry?


When wet clothes are dried, the water present in the cloths changes to vapour state.

4. What role does specific heat capacity play in a watermelon to keep it cool for long time after
removing it from a fridge on a hot day?
1.Water melon contains large percentage of water.
2.Water has higher specific heat value.
3. Hence watermelon takes lot of time for cooling when compared to other fruits in a fridge.

5. Why it is easy to cook food in a pressure cooker?


1. Pressure cooker works on the principle of “ Boiling point of liquid increases with external pressure.
2. The boiling point of water increases almost to 110°c - 120°c.
3. So, it is easy to cook food in a pressure cooker.

6. Why do we sweat while doing work?


1. When we do work the water in the sweat glands starts evaporating.
2. This evaporation cools the body.

7. Write the differences between evaporation and boiling?

Evaporation Boiling
1. Evaporation is surface phenomenon and 1. Boiling is warming process.
cooling process.
2. Evopration takes place at any temperature. 2. Boiling occurs at a definite temperature.

8. By observing steel vessels and different images in them; Surya, a third class student asked some
questions his elder sister Vidya. What may be those questions?
1. Why the image is not cleared visible?
2. Why the image is blurred?
3. Why the image is not as clear as in mirror?
4. Why the image sometimes enlarged?

9. Write the rules for sign convention?


Rules mentioned for sign convention: - 1. All distances should be measured from the pole.
2. The distances measured in the direction of incident light, to be taken as positive.
3. The distances measured in the opposite direction of incident light, to be taken as negative.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 2
10. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in the vehicles?
1. Convex mirror always forms an erect and virtual image of the behind vehicle in the small mirror.
2. So, we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in the vehicles.

11. How do you appreciate the use of reflection of light by concave mirror in making of TV antenna
dishes?
1. In a concave mirror all reflected rays intersected at focal point.
2. The concave shape of a dish antenna helps to reflect the signal to the focal point of the dish.
3. A device known as feed horn is mounted at the focal point which gathers the signals and sends to a
processing unit.
4. So, I appreciate the working process of T.V. antenna dishes.

12. State the laws of reflection of light?


Laws of Reflection of Light: - 1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
2. The incident ray, reflected ray and normal are lies in a same surface.

13. Why do stars appear twinkling?


Stars appear twinkling due to multiple refraction at different layers of air of different densities, the
light undergoes all the way to reach our eye.

14. Why does a diamond shine more than a glass piece cut to the same shape?
1. Diamond exhibits the property of total internal reflection due to its high refractive index and
low critical angle.
2. So, diamond shine more than a glass piece cut to the same shape.

15. Collect the information about lenses used by Galileo in his telescope? (Q.no-15)
Galileo Telescope :- 1. Galileo telescope consists of two lenses.
2. Convex lens of large focal length. It is called objective lens.
3.Concave lens of short focal length. It is called eye piece.
4. The eye piece forms the final and magnifying image.

16. Explain the formation of Mirages?

Formation of Mirages:-1. During the hot summer day, air just above the road surface is very hot
and the air at higher altitudes is cool.
2. Light travels faster through the thinner hot air than through, the denser cool air above it.
3. When light falls from tall object such as tree or from the sky passes through a medium just above
the road.
4. Due to the refraction of light, we fell the illusion of water being present on road.
5. This is called a mirage.

Written By :- Gali Sreekar, Chirala ManDalam, Prakasam Ditrict. 9440234404, 9700842884

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 3
17. A convex lens is made up of three different materials as shown in the figure. How many of images
does it forms?

1. The lens made of three different materials of refractive indices say n1, n2 and n3 have three focal
lengths.
2. It forms three images as shown in the figure.

18. Expalin briefly the reason for the blue of the sky?
1. The reason for the appearance of sky in blue colour is due to the phenomenon of scattering of
sunlight by the atoms or molecules present in the sky.
2. Our atmosphere contains Nitrogen(N2) and Oxygen(O2).
3. These molecule act as scattering centers for scattering of Blue light.
4. So the sky appears to be Blue in colour.

19. If a white sheet of paper is stained with oil, the paper turns transparent. Why?
1. The refractive index of oil and refractive index of paper is same.
2. So, light passes from oil to paper become transparent.

Note :- Actually stained oil paper acts as a translucent not a transparent.

20. A person is viewing distant object. If a converging lens is placed in front of his eye. Will he feel
that the size of object has increased? Why?
1. Yes, if a converging lens is placed in front of his eye he will tell that the size of object has
increased.
2. Because converging lens is a magnifying lens.

21. Why sun appears white in noon and red at sun set or sunrise?
1. During sunrise and sunset, except red light all colours scatter more and vanish before they
reach you.
2.As a result sun appears red in colour during sunrise and sunset.
3. During noon hours, all colours reach your eye without much scattering.
4. Hence the sun appears white during noon hours.

22. How do you appreciate the nature of cilliary muscles in eye?


1. Ciliary muscle is helpful to change its focal length by changing radii of curvature of eye lens.
2. This process of adjusting focal length is called “accommodation”.
3. Due to this accommodation we see closer and distinct objects clearly.
4. So, we appreciate the working of Ciliary muscles in the eye.

23. Explain over loading of household circuits?


1. The maximum current that we can draw from the mains exceeds 20A, it may cause a fire.
2. This is called over loading.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 4
24. What are ohmic and non-ohmic conductors? Give some examples for them?
1. The material which obey Ohm’s law are called ohmic conductors.
Ex :- All metals.

2. The material which do not obey Ohm’s law are called non-ohmic conductors.
Ex :- LEDs are non ohmic materials.

25. What do you mean by electric shock? Explain how it takes place? (OR)
What happens to our body if we touches a current wire of 240V? (See Page-239)

1. The current passing through our body when we touch a live wire of 240V is given by,
I= = 0.0024A.
2. Due to this functioning of organs inside our body get disturbed.
3. This disturbance inside our body is felt as electric shock.

26. Define Kirchhoff‟s Law?


1. The Junction law:- At any function point in a circuit where the current can devide, the sum of the
currents into the junction must equal the sum of the currents leaving the junction.
2. The Loop law:- The algebraic sum of increments and decrements in potential differences across
various components of a closed circuit loop must be zero.

27. What are the factors one which the resistance of conductor depends? Give the corresponds the
relation? (OR) Derive R = ρ .
1. The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
i.e., R∝ …… (1)
2. The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to the area of a cross section of the
conductor.
i.e., R ∝ …… (2)
3. From (1) and (2), we get R ∝ ⟹ R = ρ , Where ‘ρ’ is a constant called specific resistance.

28. Give a few applications of Faraday‟s law of induction in daily life?


1. Gadgets and scanners used for security check work on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
2. Transformers, electrical generators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
3. ATM cards, swiping machines are also the applications of Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic
induction.
4. Induction stove works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

29. A bar magnet with North Pole facing towards coil moves as shown in fig. What happens to
magnetic flux passing through the coil?

If a bar magnet with north pole facing towards the coil then the magnetic flux passing
through a coil then current is generated in the coil.

Written By :- Gali Sreekar, Chirala ManDalam, Prakasam Ditrict. 9440234404, 9700842884

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 5

1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Covert 200C into Kelvin scale?
Temperature in Kelvin =273 + Temperature in Celsius degrees.
20oC =273+20 =293 K

2. Define dew and fog?


Dew:- The water droplets condensed on surface like windows, flowers and grass are known as dew.
Fog:- Thick mist is called as fog.

3. Explain why dog pant during hot summer days using the concept of evaporation?
1. Dogs pants on hot days because they are trying to cool down just like we sweat on a hot days.
2. So, dogs pant to regulate their body temperature.

4. Equal amounts of water are kept in a cap and in a dish. Which will evaporate faster? Why?
1. Evaporation depends on the surface area.
2. Hence, the water kept in dish will evaporate faster than the cap.

5. Why does ice floats on water?


The density of ice is less than the water. So ice floats on water.

6. What do you know about the terms given below related to spherical mirrors?
a) Pole b) Centre of curvature c) Focus d) Focal length e) Principal axis

a) Pole: - The midpoint (Geometrical centre) of the mirror is called pole (P) of the mirror.
b) Centre of curvature: - All normals of concave mirror will converge towards a point. This point is
called centre of curvature(C) of the mirror.

c) Focus: - All the reflected ray of concave mirror is intersecting at one point on the principle axis
is called focus or focal point (F).
e) Focal length: - The distance between pole and focal point of a mirror is called focal length (f).

f) Principal axis: - The horizontal line which passes through the centre of curvature and pole is
called central axis or principal axis of the mirror.

7. What is Fermat’s principle ?


Light chooses the path which takes the least time travel. It is also applicable to reflection of light.

8. The magnification of a plane mirror is +1. What is it mean?


The magnification of a plane mirror is +1 means the size of the object is equeal to size of the image.

9. Why it is too difficult to shoot a fish swimming in the water?


1. It is very difficult to shoot a fish swimming in water.
2. Because its position appears to be shifted up from its original position due to reflection.

10. What are the factors that influence refractive index?


1) Nature of material 2) Wave length of light

11. Define the word lens?


Lens :- A lens is madeup of a transparent material, which has atleast two curved surfaces.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 6
12. Write the lens makers formula and explain the terms in it?
Lens makers formula is = (n-1) [ - ]
Here f = Focal length
R1 and R2 are radii of curvature.
n = Refractive index.

13. Can a virtual image be photographed by a camera?


Yes, a virtual image can be photographed by a camera.

14. Suppose you are inside the water in a swimming part near an edge. A friend standing on the edge.
Do you find your friend taller or shorter than his usual height? Why?
My friend appears to be taller.
Reason:- 1. The light rays of my friend travelling from rarer to denser medium.
2. These rays bends towards normal line so apparent image of my friend which appears to be taller
due to refraction.

15. A man wants to get a picture of a zebra. He photographed a white donkey after fitting a glass, with
black stripes, on to the lens of his camera. What photo will he get? Explain. (AS1)
1. Photographer will get a picture of white donkey only.
2. Because every part of lens forms an image so if we cover lens with, stripes still it forms a complete
image.

16. Define power of a lens? Write its units?


Power of a lens:- 1. The reciprocal of focal length is called power of lens.
2. Power of a lens, P = ( ) = ( )
3. The unit of power is dioptre(D).

17. Define Presbyopia? How do we correct this defect?


Presbyopia :- Presbyopia is vision defect when the ability of accommodation of the eye usually
decreases with ageing.
Correction :- Bi-focla lens is used to correct this type of eye defect.

18. What is scattering of light?


Scattering of light:- Atoms or molecules which are exposed to light absorb light energy and emit
some part of the light
energy in different directions is called scattering of light.

19. What is the value of 1KWH in Joules?


1KWH = 36 x 105 Joules.

20. Define electric current?


1. Electric current is defined as the amount of charge crossing any cross section of the conductor in
one second. I =
2. Its SI unit is Ampere.

21. Define ohm?


Ohm :- If 1 Ampere of electric current passes between two points of potential differences 1 volt,
then the resistance between them said to be 1 Ohm.

1 Ohm =

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 7
22. Why does a bird not get the shock when it stands on a ahigh voltage wire?
1. When the bird stands on a high voltage wire, there is no potential difference between the legs of
the bird because it stands on a single wire.
2. So no current passes through the bird. Hence, it doesn’t feel any electric shock.

23. Define Ohm’s Law?


Ohm’s Law:- At constant temperature, the potential difference of a conductor is directly
proportional to current passing through it.
V=IR

24. Are head lights of a vehicle connected in series or parallel? Why?


(OR) Why don’t we use series arrangement of electrical appliances like bulb, television fan and
other in our domestic circuits?
1. In a series combination if one of appliances is damaged, all the appliances are stopped working.
2. Hence we don‟t connect them in series.

25. Why does the picture appear distorted when a bar magnet is brought close to the screen of a
television? Explain?
1. When a bar magnet is brought close to the screen of a television the picture appear destroyed.
2. This is due to the fact that magnetic field exerts a force on the moving charge.

26. State the Lenz’s law?


Lenz’s law :- Lenz’s law states that “the induced current will appear in such a direction that it
opposes the changes in the flux in the coil.”

27. What is meant by induced emf?


The rapid changes in flux through coil generate greater induced current or induced EMF.

30. Which of the various methods of current generation protects the nature well? Give examples to
support your answer. (AS7)
1. Tidal energy.
2. Hydro electric energy.
3. Wind energy.
4. Solar energy.

IMPORTANT PROBLEMS
1. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm find the position
and nature of image.
2. If refractive index of glass is 3/2, then what is speed of light in glass?
3. The focal length of a converging lens is 20cm. An object is 60cm from the lens. Where will the image
be formed and what king of image is it?
4. Doctor advised to use 2D lens. What is its focal length?

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 8

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain the procedure of finding specific heat of solid experimentally.
(OR) Sunnyleon wants to place a lid of more specific heat on a cooking vessel. For that she
wants to know the specific heat of aluminium and copper. What are the appratus she required ?
How would she conducts this experiment?

Aim:- To find the specific heat of given solid.


Apparatus:- Calorimeter, thermometer, stirrer, water, steam heater, wooden box and lead shots.
Procedure:- 1. Let the mass of the calorimeter along with stirrer is ‘ m1’ gm.
2. Mass of the calorimeter and water is ‘ m2’ gm.
3. The temperature of the calorimeter is noted (T10C ).
4. The heated Lead pieces (m3 gm and T20C) are quickly transferred in to calorimeter, with
minimum loss of heat.
5. Now the resultant temperature is noted as T30C.
6. By using the formula we calculate the specific heat of the given solid,

( ) ! ("# " )
Sl = ( # ) (" "# )

2. How do you appreciate the role of higher specific capacity value of water in stabilizing
atmospheric temperature during winter and summer seasons?

1. The sun delivers a large amount of energy to the earth daily.


2. The oceans, absorb this energy for maintaining a relatively constant temperature.
3. The oceans behave like heat “store houses” for the earth.
4. So, I appreciate the role higher specific capacity value of water in stabilizing atmospheric
temperature during winter and summer seasons.

$%& %
3. How do you verify experimentally that $%& ' is constant?
(OR)
Derive the formula of relation between angle of incident and angle of refraction of a prism?


Aim: -To verify that is a constant.
Materials required:-A plank, white chart, protractor, scale, small black painted plank, a
semicircular glass disc of thickness nearly 2cm pencil and laser light.

Procedure:-1. Make a chart as shown in the figure.


2. Place a semi-circle glass disc so that its diameter coincides with the line “MM”
3.Send a laser light along a line which makes 150 with “NN”.
4. Measure its corresponding angle of refraction by observing light coming from outside of
the glass slab.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 9
5. Repeat this experiment with various values of angle of incidence, refraction and noted
below.
S.No i r Sin i Sin r ()*)
()*+


6. From the above table we observe that
is a constant.

4. Explain the formation of Rainbow? (AS1)


(OR) After rainfall Rajeswari looking towards the sky and observed the formation of
rainbow.How your are explain the formation of rainbow with the basis of dispersion of light
to Rajeswari?

Formation of Rainbow: - 1. The beautiful colours of rainbow are due to dispersion of the sunlight
by millions of tiny water droplets.
2. Let us consider a case of an individual water drop.
3. The ray of sunlight enters the drop near its top surface.
4. At this first refraction, the white light is dispersed into its spectrum of colours, violet being
deviated the most and red the least.
5. If you see at an angle between 400 and 420, you will observe remaining colours of VIBGYOR.

5. Collect the information on working of optical fibres. Prepare a report about various uses of optical
gibes our daily life.
(OR) While doing heart operation Bin Laden observed that a thin pipe is passed to observe
internal parts on a computer screen. He come to know that it was an optical fibre. How does the
optical fibre works?

Working:-
1. In a optical fibre total internal reflection takes place as shown in the figure.
2. The light is thus transmitted along the fibre.
Uses:-
1. Optical fibre are used in endoscopy to see the internal organs of out body.
2. Optical fibres are used in transmitting communication signals through light pipe.
3. Optical fibres are used in international telephone cables and large computer network etc.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 10
6. How do you correct the eye defect, Myopia?
(OR) Prabhas, a tenth class boy sitting last bench of the class room. He was unable to see the letters
on the black board clearly.Which type of eye defect he suffered? How would you correct it?

Myopia: - 1. The defect in which people cannot see objects beyond far point is called Myopia.
2. Myopia is also known as ‘near sightednesses’.

Correction: - Biconcave lens is used to correct the eye defect Myopia.

7. Explain the correction of the eye defect, Hypermetropia?


(OR) Surya wear a spectuicals and his friend Sreekar observed that Surya eyes are appeared bigger
through the specticals. Which type of eye defect it is? How would you correct it?

Hypermetropia: - 1.The defect in which people cannot see objects before near point is called
Hypermetropia.
2. Hypermetropia is also known as ‘farsighted nesses.

Correction: - Biconvex lens is used to correct the eye defect Hypermetropia.

8. Deduce the expression for the equivalent resistance of the three resistors connected in series?

1. Connections are made as shown in the figure.


2. From Ohm’s law at V1 = I R1, V2 = I R2 and V3 = I R3
3. Since the resistors are connected in series, V = V1 + V2 + V3
4. Substituting the values of voltages in the above equation I R = I R1 + I R2 + I R3
I R = I (R1 + R2 + R3)
5. Thus, R = R1 + R2 + R3

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 11
9. Deduce the expression for the equivalent resistance of the three resistors connected in parallels?

1. Connections are made as shown in the figure.


2. Ohm’s law as, I1= , , I2 = and I3 = - .
3. Since the resistors are in parallel, I = I1 + I2 + I3
4. Substituting the value of currents in the above equation, = + +
-

V ( ) =V ( + + )
-

-
5. Thus, = + + -⟹ R =
- -

10. State Ohm’s law. Suggest an experiment to verify it and explain the procedure?
(OR) Suggest an experiment to show the ratio of potential difference and current is constant. How
can you conduct it?

Ohm’s law: -Ohm’s law states that the potential difference between the ends of a conductor is
directly proportional to the electrical current passing through it.
Aim: - To verify Ohm’s law.
Material Required: - Battery, rheostat, Resistance, Ammeter, Voltmeter and wire.
Procedure: -1. Connections are made as shown in the figure.
2. By changing the position of the rheostat, change the flow of current in the circuit.
3. Note the reading in the voltmeter and ammeter and tabulated below.
S.No Voltmeter Reading(V) Ammeter Reading .
R= %
(i)
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. From the above table we observe that = constant. This is equeal to resistance of the wire.
5. So, Ohm’s law is verified.

11. Derive Faraday’s law of induction from conservation of energy?


1. Connections are made as shown in the figure.
2. the force applied by the cross wire is given by, F = BIl -------(1)
3. The work done by us in moving the cross wire convert into electrical energy.
4. So, Work, W = Fs=BIls-------(2)
⇒ W = (Bls)I = (∆Φ) I ( since ∆Φ= Bls)
5. Deviding both sides of this equation with ∆t.
/ ∆Φ
We get ∆ = (Φ )I
∆Φ
⇒ Power, p = εI (Since induced emf, ε = Φ )

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 12
6. Thus the electrical power generated in the circuit is equeal to product of induced emf and current.
7. This is nothing but conservation of energy.

12. Explain the working of electric motor with a neat diagram?

Parement Magnets

magnetic lines

Rectangular coil
Slip rings
carbon brushes

Working: 1.An electric motor consists of a rectangular coil ABCD called armature and kept
in between the parements magnets as shown in the figure.
2. When current is passing through the coil armature gets half rotation.
3. But the Coil continuous the rotation because of rotational inertia of motion.
4. In the same way couple rotates the coil in the same direction.
5. It is the working of an electrical motor.

13. Explain the working of AC electric generator with a neat diagram?

Parement Magnets

Rectangular coil

Working of an Ac elector generator:-


1. Consider the rectangular coil is held between the poles of curve-shaped permanent magnet as
shown in the figure.
2. As the coil rotates, the magnetic flux passing through coil changes and an induced current is
generated in the coil.
3. The current obtained by this process changes its direction alternatively.
4. This current is called alternating current (AC).

14. Explain the working of DC generator with a neat diagram?


Working of a DC generator:1. Consider the rectangular coil is held between the poles of curve-
shaped permanent magnet as shown in the figure.
2. As the coil rotates, the magnetic flux passing through coil changes and an induced current is
generated in the coil.
3. The current obtained by this process cannot change its direction.
4. This current is called Direct current (DC).

Note : Draw the Dc generator for this question

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 13

15. A house has 3 tube lights, two fans and a Television. Each tube light draws 40W. The fan draws
80W and the Television draw 60W. On the average, if all the tube lights are kept on for five
day.
hours, two fans for 12 hours and the television for five hours every day. Find the cost of electric
energy used in 30 days at the rate of Rs. 3.00 per KWH ?

1(-2 23) ( 24 2 ) (325 )6-


Total consumption of current in 30 days = Watts

(5 7 - )- 4 2 - 4 2 -
= = = = 84.6 Watts

Cost of 1 unit charge = Rs. 3.00/-


∴ Cost of 84.6 Watts = 84.6 x 3 = Rs. 253.8/-

IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS

1. Draw the ray diagrams of reflection of light by concave mirror in the following cases?
a). When an object is placed on the principle axis of a concave mirror away from the centre of
curvature? (Page-59, Fig-24)
b). When an object is placed on the principle axis of a concave mirror between the mirror
(pole) and focal point? (Page-59, Fig-25)
c). When an object is placed on the principle axis of a concave mirror between focal point and
centre of curvature?
d). When an object is placed on the principle axis of a concave mirror on focal point?
(Page-60, Fig-26)
e). When an object is placed on the principle axis of a concave mirror on centre of curvature?
(Page-60, Fig-27)
2. Draw the ray diagrams for image formation by convex lens in the following cases?
a). When the object is placed beyond the centre of curvature? (Page-123, Fig-13)
b). When the object on the centre of curvature? (Page-123, Fig-14)
c). When the object is placed between the centre of curvature&focal point?(Page-123,Fig-15)
d). When the object is placed on focal point? (Page-123, Fig-16)
e). When the object is placed between focal point and optic centre? (Page-124, Fig-17)
f). When the object is placed at infinity distance from centre of curvature? (Page-120, Fog-8{a})

3. Draw the diagram of magnetic field lines when current passes through the solenoid and labeled the
parts? (page-266, Fig-6{b})
4. Draw a neat diagram of Electric Motor and labelled the parts (Page-273, Fig 12(d))
5. Draw a neat diagram of AC generator and labelled the parts (Page-280, Fig-17(a))
6. Draw a neat diagram of DC generator and labelled the parts (Page-282, Fig-17(c))

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 14

CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS


2MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Why does respiration considered as an exothermic reaction?
1. The starch present in our food breaks down to form glucose.
2. This glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and releases energy.
3. So it is considered as an exothermic reaction.
4. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +Q (Energy)

2. What do you meant by corrosion? How can you prevent it?


1. When some metals are exposed to moisture, acids, etc., they tarnish due to the formation of
respective metal oxide on their surface. This process is called corrosion.
2. Corrosion can be prevented by shielding the metal surface, painting, oiling, greasing,
galvanizing, chrome plating or making alloys.

3. Explain rancidity?How can you prevent it?


Rancidity: -1. Rancidity is an oxidation reaction. When fats and oils are oxidized they become
rancid. Their smell and taste changes.
2. Oxidation reactions in food material that were left for a long period are responsible for
spoiling of food.
3. Rancidity can be prevented by adding preservatives like vitamin C and vitamin E and also
anti oxidants.

4. Write the differences between oxidation and reduction? Give some examples?
Oxidation :- ‘Oxidation’ is a reaction that involves the addition of oxygen or removal of
hydrogen.
Ex :- S + O2 → SO2 (Addition of oxygen to sulphur)

Reduction :- ‘Reduction’ is a reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen or removal of


oxygen.
Ex :- H2S +I2 → 2HI +S (Removal of hydrogen from H2S)

5. What are exothermic and endothermic reactions?


Exothermic reactions :- In some chemical reactions heat energy is liberated is called
exothermic reactions.
Ex :- C + O2 → CO2 ∆H = -393.5 KJ (Exothermic reaction)

Endothermic reactions :- In some chemical reactions heat energy ig observed is called


endothermic reactions.
Ex:- C(graphite) + 2H2 → CH4 ∆H = +74.25 KJ (Endothermic reaction)

6. What is a neutralization reaction? Give two examples?


Neutralization reaction :- The reaction of an acid with a base to give a salt and water is
known as neutralization reaction.
Ex: Na OH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

7. What are antacids? Give an example?


Antacids:- 1. Antacids are mild alkaloids.
2. These are used for getting relief from acidity and indigestion of stomach.

Ex: - Milk of Magnesia[Mg(OH)2] is an antacid.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 15
8. Why does tooth decay start when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5?
If the PH of the mouth will be less than 5.5 then the tooth enamel is corroded.

9. Plaster of Paris should be stored in moisture – proof container. Explain why?


1. Plaster of Paris is a white powder and on mixing with water, it sets into hard solid mass
due to the formation of Gypsum.
2. So, it should be stored in moisture – proof container.

10. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How does the pH change as it turns to curd.Explain your answer?
1. When milk is turns to curd the lactobacillus keeps growing and it breaking down the lactose in
to lactic acid which acidified the milk even further.
2. So, the pH value of the curd is changed.

11. Which What are olfactory indicators? Give an example?


Olfactory indicators :- Olfactory indicators are substances which have different odor in acid and base
solutions.
Ex:- Onion and Vanilla essence.

12. i. An electron in an atom has the following set of four quantum numbers to which orbital it
belongs to:
ii. Write the four quantum numbers for 1SI electron.
n l ml ms
2 0 0 +
i. 1. According to given set of four quantum numbers, the orbital to which the electron
belongs to 2S.
2. By nlx method, it is 2S1.

ii. The four quantum number values for 1S1 electron are as follows:
Orbital n l ml ms
1S1 2 0 0 +

13. How many elliptical orbits are added by Somerfield in third Bohr’s orbit? What was the purpose
of adding these elliptical orbits?

Somerfield added two elliptical orbits to Bohr’s third orbit.


Purpose:- 1. Bohr’s atomic model fails to explain atomic spectra.
2. So, Somerfield modified Bohr’s atomic model by adding elliptical orbits to explain the
fine spectrum.

14. Rainbow is an example for continuous spectrum – explain?

1. Seven colours namely Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red (VIBGYOR) in a
rainbow.
2. The colours in a rainbow spread continuously from one point to another.
3. Therefore rainbow is a continuous spectrum.

15. What information does the quantum numbers provide?


The three quantum numbers n, l, and ml describe the size (energy), shape, and orientation,
respectively, of an atomic orbital in space.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 16
16. Using the periodic table, predict the formula of compound formed between and element ‘X’ of
group 13 and another element Y of group 16.
1. The valence of 13th group element X is 3.
2. The valence of 16th group element Y is 2.
3. The formula of the compound is X2Y3.

17. An element X belongs to3rd period and group 2 of the periodic table. State
(a) The no. of valence electrons (b) The valence (c) Whether it is metal or a non-metal. (Q.no-22)
1. The number of valence electrons is 2.
2. The valence of element is +2.
3. It is a metal.

18. State Newland’s law of octaves. Write two limitations of this law?
New land’s law of octaves :- 1. Newland arrange the elements in ascending order of their atomic
weights.
2. Every 8th element starting from a given element resembles in its properties to that of the starting
element.
3. This hypothesis is called Newland concept of octaves.

Limitations :- Certain elements totally dissimilar in their properties were fitted into the same group.

19. Why does Sodium always form a cation where as Fluorine atom always forms an anion?
When sodium (Na) atom loses one electron to get octet electron configuration it forms a cation (Na+)
and gets electron configuration that of Neon (Ne) atom.
11Na → 11Na
+
+ e-

20. Give the reason for low melting point for covalent compound when compared with ionic
compounds?
1. The forces of attractions among ionic compounds are strong.
2. The forces of attractions among covalent molecules are weak.
3. Therefore, covalent compounds has low melting and boiling point compare than ionic compound.

21. What is octant rule? How do you appreciate role of the ‘octant rule’ in explaining the chemical
properties of elements?
Octant rule:- The atoms of the elements contain eight electrons in the valency shell is called
octant rule.
Role of octant in chemical properties of elements: 1. All the inert gases have octant configuration
except helium.
2. So, they do not participate any chemical reactions.
3. If any group of elements try to get octant configuration by losing or sharing of electrons because
of stability.
4. In this way, the octant rule helps in explaining the chemical properties of elements.

22. A chemical compound has the following Lewis notation:

a. How many valence electrons does element Y have? Ans: 6


b. What is the valence of element Y? Ans: 2
c. What is the valence of element X? Ans: 1
d. How many covalent bonds are in the molecule? Ans: Two
e. Suggest a name for the elements X and Y.
Ans: ‘X’ is hydrogen and ‘Y’ is oxygen. The molecule formed here is H2O (Water).

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 17
23. What is hybridization? Explain the formation of the following molecules using hybridization.
a). Be Cl2 b). BF3
Hybridization: Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbital’s
suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.

Formation of Be Cl2 : 1. The electronic configuration of ‘Be' is 1S2 2S2.


2. The electronic configuration of ‘Cl' is 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3Px2 3Py2 3Pz1.
3. Now the 2Px1 orbital of ‘Be' atom reacts with 3Pz1 orbital of ‘Cl' and forms BeCl2 as shown below.

Formation of BF3 : 1. The electronic configuration of ‘B’ is 1S2 2S2 2Px1.


2. The electronic configuration of ‘F’ is 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S1
3. Now the three 3S1 orbital’s of the ‘B’ atom react with 2S1 2Px1 2Py1orbital of ‘F’ and forms BF3 as
shown below.

24. What is thermite process? Mention its applications in daily life?


Thermite process: Thermite process involves the chemical reaction of metal oxides with aluminum.

Applications in daily life: 1. In this process the reaction of Iron oxide (Fe2O3) with Aliminium is
used to join the railway tracks or cracked machine parts.

25. Write a note on ore dressing in metallurgy?


1. Dressing means simply getting rid of as much of the unwanted rocky material as possible before
the ore is converted to the metal.
2. The methods of dressing or concentration of ore and gangue.
a. Hand Picking b. Washing c. Froth flotation. d. Magnetic Separation.

26. Write short notes on each of the following: 1. Roasting 2. Calcination 3. Smelting.
1. Roasting: Roasting is a process of heating the ore strongly in a free supply of air or oxygen.
Ex: 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) →2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)

2. Calcination: Calcination is a process of heating the ore strongly in the absence of air or oxygen.
Ex: MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g)

3. Smelting: Roasting is a process of heating the ore strongly in a free supply of air or oxygen.
Ex: The following reactions are takes place inside the furnace.
2C(s) + O2 → 2CO
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO (g) →2Fe (l) + 3CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2
CaO(s) + SiO2(s) → CaSiO3(l)

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 18
27. Give an example for estarification reaction?
Estarification reaction :- The reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of
conc. H2SO4 to form a swept odoured substance, ester with functional group is called estarification.
.
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH CH3COOH CH2 CH3 +H2O

28. What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?
(OR) Explain how sodium ethoxide is obtained from ethanol? Give chemical equations?
When ethanol is react with sodium to liberate hydrogen and form sodium ethoxide.
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2↑

29. Define homologoes series of carbon compounds? Give examples?


Homologoes series: The series of carbon compounds in which two successive compounds differ by
– CH2 unit is called Homologous series.
Ex: - Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes etc.

When ethanol is react with sodium to liberate hydrogen and form sodium ethoxide.
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2

31. How do you appreciate the role of esters in everyday life?


1. Esters having sweet or pleasant fruity smell.
2. Esters are used in the manufacturs of madicines and vitamins.
3. So, I appreciate the role of esters in everyday life.

1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
We apply paint on iron articles to shield their surfaces from oxygen and moisture to prevent the
corrosion.

2. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal?


Hydrogen (H2) gas.

3. What is the use of keeping food in air tight containers?


1. Keeping food in air tight containers helps to slow down oxidation process.
2. So that we can avoid spoiling of food.

4. What is baking powder? How does it make the cake soft and spongy?
Baking powder: 1. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid.
2. Carbon dioxide produced during the reaction causes bread or cake to rise making them soft and
spongy.
NaHCO3 + H+ → Na+ + CO2 + H2O

5. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda?


Uses of washing soda: 1. It is used in glass and soap and paper industries.
2. It is also used for removing permanent hardness of water.
Uses of baking soda: 1. Baking soda is an ingredient in antacids.
2. It is also used in fire extinguishers and acts as mild antiseptic.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 19
6. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not
water to the acid?
1. If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out
and cause burns.
2. The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.

7. Write any two uses of Bleaching powder?


Uses of Bleaching Powder:-
1. It is used in the textile industry for bleaching washed clothes in laundry.
2. Used as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries.
3. Used for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.
4. Used as a reagent in the preparation of chloroform.

8. What happens when an acid or base is mixed with water?


1. When an acid or base is mixed with water its concentration is decreases means diluted.
2. In this process heat is liberated.

9. Why pure acetic acid does not turn blue Litmus to Red?
Pure acetic acid not containing the H+ ions. So, it does not turn blue litmus to red.

10. Define PH ?
PH :- 1. The negative logarithm of H+ ions concentration is called pH.
2. PH was introduced by Sorenson.

11. What will happen if the pH value in our body increases?


The pH value of our body increases it should be raise the digestive problems.

12. Is the substance present in antacid tablet acidic or basis?


The substance present in the antacid is mild base.

13. What is the value of Plank’s constant?


h = 6.626 X 10-34 Js (or) 6.626 X 10-27 erg.s

14. What is electromagnetic spectrum?


Electromagnetic spectrum :- 1. Electromagnetic waves can have a wide variety of wavelengths.
2. The entire range of wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.

15. Which rule is violated in the electronic configuration of 1s0 2s2 2p4 ?
Hund’s rule.

16. What are degenerate orbital’s?


Orbital which have same energy are called degenerate orbital’s

17. How many ml values are possible for l = 3?


The possible ml values for l = 3 are 7 they are -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3.

18. Write the electronic configuration of ‘Cr’ and ‘Cu’?


Cr = 24 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 (or) [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Cu = 29 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 (or) [Ar] 4s1 3d10

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 20
19. What is meant by Dobernier triad and give one example?
1. Dobernier arranged the elements in ascending order of their atomic weights.
2. the atomic weight of the middle element is the average of the atomic weights of the first and third
elements.
3. This statement is called the Dobereiner’s law of triads.
Ex:- Li. Na, K

20. Comment on the position of hydrogen in periodic table ?


1. The element Hydrogen belongs to IA group of the periodic table.
2. Hydrogen electronic configuration is 1S1.
3. So, no fixed position to be given to hydrogen in the periodic table.

21. Represent each of the following atoms using Lewis notation:


a. Beryllium b. Calcium c. Lithium

Be Ca Li

22. Represent the molecule H2O using Lewis notation?


One atom of oxygen shares its two electrons with two hydrogen atoms to form a water molecule.

23. What is meant by a Metallurgy?


Metallurgy :- “Metallurgy is the process of extraction of metals from their ores”.

24. Give any two examples of ores with their formulas?


Ore Formula
Bauxite Al2O3 2H2O
Cinnabar HgS

25. Define the terms 1. Gangue 2. Slag.


Gangue:- The impurity present in the ore is called Gangue.
Slag:- Slag is a feasible material which combines the flux and impurities.

26. Give the name functional group (i) –CHO (ii) –C=O.
i. –CHO is Aldehyde. Ii. –C=O is Ketone.

27. Define allotropy? Give an example?


Allotropy :- The occurrence of same element in two or more different forms is known as allotropy.
Ex :- Diamond and Graphite.

28. What is Vinegar? Give its uses?


5 – 8% solution of acetic acid in water is called Vinegar. It is used to preserve pickle for long time.
Acetic acid is present in the vinegar.

29. What is a catenation?


Catenation :- Catenation is the phenomenon in which atoms of same element join together to form a
long chain.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 21
30. What is misalle?
Misalle :- A spherical aggregate of soap molecules in water is called “Misalle”

4 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Write the types of chemical reactions with examples?


1. Chemical Combination:- A reaction in which single product is formed from two or more
reactants is known as chemical combination reaction.
Ex:- 2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s)

2. Decompostion Reaction:- When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating, it is called


thermal decomposition reaction.

Ex:- CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO2 (g)

3. Chemical displacement reaction:- In a displacement reaction one element replaces another


element from its compound.
Ex:- Zn + CuSO4→ZnSO4 + Cu

4. Chemical double displacement reaction:In a double displacement reaction the reactants


exchange their constituents chemically and form two new compounds.
Ex:BaCl2 + Na2SO4→BaSO4 + 2NaCl

2. Balance the following chemical equations.


a) Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver.
b) Aluminum + copper chloride → Aluminum chloride + Copper.
c) Hydrogen + Chlorine. → Hydrogen chloride.
d) Ammonium nitrate → Nitrogen + Carbon dioxide + water.

Balanced chemical equations:-


a) Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver.
Zn + 2AgNO3→ Zn (NO3)2 +2Ag

b) Aluminum + copper chloride → Aluminum chloride + Copper.


2 Al + 3 Cu Cl2→2 Al Cl3+ 3Cu

c) Hydrogen + Chlorine→ Hydrogen chloride.


H2+ Cl2→ 2 HCl

d) Ammonium nitrate → Nitrogen + Oxygen + water.


2NH4NO3→2N2 + O2 + 4H2O

3. A light yellow colour substance on a watch glass is planced in the sun light and change into gray colour.

a). What is the light yellow substance? Ans :- Silver bromide (light yellow colour)
b). What is the gray colour substance? Ans :- Silver metal.
c). Which type of chemical reaction it is? Ans:- Photochemical reactions.

d). Write the chemical equation for the reaction? Ans :- 2AgBr(s) 2 Ag (s) + Br2 (g)

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 22
4. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen but are not categorized as acids.
Describe an activity to prove it?

1. Prepare a solution of glucose and alcohol.


2. This solution is keeping in a beaker and arranges the two electrodes as shown in the figure.
3. We will notice that the bulb does not glow in both glucose and alcohol solutions.
4. This indicates that solutions of both glucose and alcohol do not have H+ ions which carry
electricity through them.
5. Hence, the compounds of glucose and alcohol are not categorized as acids.

5. Define the terms? a). Strong acid b). Weak acid c). Strong base d). Weak base

a). Strong acids:- An acid which is completely ionized in water and thus produces a large amount of
hydrogen ions is called strong acid.
HCl (aq) → H (aq) + Cl- (aq)
+

b). Weak acids:- An acid which is partially ionized in water and thus produces a small amount of
hydrogen ions is called a weak acid.
CH3COOH(aq) → CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

c). Strong base:- A base which completely ionizes in water and thus produces a large amount of
hydroxide ions (oH-) is called strong base.
NaoH (s) + water→ Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

d). Weak base:- A base which is partially ionized in water and thus produces a small amount of
hydroxide ions is called a weak base.
-
Mg(OH)2 (s) +Water → Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq)

6. What is meant by water crystallization of a substance ? Describe an activity to show the water of
crystallization?
Water of crystallization:- Water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecules
Chemically attaches to each formula unit of a salt in its crystalline form.

Activity :- 1. Take a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry test tube and heat the test tube.
2. After heating the blue colour of the copper sulphate turns to white.
3. Add few drops of water to white coloured copper sulphate returns to blue colour.
4. When these crystals are heated, water present in crystals is evaporated and the salt turns white.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 23
7. Explain the significance of three Quantum numbers in predicting the position ns of an electron in
an atom?
1. The principle quantum number (n) gives the size and energy of the orbit.
2. The angular momentum quantum number (l ) gives the shape of the sub-shell.
3. The magnetic quantum number (m) gives the orientation of the orbital in the presence of
magnetic field.

8. a. How many maximum number of electrons can be accommodated in a principal energy shell?
b. How many maximum number of electrons can be accommodated in a sub shell?
c. How many maximum number of electrons can be accommodated in an orbital?
d. How many sub shells will be present in a principal energy shell?
e. How many spin orientations are possible for an electron in an orbital?
a. ‘2n2’, where n is the principle quantum number.
b. 2(2l +1), where l = 0,1,2,3….
c. 2.
d. The number of sub shells will be present in a principal energy shell is ‘n’
e. The spin orientation of the electron is clockwise (↑) and anticlockwise (↓) direction. They are
represented by + and - .

9. In an atom the number of electrons in m shell is equeal to the number of electrons in the K and L
shell. Answer the following questions?
a. Which is the outer most shell? Ans :- M-Shell.
b. How many electrons are there in its outermost shell? Ans :- 10 electrons .
c. What is the atomic number of an element? Ans :- Atomic number is 20.
d. Write the electronic configuration of the element? Ans :- 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2.

10. Define the modern periodic Law. Discuss the construction of the long form of the periodic table?
Modern Periodic Law: The properties of the elements are the periodic functions of their atomic
number.
Long form of the periodic table: 1. The modern periodic table has 7 periods and 18 groups.
2. The first periodic has two elements.
3. Second and third period have 8 elements in each.
4. Fourth and fifth periods have 18 elements in each.
5. Fifth period has 18 elements.
6. Sixth period has 32 elements. It is the longest period.
7. Seventh period is incomplete.
8. Lanthanides and Actinides are placed at the bottom of the periodic table.

11. Explain how the elements are classified into s, p, d and f- block elements in the periodic table and
give the advantage of this kind of classification?

S- Block elements: 1. The valence electrons enter into s-orbital is called s- block elements.
2. The general electronic configuration of s-block elements is ns1 to ns2.

P- Block elements: 1. The valence electron enter into p-orbital is called p-block elements.
2. The general electronic configuration of p-block elements is ns2 np1 to ns2 np6.

d- Block elements: 1. The valence electron enter into d- orbital is called d-block elements.
2. The general electronic configuration of d-block elements is (n-1) d1-10 ns1 or 2 .

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 24
f- Block elements: 1. Inner transition elements are called f- block elements.
2. The lanthanides and actinides are belongs to f-block elements.

12. What is a periodic property? How does the following change in a group and period? Explain?
i. (a) Atomic radius (b) Iodization energy (c) Electron affinity (d) Electron negativity.
S.No Periodic property Period Group
1 Atomic radius Decreases Increases
2 Iodization energy Do not follow any Decreases
regular trend.
3 Electron affinity Increases Decreases
4 Electron negativity Increases Decreases

13. What is ionization energy? What are the factors that effecting the ionization energy?
Ionization energy :- Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from
the outer most orbital of an gaseous state atom.
Factors :- 1. Nuclear charge.
2. Screening effect or sheilding effect.
3. Penetration power of the orbitals.
4. Stable configuration.
5. Atomic radius.

14. Explain the formation of the following molecules using valence bond theory.
a) Formation of N2 molecule. b) Formation of O2 molecule.

a) Formation of N2 molecule:- 1. The electronic configuration of ‘N’ atom is 1S2 2S2 2P3.
2. Nitrogen has three unpaired electrons in the ‘P’ orbital.
3. When two nitrogen atoms approach each other, the bond is formed in between two nitrogen
atoms by sharing of electrons.
4. Therefore, there is a triple bond between two nitrogen atoms in N2 molecule.

b) Formation of O2 molecule:- 1. The electronic configuration of oxygen atom is 1S2 2S2 2P4.
2. Oxygen has two un paired electrons in the ‘P’ orbital.
3. When two oxygen atoms approach each other, the bond is formed in between two oxygen atoms
by sharing of electrons.
4. Therefore, there is a double bond between two oxygen atoms in O2 molecule.

15. Write short notes on froth floatation process?


1. This method is mainly useful for sulphide ores.
2. The ore with impurities is finely powdered and kept in water taken in a floatation cell.
3. Air under pressure is blown to produce froth in water.
4. Froth is obtained, takes the ore particles to the surface where as impurities settle at the bottom.
5. Froth is separated and washed to get ore particles.

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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 25
16. What is the activity series? How it helps in extraction of metals?
Activity Series: 1. Arrangement of the metals in descending order of their reactivity is known as
activity series.
, !, !,"#,$% - ,.),/0, 1 $#, 1
2. The activity series of metal is ,
&#' ()! *&+&*,
,
" 2)(!*) ()! *&+&*,
.
3 4 ()! *&+&*,

The advantage of activity series in extraction of metals:


1. It is very useful to judge the nature of metal and how it exists.
2. High reactive metals are so reactive that they never found the nature in free state.
3. Moderate reactive metals are found in the earth crust mainly as oxides, sulphides and
carbonates.
4. The least reactive metals are found even in free state in nature.

17. Explain the cleaning action of soap?


Cleaning action of soap:- 1. Every soap molecule has two parts namely hydrocarbon (non polar)
and carboxyl end (polar).
2. When a dirty cloth is inserted in the solution then the hydrocarbon end (Hydrophobic) sticks to the
dirt or oil and second part of Hydrophilic end directed toward the water side.
3. The molecule of soap surround the dirt particles at the centre of the cluster and form a spherical
structure called miscall.
4. With little agitation the dirt particles get entrapped by the soap miscalls and get dispersed in water.
5. Due to which the soap water gets dirty and cloth gets cleaned.

IMPORTENT DIAGRAMS
1. We know the ratio of Hydrogen and oxygen in water is 2:1, what type experimental arrangement
you prefer in order to prove the above fact? Explain with diagram?
(OR)
Draw a neat diagram of representation of Electrolysis of water. (Page-33)

2. How do you draw a neat diagram of Acidic solution in water conducts electricity, and labelled the parts?
(Page-76)
3. Draw the shape of S-orbital, P-orbital and D-orbital’s. (Page-168)
4. Draw the diagram of electromagnetic waves and labelled the parts? (Page-161)
5. Draw a neat diagram of sequence of filling up of electrons into an orbital.
(OR)
Draw a Moeller Chart showing the increasing order of energy levels of various orbitals. (Page-172)
7. Draw the diagram of Froth Floatation process for the concentration of of sulphide ores? (Page-290)
8. Draw a neat diagram of Magnetic separation of enrichment of ore and labelled the parts? (Page-290)
9. Draw the neat diagram of Blast Furnace and labelled the parts. (Page-298)
10. Draw a neat diagram of Reverberatory Furnance and labelled the parts? (Page-298)

Note: - 1. Practice the IUPAC names of Carbon compounds list out in our text book.
2. While you are writing the IUPAC names of Carbon compounds take the help of your
consultant subject teacher.

WRITTEN BY : GALI SREEKAR, CHIRALA MANDALAM, PRAKASAM. 9440234404, 9700842884

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