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2. If you are chilly outside the shower stall, why do you feel warm after the bath if you stay in
bathroom?
1. In the bathroom, the number of vapor molecules per unit volume is greater than number of
vapor molecules per unit volume outside the room.
2. When you try to dry yourself with a towel, the vapor molecules surrounding you condense on
your skin and this condensation makes you feel warm.
4. What role does specific heat capacity play in a watermelon to keep it cool for long time after
removing it from a fridge on a hot day?
1.Water melon contains large percentage of water.
2.Water has higher specific heat value.
3. Hence watermelon takes lot of time for cooling when compared to other fruits in a fridge.
Evaporation Boiling
1. Evaporation is surface phenomenon and 1. Boiling is warming process.
cooling process.
2. Evopration takes place at any temperature. 2. Boiling occurs at a definite temperature.
8. By observing steel vessels and different images in them; Surya, a third class student asked some
questions his elder sister Vidya. What may be those questions?
1. Why the image is not cleared visible?
2. Why the image is blurred?
3. Why the image is not as clear as in mirror?
4. Why the image sometimes enlarged?
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10. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in the vehicles?
1. Convex mirror always forms an erect and virtual image of the behind vehicle in the small mirror.
2. So, we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in the vehicles.
11. How do you appreciate the use of reflection of light by concave mirror in making of TV antenna
dishes?
1. In a concave mirror all reflected rays intersected at focal point.
2. The concave shape of a dish antenna helps to reflect the signal to the focal point of the dish.
3. A device known as feed horn is mounted at the focal point which gathers the signals and sends to a
processing unit.
4. So, I appreciate the working process of T.V. antenna dishes.
14. Why does a diamond shine more than a glass piece cut to the same shape?
1. Diamond exhibits the property of total internal reflection due to its high refractive index and
low critical angle.
2. So, diamond shine more than a glass piece cut to the same shape.
15. Collect the information about lenses used by Galileo in his telescope? (Q.no-15)
Galileo Telescope :- 1. Galileo telescope consists of two lenses.
2. Convex lens of large focal length. It is called objective lens.
3.Concave lens of short focal length. It is called eye piece.
4. The eye piece forms the final and magnifying image.
Formation of Mirages:-1. During the hot summer day, air just above the road surface is very hot
and the air at higher altitudes is cool.
2. Light travels faster through the thinner hot air than through, the denser cool air above it.
3. When light falls from tall object such as tree or from the sky passes through a medium just above
the road.
4. Due to the refraction of light, we fell the illusion of water being present on road.
5. This is called a mirage.
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17. A convex lens is made up of three different materials as shown in the figure. How many of images
does it forms?
1. The lens made of three different materials of refractive indices say n1, n2 and n3 have three focal
lengths.
2. It forms three images as shown in the figure.
18. Expalin briefly the reason for the blue of the sky?
1. The reason for the appearance of sky in blue colour is due to the phenomenon of scattering of
sunlight by the atoms or molecules present in the sky.
2. Our atmosphere contains Nitrogen(N2) and Oxygen(O2).
3. These molecule act as scattering centers for scattering of Blue light.
4. So the sky appears to be Blue in colour.
19. If a white sheet of paper is stained with oil, the paper turns transparent. Why?
1. The refractive index of oil and refractive index of paper is same.
2. So, light passes from oil to paper become transparent.
20. A person is viewing distant object. If a converging lens is placed in front of his eye. Will he feel
that the size of object has increased? Why?
1. Yes, if a converging lens is placed in front of his eye he will tell that the size of object has
increased.
2. Because converging lens is a magnifying lens.
21. Why sun appears white in noon and red at sun set or sunrise?
1. During sunrise and sunset, except red light all colours scatter more and vanish before they
reach you.
2.As a result sun appears red in colour during sunrise and sunset.
3. During noon hours, all colours reach your eye without much scattering.
4. Hence the sun appears white during noon hours.
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24. What are ohmic and non-ohmic conductors? Give some examples for them?
1. The material which obey Ohm’s law are called ohmic conductors.
Ex :- All metals.
2. The material which do not obey Ohm’s law are called non-ohmic conductors.
Ex :- LEDs are non ohmic materials.
25. What do you mean by electric shock? Explain how it takes place? (OR)
What happens to our body if we touches a current wire of 240V? (See Page-239)
1. The current passing through our body when we touch a live wire of 240V is given by,
I= = 0.0024A.
2. Due to this functioning of organs inside our body get disturbed.
3. This disturbance inside our body is felt as electric shock.
27. What are the factors one which the resistance of conductor depends? Give the corresponds the
relation? (OR) Derive R = ρ .
1. The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
i.e., R∝ …… (1)
2. The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to the area of a cross section of the
conductor.
i.e., R ∝ …… (2)
3. From (1) and (2), we get R ∝ ⟹ R = ρ , Where ‘ρ’ is a constant called specific resistance.
29. A bar magnet with North Pole facing towards coil moves as shown in fig. What happens to
magnetic flux passing through the coil?
If a bar magnet with north pole facing towards the coil then the magnetic flux passing
through a coil then current is generated in the coil.
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1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Covert 200C into Kelvin scale?
Temperature in Kelvin =273 + Temperature in Celsius degrees.
20oC =273+20 =293 K
3. Explain why dog pant during hot summer days using the concept of evaporation?
1. Dogs pants on hot days because they are trying to cool down just like we sweat on a hot days.
2. So, dogs pant to regulate their body temperature.
4. Equal amounts of water are kept in a cap and in a dish. Which will evaporate faster? Why?
1. Evaporation depends on the surface area.
2. Hence, the water kept in dish will evaporate faster than the cap.
6. What do you know about the terms given below related to spherical mirrors?
a) Pole b) Centre of curvature c) Focus d) Focal length e) Principal axis
a) Pole: - The midpoint (Geometrical centre) of the mirror is called pole (P) of the mirror.
b) Centre of curvature: - All normals of concave mirror will converge towards a point. This point is
called centre of curvature(C) of the mirror.
c) Focus: - All the reflected ray of concave mirror is intersecting at one point on the principle axis
is called focus or focal point (F).
e) Focal length: - The distance between pole and focal point of a mirror is called focal length (f).
f) Principal axis: - The horizontal line which passes through the centre of curvature and pole is
called central axis or principal axis of the mirror.
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12. Write the lens makers formula and explain the terms in it?
Lens makers formula is = (n-1) [ - ]
Here f = Focal length
R1 and R2 are radii of curvature.
n = Refractive index.
14. Suppose you are inside the water in a swimming part near an edge. A friend standing on the edge.
Do you find your friend taller or shorter than his usual height? Why?
My friend appears to be taller.
Reason:- 1. The light rays of my friend travelling from rarer to denser medium.
2. These rays bends towards normal line so apparent image of my friend which appears to be taller
due to refraction.
15. A man wants to get a picture of a zebra. He photographed a white donkey after fitting a glass, with
black stripes, on to the lens of his camera. What photo will he get? Explain. (AS1)
1. Photographer will get a picture of white donkey only.
2. Because every part of lens forms an image so if we cover lens with, stripes still it forms a complete
image.
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22. Why does a bird not get the shock when it stands on a ahigh voltage wire?
1. When the bird stands on a high voltage wire, there is no potential difference between the legs of
the bird because it stands on a single wire.
2. So no current passes through the bird. Hence, it doesn’t feel any electric shock.
25. Why does the picture appear distorted when a bar magnet is brought close to the screen of a
television? Explain?
1. When a bar magnet is brought close to the screen of a television the picture appear destroyed.
2. This is due to the fact that magnetic field exerts a force on the moving charge.
30. Which of the various methods of current generation protects the nature well? Give examples to
support your answer. (AS7)
1. Tidal energy.
2. Hydro electric energy.
3. Wind energy.
4. Solar energy.
IMPORTANT PROBLEMS
1. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm find the position
and nature of image.
2. If refractive index of glass is 3/2, then what is speed of light in glass?
3. The focal length of a converging lens is 20cm. An object is 60cm from the lens. Where will the image
be formed and what king of image is it?
4. Doctor advised to use 2D lens. What is its focal length?
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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 8
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain the procedure of finding specific heat of solid experimentally.
(OR) Sunnyleon wants to place a lid of more specific heat on a cooking vessel. For that she
wants to know the specific heat of aluminium and copper. What are the appratus she required ?
How would she conducts this experiment?
( ) ! ("# " )
Sl = ( # ) (" "# )
2. How do you appreciate the role of higher specific capacity value of water in stabilizing
atmospheric temperature during winter and summer seasons?
$%& %
3. How do you verify experimentally that $%& ' is constant?
(OR)
Derive the formula of relation between angle of incident and angle of refraction of a prism?
Aim: -To verify that is a constant.
Materials required:-A plank, white chart, protractor, scale, small black painted plank, a
semicircular glass disc of thickness nearly 2cm pencil and laser light.
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5. Repeat this experiment with various values of angle of incidence, refraction and noted
below.
S.No i r Sin i Sin r ()*)
()*+
6. From the above table we observe that
is a constant.
Formation of Rainbow: - 1. The beautiful colours of rainbow are due to dispersion of the sunlight
by millions of tiny water droplets.
2. Let us consider a case of an individual water drop.
3. The ray of sunlight enters the drop near its top surface.
4. At this first refraction, the white light is dispersed into its spectrum of colours, violet being
deviated the most and red the least.
5. If you see at an angle between 400 and 420, you will observe remaining colours of VIBGYOR.
5. Collect the information on working of optical fibres. Prepare a report about various uses of optical
gibes our daily life.
(OR) While doing heart operation Bin Laden observed that a thin pipe is passed to observe
internal parts on a computer screen. He come to know that it was an optical fibre. How does the
optical fibre works?
Working:-
1. In a optical fibre total internal reflection takes place as shown in the figure.
2. The light is thus transmitted along the fibre.
Uses:-
1. Optical fibre are used in endoscopy to see the internal organs of out body.
2. Optical fibres are used in transmitting communication signals through light pipe.
3. Optical fibres are used in international telephone cables and large computer network etc.
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6. How do you correct the eye defect, Myopia?
(OR) Prabhas, a tenth class boy sitting last bench of the class room. He was unable to see the letters
on the black board clearly.Which type of eye defect he suffered? How would you correct it?
Myopia: - 1. The defect in which people cannot see objects beyond far point is called Myopia.
2. Myopia is also known as ‘near sightednesses’.
Hypermetropia: - 1.The defect in which people cannot see objects before near point is called
Hypermetropia.
2. Hypermetropia is also known as ‘farsighted nesses.
8. Deduce the expression for the equivalent resistance of the three resistors connected in series?
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9. Deduce the expression for the equivalent resistance of the three resistors connected in parallels?
V ( ) =V ( + + )
-
-
5. Thus, = + + -⟹ R =
- -
10. State Ohm’s law. Suggest an experiment to verify it and explain the procedure?
(OR) Suggest an experiment to show the ratio of potential difference and current is constant. How
can you conduct it?
Ohm’s law: -Ohm’s law states that the potential difference between the ends of a conductor is
directly proportional to the electrical current passing through it.
Aim: - To verify Ohm’s law.
Material Required: - Battery, rheostat, Resistance, Ammeter, Voltmeter and wire.
Procedure: -1. Connections are made as shown in the figure.
2. By changing the position of the rheostat, change the flow of current in the circuit.
3. Note the reading in the voltmeter and ammeter and tabulated below.
S.No Voltmeter Reading(V) Ammeter Reading .
R= %
(i)
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. From the above table we observe that = constant. This is equeal to resistance of the wire.
5. So, Ohm’s law is verified.
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6. Thus the electrical power generated in the circuit is equeal to product of induced emf and current.
7. This is nothing but conservation of energy.
Parement Magnets
magnetic lines
Rectangular coil
Slip rings
carbon brushes
Working: 1.An electric motor consists of a rectangular coil ABCD called armature and kept
in between the parements magnets as shown in the figure.
2. When current is passing through the coil armature gets half rotation.
3. But the Coil continuous the rotation because of rotational inertia of motion.
4. In the same way couple rotates the coil in the same direction.
5. It is the working of an electrical motor.
Parement Magnets
Rectangular coil
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15. A house has 3 tube lights, two fans and a Television. Each tube light draws 40W. The fan draws
80W and the Television draw 60W. On the average, if all the tube lights are kept on for five
day.
hours, two fans for 12 hours and the television for five hours every day. Find the cost of electric
energy used in 30 days at the rate of Rs. 3.00 per KWH ?
(5 7 - )- 4 2 - 4 2 -
= = = = 84.6 Watts
IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS
1. Draw the ray diagrams of reflection of light by concave mirror in the following cases?
a). When an object is placed on the principle axis of a concave mirror away from the centre of
curvature? (Page-59, Fig-24)
b). When an object is placed on the principle axis of a concave mirror between the mirror
(pole) and focal point? (Page-59, Fig-25)
c). When an object is placed on the principle axis of a concave mirror between focal point and
centre of curvature?
d). When an object is placed on the principle axis of a concave mirror on focal point?
(Page-60, Fig-26)
e). When an object is placed on the principle axis of a concave mirror on centre of curvature?
(Page-60, Fig-27)
2. Draw the ray diagrams for image formation by convex lens in the following cases?
a). When the object is placed beyond the centre of curvature? (Page-123, Fig-13)
b). When the object on the centre of curvature? (Page-123, Fig-14)
c). When the object is placed between the centre of curvature&focal point?(Page-123,Fig-15)
d). When the object is placed on focal point? (Page-123, Fig-16)
e). When the object is placed between focal point and optic centre? (Page-124, Fig-17)
f). When the object is placed at infinity distance from centre of curvature? (Page-120, Fog-8{a})
3. Draw the diagram of magnetic field lines when current passes through the solenoid and labeled the
parts? (page-266, Fig-6{b})
4. Draw a neat diagram of Electric Motor and labelled the parts (Page-273, Fig 12(d))
5. Draw a neat diagram of AC generator and labelled the parts (Page-280, Fig-17(a))
6. Draw a neat diagram of DC generator and labelled the parts (Page-282, Fig-17(c))
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4. Write the differences between oxidation and reduction? Give some examples?
Oxidation :- ‘Oxidation’ is a reaction that involves the addition of oxygen or removal of
hydrogen.
Ex :- S + O2 → SO2 (Addition of oxygen to sulphur)
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8. Why does tooth decay start when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5?
If the PH of the mouth will be less than 5.5 then the tooth enamel is corroded.
10. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How does the pH change as it turns to curd.Explain your answer?
1. When milk is turns to curd the lactobacillus keeps growing and it breaking down the lactose in
to lactic acid which acidified the milk even further.
2. So, the pH value of the curd is changed.
12. i. An electron in an atom has the following set of four quantum numbers to which orbital it
belongs to:
ii. Write the four quantum numbers for 1SI electron.
n l ml ms
2 0 0 +
i. 1. According to given set of four quantum numbers, the orbital to which the electron
belongs to 2S.
2. By nlx method, it is 2S1.
ii. The four quantum number values for 1S1 electron are as follows:
Orbital n l ml ms
1S1 2 0 0 +
13. How many elliptical orbits are added by Somerfield in third Bohr’s orbit? What was the purpose
of adding these elliptical orbits?
1. Seven colours namely Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red (VIBGYOR) in a
rainbow.
2. The colours in a rainbow spread continuously from one point to another.
3. Therefore rainbow is a continuous spectrum.
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16. Using the periodic table, predict the formula of compound formed between and element ‘X’ of
group 13 and another element Y of group 16.
1. The valence of 13th group element X is 3.
2. The valence of 16th group element Y is 2.
3. The formula of the compound is X2Y3.
17. An element X belongs to3rd period and group 2 of the periodic table. State
(a) The no. of valence electrons (b) The valence (c) Whether it is metal or a non-metal. (Q.no-22)
1. The number of valence electrons is 2.
2. The valence of element is +2.
3. It is a metal.
18. State Newland’s law of octaves. Write two limitations of this law?
New land’s law of octaves :- 1. Newland arrange the elements in ascending order of their atomic
weights.
2. Every 8th element starting from a given element resembles in its properties to that of the starting
element.
3. This hypothesis is called Newland concept of octaves.
Limitations :- Certain elements totally dissimilar in their properties were fitted into the same group.
19. Why does Sodium always form a cation where as Fluorine atom always forms an anion?
When sodium (Na) atom loses one electron to get octet electron configuration it forms a cation (Na+)
and gets electron configuration that of Neon (Ne) atom.
11Na → 11Na
+
+ e-
20. Give the reason for low melting point for covalent compound when compared with ionic
compounds?
1. The forces of attractions among ionic compounds are strong.
2. The forces of attractions among covalent molecules are weak.
3. Therefore, covalent compounds has low melting and boiling point compare than ionic compound.
21. What is octant rule? How do you appreciate role of the ‘octant rule’ in explaining the chemical
properties of elements?
Octant rule:- The atoms of the elements contain eight electrons in the valency shell is called
octant rule.
Role of octant in chemical properties of elements: 1. All the inert gases have octant configuration
except helium.
2. So, they do not participate any chemical reactions.
3. If any group of elements try to get octant configuration by losing or sharing of electrons because
of stability.
4. In this way, the octant rule helps in explaining the chemical properties of elements.
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23. What is hybridization? Explain the formation of the following molecules using hybridization.
a). Be Cl2 b). BF3
Hybridization: Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbital’s
suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.
Applications in daily life: 1. In this process the reaction of Iron oxide (Fe2O3) with Aliminium is
used to join the railway tracks or cracked machine parts.
26. Write short notes on each of the following: 1. Roasting 2. Calcination 3. Smelting.
1. Roasting: Roasting is a process of heating the ore strongly in a free supply of air or oxygen.
Ex: 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) →2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
2. Calcination: Calcination is a process of heating the ore strongly in the absence of air or oxygen.
Ex: MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g)
3. Smelting: Roasting is a process of heating the ore strongly in a free supply of air or oxygen.
Ex: The following reactions are takes place inside the furnace.
2C(s) + O2 → 2CO
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO (g) →2Fe (l) + 3CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2
CaO(s) + SiO2(s) → CaSiO3(l)
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27. Give an example for estarification reaction?
Estarification reaction :- The reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of
conc. H2SO4 to form a swept odoured substance, ester with functional group is called estarification.
.
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH CH3COOH CH2 CH3 +H2O
28. What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?
(OR) Explain how sodium ethoxide is obtained from ethanol? Give chemical equations?
When ethanol is react with sodium to liberate hydrogen and form sodium ethoxide.
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2↑
When ethanol is react with sodium to liberate hydrogen and form sodium ethoxide.
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2
1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
We apply paint on iron articles to shield their surfaces from oxygen and moisture to prevent the
corrosion.
4. What is baking powder? How does it make the cake soft and spongy?
Baking powder: 1. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid.
2. Carbon dioxide produced during the reaction causes bread or cake to rise making them soft and
spongy.
NaHCO3 + H+ → Na+ + CO2 + H2O
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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 19
6. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not
water to the acid?
1. If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out
and cause burns.
2. The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.
9. Why pure acetic acid does not turn blue Litmus to Red?
Pure acetic acid not containing the H+ ions. So, it does not turn blue litmus to red.
10. Define PH ?
PH :- 1. The negative logarithm of H+ ions concentration is called pH.
2. PH was introduced by Sorenson.
15. Which rule is violated in the electronic configuration of 1s0 2s2 2p4 ?
Hund’s rule.
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19. What is meant by Dobernier triad and give one example?
1. Dobernier arranged the elements in ascending order of their atomic weights.
2. the atomic weight of the middle element is the average of the atomic weights of the first and third
elements.
3. This statement is called the Dobereiner’s law of triads.
Ex:- Li. Na, K
Be Ca Li
26. Give the name functional group (i) –CHO (ii) –C=O.
i. –CHO is Aldehyde. Ii. –C=O is Ketone.
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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 21
30. What is misalle?
Misalle :- A spherical aggregate of soap molecules in water is called “Misalle”
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
3. A light yellow colour substance on a watch glass is planced in the sun light and change into gray colour.
a). What is the light yellow substance? Ans :- Silver bromide (light yellow colour)
b). What is the gray colour substance? Ans :- Silver metal.
c). Which type of chemical reaction it is? Ans:- Photochemical reactions.
d). Write the chemical equation for the reaction? Ans :- 2AgBr(s) 2 Ag (s) + Br2 (g)
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4. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen but are not categorized as acids.
Describe an activity to prove it?
5. Define the terms? a). Strong acid b). Weak acid c). Strong base d). Weak base
a). Strong acids:- An acid which is completely ionized in water and thus produces a large amount of
hydrogen ions is called strong acid.
HCl (aq) → H (aq) + Cl- (aq)
+
b). Weak acids:- An acid which is partially ionized in water and thus produces a small amount of
hydrogen ions is called a weak acid.
CH3COOH(aq) → CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
c). Strong base:- A base which completely ionizes in water and thus produces a large amount of
hydroxide ions (oH-) is called strong base.
NaoH (s) + water→ Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
d). Weak base:- A base which is partially ionized in water and thus produces a small amount of
hydroxide ions is called a weak base.
-
Mg(OH)2 (s) +Water → Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq)
6. What is meant by water crystallization of a substance ? Describe an activity to show the water of
crystallization?
Water of crystallization:- Water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecules
Chemically attaches to each formula unit of a salt in its crystalline form.
Activity :- 1. Take a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry test tube and heat the test tube.
2. After heating the blue colour of the copper sulphate turns to white.
3. Add few drops of water to white coloured copper sulphate returns to blue colour.
4. When these crystals are heated, water present in crystals is evaporated and the salt turns white.
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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 23
7. Explain the significance of three Quantum numbers in predicting the position ns of an electron in
an atom?
1. The principle quantum number (n) gives the size and energy of the orbit.
2. The angular momentum quantum number (l ) gives the shape of the sub-shell.
3. The magnetic quantum number (m) gives the orientation of the orbital in the presence of
magnetic field.
8. a. How many maximum number of electrons can be accommodated in a principal energy shell?
b. How many maximum number of electrons can be accommodated in a sub shell?
c. How many maximum number of electrons can be accommodated in an orbital?
d. How many sub shells will be present in a principal energy shell?
e. How many spin orientations are possible for an electron in an orbital?
a. ‘2n2’, where n is the principle quantum number.
b. 2(2l +1), where l = 0,1,2,3….
c. 2.
d. The number of sub shells will be present in a principal energy shell is ‘n’
e. The spin orientation of the electron is clockwise (↑) and anticlockwise (↓) direction. They are
represented by + and - .
9. In an atom the number of electrons in m shell is equeal to the number of electrons in the K and L
shell. Answer the following questions?
a. Which is the outer most shell? Ans :- M-Shell.
b. How many electrons are there in its outermost shell? Ans :- 10 electrons .
c. What is the atomic number of an element? Ans :- Atomic number is 20.
d. Write the electronic configuration of the element? Ans :- 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2.
10. Define the modern periodic Law. Discuss the construction of the long form of the periodic table?
Modern Periodic Law: The properties of the elements are the periodic functions of their atomic
number.
Long form of the periodic table: 1. The modern periodic table has 7 periods and 18 groups.
2. The first periodic has two elements.
3. Second and third period have 8 elements in each.
4. Fourth and fifth periods have 18 elements in each.
5. Fifth period has 18 elements.
6. Sixth period has 32 elements. It is the longest period.
7. Seventh period is incomplete.
8. Lanthanides and Actinides are placed at the bottom of the periodic table.
11. Explain how the elements are classified into s, p, d and f- block elements in the periodic table and
give the advantage of this kind of classification?
S- Block elements: 1. The valence electrons enter into s-orbital is called s- block elements.
2. The general electronic configuration of s-block elements is ns1 to ns2.
P- Block elements: 1. The valence electron enter into p-orbital is called p-block elements.
2. The general electronic configuration of p-block elements is ns2 np1 to ns2 np6.
d- Block elements: 1. The valence electron enter into d- orbital is called d-block elements.
2. The general electronic configuration of d-block elements is (n-1) d1-10 ns1 or 2 .
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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 24
f- Block elements: 1. Inner transition elements are called f- block elements.
2. The lanthanides and actinides are belongs to f-block elements.
12. What is a periodic property? How does the following change in a group and period? Explain?
i. (a) Atomic radius (b) Iodization energy (c) Electron affinity (d) Electron negativity.
S.No Periodic property Period Group
1 Atomic radius Decreases Increases
2 Iodization energy Do not follow any Decreases
regular trend.
3 Electron affinity Increases Decreases
4 Electron negativity Increases Decreases
13. What is ionization energy? What are the factors that effecting the ionization energy?
Ionization energy :- Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from
the outer most orbital of an gaseous state atom.
Factors :- 1. Nuclear charge.
2. Screening effect or sheilding effect.
3. Penetration power of the orbitals.
4. Stable configuration.
5. Atomic radius.
14. Explain the formation of the following molecules using valence bond theory.
a) Formation of N2 molecule. b) Formation of O2 molecule.
a) Formation of N2 molecule:- 1. The electronic configuration of ‘N’ atom is 1S2 2S2 2P3.
2. Nitrogen has three unpaired electrons in the ‘P’ orbital.
3. When two nitrogen atoms approach each other, the bond is formed in between two nitrogen
atoms by sharing of electrons.
4. Therefore, there is a triple bond between two nitrogen atoms in N2 molecule.
b) Formation of O2 molecule:- 1. The electronic configuration of oxygen atom is 1S2 2S2 2P4.
2. Oxygen has two un paired electrons in the ‘P’ orbital.
3. When two oxygen atoms approach each other, the bond is formed in between two oxygen atoms
by sharing of electrons.
4. Therefore, there is a double bond between two oxygen atoms in O2 molecule.
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STUDY MATERIAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES TENTH CLASS Page 25
16. What is the activity series? How it helps in extraction of metals?
Activity Series: 1. Arrangement of the metals in descending order of their reactivity is known as
activity series.
, !, !,"#,$% - ,.),/0, 1 $#, 1
2. The activity series of metal is ,
&#' ()! *&+&*,
,
" 2)(!*) ()! *&+&*,
.
3 4 ()! *&+&*,
IMPORTENT DIAGRAMS
1. We know the ratio of Hydrogen and oxygen in water is 2:1, what type experimental arrangement
you prefer in order to prove the above fact? Explain with diagram?
(OR)
Draw a neat diagram of representation of Electrolysis of water. (Page-33)
2. How do you draw a neat diagram of Acidic solution in water conducts electricity, and labelled the parts?
(Page-76)
3. Draw the shape of S-orbital, P-orbital and D-orbital’s. (Page-168)
4. Draw the diagram of electromagnetic waves and labelled the parts? (Page-161)
5. Draw a neat diagram of sequence of filling up of electrons into an orbital.
(OR)
Draw a Moeller Chart showing the increasing order of energy levels of various orbitals. (Page-172)
7. Draw the diagram of Froth Floatation process for the concentration of of sulphide ores? (Page-290)
8. Draw a neat diagram of Magnetic separation of enrichment of ore and labelled the parts? (Page-290)
9. Draw the neat diagram of Blast Furnace and labelled the parts. (Page-298)
10. Draw a neat diagram of Reverberatory Furnance and labelled the parts? (Page-298)
Note: - 1. Practice the IUPAC names of Carbon compounds list out in our text book.
2. While you are writing the IUPAC names of Carbon compounds take the help of your
consultant subject teacher.
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